French language (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "French language" in English language version.
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aawsat.com (Global: 1,232nd place; English: 4,910th place)
english.aawsat.com
- "In Senegal, the Bastion of the Region's Francophonie, French Is Giving Way to Local Languages". english.aawsat.com. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
académie-française.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Questions de langue: Nombres (écriture, lecture, accord)" (in French). Académie française. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
africanews.com (Global: 3,550th place; English: 2,515th place)
- AfricaNews (26 July 2023). "Mali drops French as official language". Africanews. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
- "Mali drops French as official language". Africanews. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- "Burkina abandons French as an official language". Africanews. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
aimf.asso.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Association internationale des Maires francophones". AIMF (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2025.
alfograf.net (Global: low place; English: low place)
- (in French) Alfograf writing system proposal Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
aljazeera.com (Global: 268th place; English: 215th place)
- Ritzen, Yarno. "The 'ghost reporters' writing pro-Russian propaganda in West Africa". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- Lawal, Shola. "From street names to textbooks, Senegal is rewriting French colonial memory". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
amazon.fr (Global: 3,832nd place; English: 4,654th place)
- Ploog, Katja (25 September 2002). Le français à Abidjan : Pour une approche syntaxique du non-standard Broché – 25 septembre 2002. ASIN 2271059682.
andaman.org (Global: low place; English: 7,632nd place)
- The World's 10 Most Influential Languages. Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Top Languages. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
apnews.com (Global: 129th place; English: 89th place)
- "In Senegal, the bastion of the region's Francophonie, French is giving way to local languages". AP News. 4 October 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
- "Algeria forces Francophone schools to adopt Arabic curriculum but says all languages are welcome". AP News. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
archive.today (Global: 14th place; English: 14th place)
- "The world's languages, in 7 maps and charts". The Washington Post. 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- "Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates??". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
archives-ouvertes.fr (Global: 1,031st place; English: 879th place)
hal.archives-ouvertes.fr
- Brissaud, Catherine; Chevrot, Jean-Pierre (2011). "The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings" (PDF). Writing Systems Research. 3 (2): 129–44. doi:10.1093/wsr/wsr003. S2CID 15072817. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
auf.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
auf.org
- "Agence universitaire de la Francophonie". AUF (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2 August 2025.
demographie.auf.org
- "Bulletin de liaison du réseau démographie" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
babbel.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "How many people speak French and where is French spoken". Archived from the original on 21 November 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)
- "German region of Saarland moves towards bilingualism". BBC News. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- "End of the circumflex? Changes in French spelling cause uproar". BBC News. 5 February 2016. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)
- "Why the future of French is African". BBC News. 7 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- Burns, Judith (22 June 2014). "Foreign languages 'shortfall' for business, CBI says". BBC News. Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
bloomberg.com (Global: 99th place; English: 77th place)
- Lauerman, John (30 August 2011). Mandarin Chinese Most Useful Business Language After English. New York: Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015.
French, spoken by 68 million people worldwide and the official language of 27 countries, was ranked second [to Mandarin].
books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)
- Lodge, R. Anthony (1993). French: From Dialect to Standard. Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-415-08071-2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- Cravens, Thomas D. (2002). Comparative Historical Dialectology: Italo-Romance Clues to Ibero-Romance Sound Change. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 1-58811-313-2. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- Holmes, Urban; Herman Schutz, Alexander (June 1938). A History of the French Language. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-8196-0191-9. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
"...sixty-eight or more Celtic words in standard Latin; not all of these came down into Romance.... did not survive among the people. Vulgar speech in Gaul used many others... at least 361 words of Gaulish provenance in French and Provençal. These Celtic words fell into more homely types than... borrowings from Germanː agriculture... household effects... animals... food and drink... trees... body -- 17 (dor < durnu), dress... construction... birds... fish... insects... pièce < *pettia, and the remainder divided among weapons, religion, literature, music, persons, sickness and mineral. It is evident that the peasants were the last to hold to their Celtic. The count on the Celtic element was made by Leslie Moss at the University of North Carolina... based on unanimity of agreement among the best lexicographers...
