Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Free will" in English language version.
To state it briefly, we define "free will" as a will unimpeded by any compulsion.
For instance, it is impossible, from our standpoint, to attach an unambiguous meaning to the view sometimes expressed that the probability of the occurrence of certain atomic processes in the body might be under the direct influence of the will. In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. Without entering into metaphysical speculations, I may perhaps add that an analysis of the very concept of explanation would, naturally, begin and end with a renunciation as to explaining our own conscious activity.
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Full text on line at us.archive.org.Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
Predeterminism is here defined by the assumption that the experimenter's 'free will' in deciding what to measure (such as his choice to measure the x- or the y-component of an electron's spin), is in fact limited by deterministic laws, hence not free at all
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), and Sukumar, CV (1996). "A new paradigm for science and architecture". City. 1 (1–2): 181–83. Bibcode:1996City....1..181S. doi:10.1080/13604819608900044. Quantum Theory provided a beautiful description of the behaviour of isolated atoms and nuclei and small aggregates of elementary particles. Modern science recognized that predisposition rather than predeterminism is what is widely prevalent in nature.
...Aristotle and Epictetus: In the latter authors it was the fact that nothing hindered us from doing or choosing something that made us have control over them. In Alexander's account, the terms are understood differently: what makes us have control over things is the fact that we are causally undetermined in our decision and thus can freely decide between doing/choosing or not doing/choosing them.
Nothing that might be a solution has yet been described. This is not a case where there are several possible candidate solutions and we don't know which is correct. It is a case where nothing believable has (to my knowledge) been proposed.
The persistence of the traditional free will problem in philosophy seems to me something of a scandal. After all these centuries...it does not seem to me that we have made very much progress.
One of the strongest supports for the free choice thesis is the unmistakable intuition of virtually every human being that he is free to make the choices he does and that the deliberations leading to those choices are also free flowing..
Are behaviors, judgments, and other higher mental processes the product of free conscious choices, as influenced by internal psychological states (motives, preferences, etc.), or are those higher mental processes determined by those states?Also found in John A Bargh (2008). "Chapter 7: Free will is un-natural". In John Baer; James C. Kaufman; Roy F. Baumeister (eds.). Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will. Oxford University Press. pp. 128 ff. ISBN 978-0-19-518963-6.
...the well-known dilemma of determinism. One horn of this dilemma is the argument that if an action was caused or necessitated, then it could not have been done freely, and hence the agent is not responsible for it. The other horn is the argument that if the action was not caused, then it is inexplicable and random, and thus it cannot be attributed to the agent, and hence, again, the agent cannot be responsible for it.... Whether we affirm or deny necessity and determinism, it is impossible to make any coherent sense of moral freedom and responsibility.
Instead of postulating a universal law of causality and then having to deny the possibility of choice, we start with the premise that freedom of choice exists, and then we seek to explain causality as a property of brains.
For instance, it is impossible, from our standpoint, to attach an unambiguous meaning to the view sometimes expressed that the probability of the occurrence of certain atomic processes in the body might be under the direct influence of the will. In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. Without entering into metaphysical speculations, I may perhaps add that an analysis of the very concept of explanation would, naturally, begin and end with a renunciation as to explaining our own conscious activity.
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Full text on line at us.archive.org."Determinism" is, in essence, the position holding that all behavior is caused by prior behavior. "Predeterminism" is the position holding that all behavior is caused by conditions predating behavior altogether (such impersonal boundaries as "the human conditions", instincts, the will of God, inherent knowledge, fate, and such).
The body-mind relationship...includes the problem of man's position in the physical world...'World 1'. The world of conscious human processes I shall call 'World 2', and the world of the objective creations of the human mind I shall call 'World 3'.
The nonconscious forms of self-regulation may follow different causal principles and do not rely on the same resources as the conscious and effortful ones.
Yet perhaps not all conscious volition is an illusion. Our findings suggest that the traditional folk notions of willpower and character strength have some legitimate basis in genuine phenomena.
Circular causality departs so strongly from the classical tenets of necessity, invariance, and precise temporal order that the only reason to call it that is to satisfy the human habitual need for causes.... The very strong appeal of agency to explain events may come from the subjective experience of cause and effect that develops early in human life, before the acquisition of language...the question I raise here is whether brains share this property with other material objects in the world.
...it is important to be clear about exactly what experience one wants one's subjects to introspect. Of course, explaining to subjects exactly what the experimenter wants them to experience can bring its own problems–...instructions to attend to a particular internally generated experience can easily alter both the timing and the content of that experience and even whether or not it is consciously experienced at all.
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
For instance, it is impossible, from our standpoint, to attach an unambiguous meaning to the view sometimes expressed that the probability of the occurrence of certain atomic processes in the body might be under the direct influence of the will. In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. Without entering into metaphysical speculations, I may perhaps add that an analysis of the very concept of explanation would, naturally, begin and end with a renunciation as to explaining our own conscious activity.
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Full text on line at us.archive.org.Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
Predeterminism is here defined by the assumption that the experimenter's 'free will' in deciding what to measure (such as his choice to measure the x- or the y-component of an electron's spin), is in fact limited by deterministic laws, hence not free at all
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), and Sukumar, CV (1996). "A new paradigm for science and architecture". City. 1 (1–2): 181–83. Bibcode:1996City....1..181S. doi:10.1080/13604819608900044. Quantum Theory provided a beautiful description of the behaviour of isolated atoms and nuclei and small aggregates of elementary particles. Modern science recognized that predisposition rather than predeterminism is what is widely prevalent in nature.
The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies, and Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)". Science of Artificial Neural Networks. 1710: 714–24. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1710..714G. doi:10.1117/12.140132. S2CID 62639035.
