Free trade (English Wikipedia)

Bhagwati, Jagdish (November 1993). "The Case for Free Trade". Scientific American. 269 (5): 42–49. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269e..42B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Giovanni Arrighi (1994). The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times. Verso. p. 58. ISBN 978-1859840153.
Appleby, Joyce (2010). The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393068948.
Norman Gash, Sir Robert Peel: The life of Sir Robert Peel after 1830 (Longman, 1972). Pp 562–626. online
Reitano, Joanne (1994). The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University. p. 129. ISBN 0-271-01035-5.
Taussig, F. W. (1892). The Tariff History of the United States (8th ed.). New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 291.
Pugel, Thomas A. (2003). International economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0071198752.
Miller, John C. (1943). Origins of the American Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and company. OL 6453380M., pp. 95–99

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Oatley, Thomas (2019). International Political Economy: Sixth Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1351034647.
Arthur Nussbaum (1947). A concise history of the law of nations. Macmillan Co. p. 62.
International Monetary Fund Research Dept. (1997). World Economic Outlook, May 1997: Globalization: Opportunities and Challenges. International Monetary Fund. p. 113. ISBN 978-1455278886.
William Baumol and Alan Blinder, Economics: Principles and Policy, p. 722.
Richard L. Stroup, James D. Gwartney, Russell S. Sobel, Economics: Private and Public Choice, p. 46.
Clay, Henry (1843). "In Defense of the American System: In the Senate of the United States, February 2d, 3d, and 6th, 1832". The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay. Vol. II. Greeley & McElrath. pp. 23–24. hdl:2027/njp.32101013125040. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is, in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead, substantially, to the recolonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain.
Hechter, Michael (1999). Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development (2 ed.). Routledge (published 2017). ISBN 978-1351511926. Retrieved 4 August 2019. After the Corn Laws were repealed, ending Ireland's virtual monopoly of the British grain market, the Irish land system changed radically.
Henry George, Protection or Free Trade: An Examination of the Tariff Question, with Especial Regard to the Interests of Labor(New York: 1887).

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"protectionism | Definition, Examples, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-14.

core.ac.uk (Global: 1,383^rd place; English: 954^th place)

William Poole, Free Trade: Why Are Economists and Noneconomists So Far Apart, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, September/October 2004, 86(5), pp. 1: "most observers agree that '[t]he consensus among mainstream economists on the desirability of free trade remains almost universal.'"

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). "World Trade, 1800–1938: A New Synthesis". Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 37 (1): 9–41. doi:10.1017/S0212610918000216. hdl:10016/36110. ISSN 0212-6109.
Bown, C.P.; Crowley, M.A. (2016). The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy. Handbook of Commercial Policy. Vol. 1. pp. 3–108. doi:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015. hdl:10986/24161. ISBN 978-0-444-63280-7.
Krueger, Anne O. (2020). International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001. ISBN 978-0190900465.
Tenreyro, Silvana; Lisicky, Milan; Koren, Miklós; Caselli, Francesco (2019). "Diversification Through Trade" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 135 (1): 449–502. doi:10.1093/qje/qjz028.
Furceri, Davide; Hannan, Swarnali A; Ostry, Jonathan D; Rose, Andrew K (9 May 2022). "The Macroeconomy After Tariffs". The World Bank Economic Review. 36 (2): 361–381. doi:10.1093/wber/lhab016.
Perla, Jesse; Tonetti, Christopher; Waugh, Michael E. (January 2021). "Equilibrium Technology Diffusion, Trade, and Growth". American Economic Review. 111 (1): 73–128. doi:10.1257/aer.20151645.
Eaton, Jonathan; Kortum, Samuel (September 2002). "Technology, Geography, and Trade". Econometrica. 70 (5): 1741–1779. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00352. JSTOR 3082019.
Farrokhi, Farid; Pellegrina, Heitor S. (2023). "Trade, Technology, and Agricultural Productivity". Journal of Political Economy. 131 (9): 2509–2555. doi:10.1086/724319.
Fuller, Dan; Geide-stevenson, Doris (January 2003). "Consensus Among Economists: Revisited". The Journal of Economic Education. 34 (4): 369–387. doi:10.1080/00220480309595230.
Bhagwati, Jagdish (November 1993). "The Case for Free Trade". Scientific American. 269 (5): 42–49. Bibcode:1993SciAm.269e..42B. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1193-42.
Whaples, Robert (17 November 2006). "Do Economists Agree on Anything? Yes!". The Economists' Voice. 3 (9). doi:10.2202/1553-3832.1156.
Hainmueller, Jens; Hiscox, Michael J. (April 2006). "Learning to Love Globalization: Education and Individual Attitudes Toward International Trade". International Organization. 60 (2). doi:10.1017/S0020818306060140.
Owen, Erica; Johnston, Noel P. (2017). "Occupation and the Political Economy of Trade: Job Routineness, Offshorability, and Protectionist Sentiment". International Organization. 71 (4): 665–699. doi:10.1017/S0020818317000339.
Mansfield, Edward D.; Mutz, Diana C. (July 2009). "Support for Free Trade: Self-Interest, Sociotropic Politics, and Out-Group Anxiety". International Organization. 63 (3): 425–457. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090158.
Rho, Sungmin; Tomz, Michael (2017). "Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-interest?". International Organization. 71 (S1): S85–S108. doi:10.1017/S0020818316000394. JSTOR 44651965.
Jeffrey G. Williamson, "The impact of the Corn Laws just prior to repeal." Explorations in economic history 27.2 (1990): 123-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90007-L
Moore, Geoff (August 2004). "The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research". Journal of Business Ethics. 53 (1–2): 73–86. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039400.57827.c3. JSTOR 25123283.
Swedberg, Richard (February 2018). "Folk economics and its role in Trump's presidential campaign: an exploratory study". Theory and Society. 47 (1): 1–36. doi:10.1007/s11186-018-9308-8.

