Andrews; William L.; Frances Smith Foster; Trudier Harris (1997). The Oxford Companion to African American Literature. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-506510-7. OCLC35305158.
Mance, Ajuan Maria, ed. (November 2015). Before Harlem: an anthology of African American literature from the long nineteenth century (First ed.). Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN978-1-62190-203-4. OCLC1102638910.