However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.
Many religions of the world have considered that the path of history is predetermined by God or Fate. On this basis, many believe that what will happen will happen, and they accept their destiny with fatalism.
Physics is simply unable to resolve the question of free will, although, if anything, it probably leans towards determinism.
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
For instance, it is impossible, from our standpoint, to attach an unambiguous meaning to the view sometimes expressed that the probability of the occurrence of certain atomic processes in the body might be under the direct influence of the will. In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. Without entering into metaphysical speculations, I may perhaps add that an analysis of the very concept of explanation would, naturally, begin and end with a renunciation as to explaining our own conscious activity.
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Full text on line at us.archive.org.Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
Predeterminism is here defined by the assumption that the experimenter's 'free will' in deciding what to measure (such as his choice to measure the x- or the y-component of an electron's spin), is in fact limited by deterministic laws, hence not free at all
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), and Sukumar, CV (1996). "A new paradigm for science and architecture". City. 1 (1–2): 181–83. Bibcode:1996City....1..181S. doi:10.1080/13604819608900044. Quantum Theory provided a beautiful description of the behaviour of isolated atoms and nuclei and small aggregates of elementary particles. Modern science recognized that predisposition rather than predeterminism is what is widely prevalent in nature.
The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies, and Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)". Science of Artificial Neural Networks. 1710: 714–24. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1710..714G. doi:10.1117/12.140132. S2CID 62639035.
However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.
... any observation necessitates an interference with the course of the phenomena, which is of such a nature that it deprives us of the foundation underlying the causal mode of description.
Feelings or intuitions per se never count as self-evident proof of anything.Quoted by Shariff, Schooler & Vohs: The hazards of claiming to have solved the hard problem of free will For full text on line see this Archived 2013-05-05 at the Wayback Machine.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Leibniz presents a clear case of a philosopher who does not think that predeterminism requires universal causal determinism
Many religions of the world have considered that the path of history is predetermined by God or Fate. On this basis, many believe that what will happen will happen, and they accept their destiny with fatalism.
Predeterminism: the philosophical and theological view that combines God with determinism. On this doctrine events throughout eternity have been foreordained by some supernatural power in a causal sequence.
The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies, and Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)". Science of Artificial Neural Networks. 1710: 714–24. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1710..714G. doi:10.1117/12.140132. S2CID 62639035.
However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.
Feelings or intuitions per se never count as self-evident proof of anything.Quoted by Shariff, Schooler & Vohs: The hazards of claiming to have solved the hard problem of free will For full text on line see this Archived 2013-05-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
For instance, it is impossible, from our standpoint, to attach an unambiguous meaning to the view sometimes expressed that the probability of the occurrence of certain atomic processes in the body might be under the direct influence of the will. In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics. Without entering into metaphysical speculations, I may perhaps add that an analysis of the very concept of explanation would, naturally, begin and end with a renunciation as to explaining our own conscious activity.
{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help) Full text on line at us.archive.org.Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies, and Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)". Science of Artificial Neural Networks. 1710: 714–24. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1710..714G. doi:10.1117/12.140132. S2CID 62639035.
However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.
Philosophers who distinguish freedom of action and freedom of will do so because our success in carrying out our ends depends in part on factors wholly beyond our control. Furthermore, there are always external constraints on the range of options we can meaningfully try to undertake. As the presence or absence of these conditions and constraints are not (usually) our responsibility, it is plausible that the central loci of our responsibility are our choices, or "willings".
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
Feelings or intuitions per se never count as self-evident proof of anything.Quoted by Shariff, Schooler & Vohs: The hazards of claiming to have solved the hard problem of free will For full text on line see this Archived 2013-05-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Are behaviors, judgments, and other higher mental processes the product of free conscious choices, as influenced by internal psychological states (motives, preferences, etc.), or are those higher mental processes determined by those states?Also found in John A Bargh (2008). "Chapter 7: Free will is un-natural". In John Baer; James C. Kaufman; Roy F. Baumeister (eds.). Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will. Oxford University Press. pp. 128 ff. ISBN 978-0-19-518963-6.
Free will, compatibilists argue, is here to stay, and the challenge for science is to figure out exactly how it works and not to peddle silly arguments that deny the undeniable (Dennett 2003)referring to a critique of Libet's experiments by DC Dennett (2003). "The self as a responding and responsible artifact" (PDF). Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1001 (1): 39–50. Bibcode:2003NYASA1001...39D. doi:10.1196/annals.1279.003. PMID 14625354. S2CID 46156580. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-11-09.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)Free will is the capacity of conscious agents to choose a future course of action among several available physical alternatives.
Are behaviors, judgments, and other higher mental processes the product of free conscious choices, as influenced by internal psychological states (motives, preferences, etc.), or are those higher mental processes determined by those states?Also found in John A Bargh (2008). "Chapter 7: Free will is un-natural". In John Baer; James C. Kaufman; Roy F. Baumeister (eds.). Are We Free? Psychology and Free Will. Oxford University Press. pp. 128 ff. ISBN 978-0-19-518963-6.
The problem of predeterminism is one that involves the factors of heredity and environment, and the point to be debated here is the relation of the present self that chooses to these predetermining agencies, and Garris, M.D.; et al. (1992). "A Platform for Evolving Genetic Automata for Text Segmentation (GNATS)". Science of Artificial Neural Networks. 1710: 714–24. Bibcode:1992SPIE.1710..714G. doi:10.1117/12.140132. S2CID 62639035.
However, predeterminism is not completely avoided. If the codes within the genotype are not designed properly, then the organisms being evolved will be fundamentally handicapped.