{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) - Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2000). The French Language Today (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-136-90328-1. [2-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it was deemed no longer make to think of the varieties spoken in Gaul as Latin. Although a precise date can't be given, there is a general consensus (see Wright 1982, 1991, Lodge 1993) that an awareness of a vernacular, distinct from Latin, emerged at the end of the eighth century.]
- Nadeau, Jean-Benoit; Barlow, Julie (2008). The Story of French. St. Martin's Press. pp. 34ff. ISBN 978-1-4299-3240-0. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
- Battye, Adrian; Hintze, Marie-Anne; Rowlett, Paul (2003). The French Language Today: A Linguistic Introduction. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-41796-6. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
- Novoa, Cristina; Moghaddam, Fathali M. (2014). "Applied Perspectives: Policies for Managing Cultural Diversity". In Benet-Martínez, Verónica; Hong, Ying-Yi (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Multicultural Identity. Oxford Library of Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 468. ISBN 978-0-19-979669-4. LCCN 2014006430. OCLC 871965715.
- Abalain, Hervé (2007). Le français et les langues. Editions Jean-paul Gisserot. ISBN 978-2-87747-881-6. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
- Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–08. ISBN 978-0-89925-356-5. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
businessinsider.com (Global: 140th place; English: 115th place)
africa.businessinsider.com
- Okafor, Chinedu (8 April 2025). "Niger downgrades French as it distances from its colonial past with a new official language". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 April 2025.
cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)
- Boutin, Akissi Béatrice (2021), Hurst-Harosh, Ellen; Brookes, Heather; Mesthrie, Rajend (eds.), "Exploring Hybridity in Ivorian French and Nouchi", Youth Language Practices and Urban Language Contact in Africa, Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–181, ISBN 978-1-107-17120-6, retrieved 2 August 2025
carnegieendowment.org (Global: 3,812th place; English: 3,173rd place)
- "Russia's Growing Footprint in Africa's Sahel Region". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- "The Politics of Language in Algerian Education". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
cecif.com (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Annonces import export Francophone". cecif.com. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
- (in French) "Le français, langue en évolution. Dans beaucoup de pays francophones, surtout sur le continent africain, une proportion importante de la population ne parle pas couramment le français (même s'il est souvent la langue officielle du pays). Ce qui signifie qu'au fur et à mesure que les nouvelles générations vont à l'école, le nombre de francophones augmente : on estime qu'en 2015, ceux-ci seront deux fois plus nombreux qu'aujourd'hui. Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine"
- (in French) c) Le sabir franco-africain Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine: "C'est la variété du français la plus fluctuante. Le sabir franco-africain est instable et hétérogène sous toutes ses formes. Il existe des énoncés où les mots sont français mais leur ordre reste celui de la langue africaine. En somme, autant les langues africaines sont envahies par les structures et les mots français, autant la langue française se métamorphose en Afrique, donnant naissance à plusieurs variétés."
census.gov (Global: 45th place; English: 41st place)
census.gov
- "Language Use in the United States: 2011, American Community Survey Reports, Camille Ryan, Issued August 2013" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
factfinder.census.gov
- "Language Spoken at Home by Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over : Universe: Population 5 years and over: 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates??". Factfinder2.census.gov. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
cia.gov (Global: 89th place; English: 147th place)
- "Saint Pierre and Miquelon". The World Factbook. 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
clo-ocol.gc.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Services and communications from federal institutions". Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages of Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 14 November 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
constituteproject.org (Global: 4,425th place; English: 3,165th place)
- "Madagascar 2010 Constitution - Constitute". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
- "Haiti 1987 (rev. 2012) Constitution - Constitute". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
- "Central African Republic 2016 Constitution - Constitute". www.constituteproject.org. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
core.ac.uk (Global: 1,734th place; English: 1,312th place)
- Øyvind, Dahl (19 June 2024). "Linguistic policy challenges in Madagascar" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
cpfalta.ab.ca (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "Why Learn French". Archived from the original on 19 June 2008.
diplomatie.gouv.fr (Global: 2,767th place; English: 5,194th place)
- "The status of French in the world". Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
- étrangères, Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires. "French-speaking media outlets in the world". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- France-Diplomatie Archived 27 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine "Furthermore, the demographic growth of Southern hemisphere countries leads us to anticipate a new increase in the overall number of French speakers."