dx.doi.org

Krueger, Anne O. (2020). International Trade: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/wentk/9780190900465.001.0001. ISBN 978-0190900465.

economist.com (Global: 331^st place; English: 272^nd place)

"A historian on the myths of American trade". The Economist. Retrieved 2017-11-26.

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

Fourteen Points

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

ec.europa.eu

"EU position in world trade". European Commission. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
"Agreements". European Commission. Retrieved 17 March 2016.

gregmankiw.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mankiw, Gregory (7 May 2006). "Outsourcing Redux". Retrieved 22 January 2007.

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

Clay, Henry (1843). "In Defense of the American System: In the Senate of the United States, February 2d, 3d, and 6th, 1832". The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay. Vol. II. Greeley & McElrath. pp. 23–24. hdl:2027/njp.32101013125040. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is, in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead, substantially, to the recolonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). "World Trade, 1800–1938: A New Synthesis". Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 37 (1): 9–41. doi:10.1017/S0212610918000216. hdl:10016/36110. ISSN 0212-6109.
Bown, C.P.; Crowley, M.A. (2016). The Empirical Landscape of Trade Policy. Handbook of Commercial Policy. Vol. 1. pp. 3–108. doi:10.1016/bs.hescop.2016.04.015. hdl:10986/24161. ISBN 978-0-444-63280-7.
Clay, Henry (1843). "In Defense of the American System: In the Senate of the United States, February 2d, 3d, and 6th, 1832". The Life and Speeches of Henry Clay. Vol. II. Greeley & McElrath. pp. 23–24. hdl:2027/njp.32101013125040. Gentlemen deceive themselves. It is not free trade that they are recommending to our acceptance. It is, in effect, the British colonial system that we are invited to adopt; and, if their policy prevail, it will lead, substantially, to the recolonization of these States, under the commercial dominion of Great Britain.

igmchicago.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Free Trade". IGM Forum. March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
"Import Duties". IGM Forum. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
"Trade Within Europe". IGM Forum. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
"Poll Results". IGM Forum. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

intereconomics.eu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cimoli, Mario; Dosi, Giovanni; Landesmann, Michael A.; Mazzucato, Mariana; Page, Tim; Pianta, Mario; Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Walz, Rainer (2015). "Which Industrial Policy Does Europe Need?". Intereconomics. 2015 (3): 120–155.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Eaton, Jonathan; Kortum, Samuel (September 2002). "Technology, Geography, and Trade". Econometrica. 70 (5): 1741–1779. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00352. JSTOR 3082019.
Rho, Sungmin; Tomz, Michael (2017). "Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-interest?". International Organization. 71 (S1): S85–S108. doi:10.1017/S0020818316000394. JSTOR 44651965.
G. Kitson Clark, "The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties." Economic History Review (1951) 4(1), pp. 1–13. JSTOR 2591654.
Henry Miller, "Popular petitioning and the corn laws, 1833–46." The English Historical Review 127.527 (2012): 882-919. JSTOR 23272690
Michael Lusztig, "Solving Peel's puzzle: repeal of the corn laws and institutional preservation." Comparative Politics (1995): 393-408. JSTOR 422226.
William O. Aydelotte. “The Country Gentlemen and the Repeal of the Corn Laws.” The English Historical Review 82#322, 1967, pp. 47–60. JSTOR 559523.
Thomas A. Bailey, "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 24.1 (1937): 43-52. online
Moore, Geoff (August 2004). "The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research". Journal of Business Ethics. 53 (1–2): 73–86. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039400.57827.c3. JSTOR 25123283.

lse.ac.uk (Global: 2,065^th place; English: 1,246^th place)

cep.lse.ac.uk

Tenreyro, Silvana; Lisicky, Milan; Koren, Miklós; Caselli, Francesco (2019). "Diversification Through Trade" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 135 (1): 449–502. doi:10.1093/qje/qjz028.

researchonline.lse.ac.uk

Adam Butlin, "Trump's tariffs will put post-Brexit trade policy to the test." British Politics and Policy at LSE (2025) online.

marxists.org (Global: 952^nd place; English: 914^th place)

"It is in this revolutionary sense alone, gentlemen, that I vote in favor of free trade." Marx, Karl On the Question of Free Trade Speech to the Democratic Association of Brussels at its public meeting of January 9, 1848

mercatus.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What's Wrong with Protectionism?". Mercatus Center. 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2021-09-24.

nber.org (Global: 3,811^th place; English: 2,424^th place)

Irwin, Douglas A.; Chepeliev, Maksym G. (2021). "The economic consequences of Sir Robert Peel: a quantitative assessment of the repeal of the Corn Laws" (PDF). The Economic Journal. 131.640: 3322–3337.

newamerica.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lind, Matthew. "Free Trade Fallacy". Prospect. Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

N. Gregory Mankiw, Economists Actually Agree on This: The Wisdom of Free Trade, New York Times (April 24, 2015): "Economists are famous for disagreeing with one another.... But economists reach near unanimity on some topics, including international trade."
Paul Krugman (December 12, 2007). "The Trouble with Trade". The New York Times.
Patricia Cohen, "E.U. and South America to Form Free-Trade Zone With 700 Million People" New York Times (January 9, 2026) online.

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

Miller, John C. (1943). Origins of the American Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown and company. OL 6453380M., pp. 95–99

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,516^th place; English: 983^rd place)

Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). "Americans, Like Many in Other Advanced Economies, Not Convinced of Trade's Benefits". Pew Research Center.
Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). "4. Nearly half of adults in emerging markets say trade raises wages". Pew Research Center.
Stokes, Bruce (26 September 2018). "5. Public views on trade and prices are at odds with economic theory". Pew Research Center.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Destler, Mac and Noland, Marcus (July 2, 2014). Constant Ends, Flexible Means: C. Fred Bergsten and the Quest for Open Trade. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

scribd.com (Global: 467^th place; English: 428^th place)

Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-08-16.

the-american-interest.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cowen, Tyler (May 1, 2009). "Anti-Capitalist Rerun". The American Interest. 4 (5). Retrieved 15 November 2014.

thebusinessprofessor.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Balanced Trade - Explained". The Business Professor, LLC. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-18.

truefreetrade.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 3". Truefreetrade.org. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
"Protection or Free Trade – Chapter 16". Protection or Free Trade.

voxeu.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2018-07-28). "The World Trade Historical Database". VoxEU.org. Retrieved 2019-10-07.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Free Trade". IGM Forum. March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on November 18, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
"Import Duties". IGM Forum. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
"Trade Within Europe". IGM Forum. Archived from the original on 2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-06-24.
"Poll Results". IGM Forum. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. pp. 31–32. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Lind, Matthew. "Free Trade Fallacy". Prospect. Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
"Balanced Trade - Explained". The Business Professor, LLC. Archived from the original on 2022-10-18. Retrieved 2022-10-18.

weforum.org (Global: 2,317^th place; English: 1,854^th place)

reports.weforum.org

"Global Enabling Trade Index".

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Nicolás Pose‐Ferraro, "Between geopolitics and political economy: The European Union–mercosur negotiation to form a trade agreement." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 64.1 (2026) pp: 248–267. online

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

durham-repository.worktribe.com

Moore, Geoff (August 2004). "The Fair Trade Movement: Parameters, Issues and Future Research". Journal of Business Ethics. 53 (1–2): 73–86. doi:10.1023/B:BUSI.0000039400.57827.c3. JSTOR 25123283.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Federico, Giovanni; Tena-Junguito, Antonio (2019). "World Trade, 1800–1938: A New Synthesis". Revista de Historia Economica – Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History. 37 (1): 9–41. doi:10.1017/S0212610918000216. hdl:10016/36110. ISSN 0212-6109.
Irwin, Douglas A. (2017-09-19). "Steve Bannon's Bad History". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-09-20.

wsj.com (Global: 94^th place; English: 66^th place)

Irwin, Douglas A. (2017-09-19). "Steve Bannon's Bad History". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Hayashi, Yuka (December 28, 2023). "Biden Struggles to Push Trade Deals with Allies as Election Approaches". The Wall Street Journal.

wto.org (Global: 4,421^st place; English: 4,034^th place)

"The New Liberallism : Trade Policy Developments in Emerging Markets" (PDF). Wto.org. January 1997. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
"Members and Observers". World Trade Organisation. Retrieved 3 January 2011.

Free trade (English Wikipedia)

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