- The French Ministry of Foreign affairs. "France-Diplomatie". France Diplomatie: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)
- Benrabah, Mohamed (2007). "Language Maintenance and Spread: French in Algeria". International Journal of Francophone Studies. 10: 193–215. doi:10.1386/ijfs.10.1and2.193_1. Archived from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2024 – via ResearchGate.
- Adams, J. N. (2007). "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul". The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600. pp. 279–289. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511482977. ISBN 978-0-511-48297-7.
- Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2004). "Language birth and death". Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 33: 201–222. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143852.
- Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French". Language. 79 (2): 356–390. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.134.9933. doi:10.1353/lan.2003.0131. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 4489422. S2CID 6797972.
- Schmitt, Christian (1997). "Keltische im heutigen Französisch". Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie. 49–50: 814–829. doi:10.1515/zcph.1997.49-50.1.814.
- Lahousse, Karen; Lamiroy, Béatrice (2012). "Word order in French, Spanish and Italian:A grammaticalization account". Folia Linguistica. 46 (2). doi:10.1515/flin.2012.014. ISSN 1614-7308. S2CID 146854174. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- Vigouroux, Cécile B. (31 May 2022), "French in African Contact Settings", The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact, Cambridge University Press, pp. 540–582, doi:10.1017/9781316796146.023, ISBN 978-1-009-10598-9, retrieved 2 August 2025
- Hulstaert, Karen (2 November 2018). ""French and the school are one" – the role of French in postcolonial Congolese education: memories of pupils". Paedagogica Historica. 54 (6): 822–836. doi:10.1080/00309230.2018.1494203. ISSN 0030-9230.
- Katabe, Isidore M.; Tibategeza, Eustard R. (17 January 2023). "Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo". European Journal of Language and Culture Studies. 2 (1): 4–12. doi:10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58. ISSN 2796-0064.
- Ndinga-Koumba-Binza, H.S. (22 June 2011). "From foreign to national: a review of the status of the French language in Gabon". Literator. 32 (2): 135–150. doi:10.4102/lit.v32i2.15. ISSN 2219-8237.
- Battenburg, John (1997). "English Versus French: Language Rivalry in Tunisia". World Englishes. 16 (2): 281–290. doi:10.1111/1467-971X.00062.
- Vernaudon, Jacques (1 July 2020). "Les langues polynésiennes et kanak, des « langues de France » en contexte de décolonisation". Glottopol. Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne (in French) (34). doi:10.4000/glottopol.488. ISSN 1769-7425.
- Cohen, Mathilde (April 2016). "On the Linguistic Design of Multinational Courts – The French Capture". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 14 (2): 498–517. doi:10.1093/icon/mow023. Archived from the original on 22 July 2024. Retrieved 20 June 2024.
- Fejzo, Anila (2016). "The contribution of morphological awareness to the spelling of morphemes and morphologically complex words in French". Reading and Writing. 29 (2): 207–228. doi:10.1007/s11145-015-9586-8. S2CID 254991244. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
- Brissaud, Catherine; Chevrot, Jean-Pierre (2011). "The late acquisition of a major difficulty of French inflectional orthography: The homophonic /E/ verbal endings" (PDF). Writing Systems Research. 3 (2): 129–44. doi:10.1093/wsr/wsr003. S2CID 15072817. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
dw.com (Global: 204th place; English: 353rd place)
- "Russian propaganda: How Moscow uses disinformation in Africa – DW – 02/03/2025". dw.com. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
economist.com (Global: 254th place; English: 236th place)
- Johnson (9 December 2017). "Johnson: What is a foreign language worth?". The Economist. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
ej-lang.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
- Katabe, Isidore M.; Tibategeza, Eustard R. (17 January 2023). "Language-in-Education Policy and Practice in the Democratic Republic of Congo". European Journal of Language and Culture Studies. 2 (1): 4–12. doi:10.24018/ejlang.2023.2.1.58. ISSN 2796-0064.
ethernet.edu.et (Global: low place; English: low place)
ndl.ethernet.edu.et
- Rosendal, Tove (2008). "Multilingual Cameroon Policy, Practice, Problems and Solutions" (PDF).
ethnologue.com (Global: 339th place; English: 388th place)
- French at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024)
- French at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- Statistics, in Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2025). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (28th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". Ethnologue. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
- "French". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- "Lesser Antillean French Creole Language (ACF) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use | Ethnologue Free". Ethnologue (Free All). Retrieved 14 September 2025.
europa.eu (Global: 68th place; English: 117th place)
ec.europa.eu
- European Commission (June 2012), "Europeans and their Languages" (PDF), Special Eurobarometer 386, Europa, p. 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016, retrieved 7 September 2014
- EUROPA Archived 17 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, data for EU25, published before 2007 enlargement.
fgov.be (Global: 1,502nd place; English: 1,862nd place)
statbel.fgov.be
- Van Parijs, Philippe. "Belgium's new linguistic challenge" (PDF). KVS Express (Supplement to Newspaper de Morgen) March–April 2006: Article from original source (pdf 4.9 MB) pp. 34–36 republished by the Belgian Federal Government Service (ministry) of Economy – Directorate–general Statistics Belgium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
fonetik.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)
- (in French) Fonétik.fr writing system proposal Archived 13 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
forbes.com (Global: 54th place; English: 48th place)
- Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel. "Want To Know The Language Of The Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel (21 March 2014). "Want To Know The Language of the Future? The Data Suggests It Could Be...French". Forbes. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
france24.com (Global: 481st place; English: 508th place)
- "'Time to move on': France faces gradual decline of influence in Africa". France 24. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
- "Boom times for francophone Africa's TV and film industry". France 24. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- Pondicherry, the French outpost in India Archived 16 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, France 24
- "Focus – EU after Brexit: Will the French language make a comeback?". France 24. 17 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
francetvinfo.fr (Global: 363rd place; English: 1,663rd place)
- "Allemagne: le français, bientôt la deuxième langue officielle de la Sarre". 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
francophonie.org (Global: 5,271st place; English: 7,720th place)
francophonie.org
- "LA LANGUE FRANÇAISE DANS LE MONDE" (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. 2022.
- "Portail de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)". Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2025.
- OIF 2014, p. 217. La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF) (in French). Nathan. 2014. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- OIF 2014, p. 218. La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF) (in French). Nathan. 2014. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- OIF 2014, p. 358. La langue française dans le monde 2014 (PDF) (in French). Nathan. 2014. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- "La langue française dans le monde" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
observatoire.francophonie.org
- "THE FRENCH LANGUAGE WORLDWIDE Overview 2022" (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. 2022.
frommers.com (Global: 8,892nd place; English: 5,749th place)
- "Language in Panama". Frommers. Retrieved 14 September 2025.
georgetown.edu (Global: 2,318th place; English: 1,652nd place)
gjia.georgetown.edu
- Wolinski, Sofia Josephine (24 March 2025). "Russia in Africa: Private Military Proxies in the Sahel". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
globalvoices.org (Global: low place; English: 8,692nd place)
- Fahrney, Megan (28 February 2025). "Emphasis on French and English accelerates decline of local language in Benin".
glottolog.org (Global: 2,032nd place; English: 4,303rd place)
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Shifted Western Romance". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Glottolog 4.8 - Oil". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.
harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)
pin1.harvard.edu
- "HarvardKey – Login". pin1.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
hir.harvard.edu
- "Junta Rule in the Sahel: Decolonization and Destabilization". Harvard International Review. 25 January 2025. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
hawaii.edu (Global: 1,308th place; English: 924th place)
scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu
- Fonyuy, Kelen Ernesta (24 October 2024). "Revitalizing Cameroon Indigenous Languages Usage in Empowering Realms".
icesco.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
- MOHAMED.AQEIL (1 November 2024). "ICESCO and Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie Explore Avenues for Enhanced Cooperation". ICESCO. Retrieved 2 August 2025.
ifri.org (Global: low place; English: low place)
- "After the Failure in the Sahel, Rethinking French Policy in Africa | Ifri". www.ifri.org. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
independent.co.uk (Global: 36th place; English: 33rd place)
- "The end of an era for the French language?". The Independent. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
indiatimes.com (Global: 17th place; English: 15th place)
timesofindia.indiatimes.com
- "English to continue as link language in Puducherry: Court". The Times of India. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
insee.fr (Global: 90th place; English: 391st place)
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