Fritz Zwicky (English Wikipedia)

de Swart, J. G.; Bertone, G.; van Dongen, J. (2017). "How dark matter came to matter". Nature Astronomy. 1 (59): 0059. arXiv:1703.00013. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..59D. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0059. S2CID 119092226.

books.google.com

Swiss-American Historical Society (2006). Newsletter, Volumes 42-43. The Society. p. 17. Zwicky has dealt critically with religion during his whole life. A 1971 diary entry states: "To base the inexplainabilty and the immense wonder of nature upon another miracle, God, is unnecessary and not acceptable for any serious thinker." According to one story, Zwicky once discussed the beginning of the universe with a priest. The priest, quoting Scriptures, stated that the universe had started with "and there is light." Zwicky replied that he would buy this, if instead God had said "and there is electromagnetism".
Johnson Jr., John (2019). Zwicky: The Outcast Genius Who Unmasked the Universe. Harvard University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780674979673.
Turatto, Massimo; Benetti, Stefano; Zampieri, Luca (2005). 1604-2204: Supernovae as Cosmological Lighthouses. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 58. ISBN 9781583812099.
Longair, Malcolm S. (2006). The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521474368.

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

Zwicky, F. (February 1937), "Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses", Physical Review, 51 (4): 290, Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..290Z, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.290, archived from the original on December 25, 2013, retrieved December 24, 2013

calteches.library.caltech.edu

Zwicky, F. (November 1949), "Free World Agents of Democracy" (PDF), Engineering and Science, 13 (2)

ztf.caltech.edu

"Zwicky Transient Facility Opens Its Eyes to the Volatile cosmos". Zwicky Transient Facility. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2019.

dictionary.com

"Zwicky". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

discovermagazine.com

"The Father of Dark Matter Still Gets No Respect - Discover Magazine.com".

dnesplus.bg

"Организират конференция, посветена на родения във Варна астроном Фриц Цвики" (in Bulgarian). Днес+. February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.

doi.org

Arp, Halton (June 1974). "Fritz Zwicky". Physics Today. 27 (6): 70–71. Bibcode:1974PhT....27f..70A. doi:10.1063/1.3128662. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
Zwicky, F. (1933), "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln" [The red shift of extragalactic neubulae], Helvetica Physica Acta (in German), 6: 110–127, Bibcode:1933AcHPh...6..110Z From p 125: "Um, wie beobachtet, einen mittleren Dopplereffekt von 1000 km/sek oder mehr zu erhalten, müsste also die mittlere Dichte im Comasystem mindestens 400 mal grösser sein als die auf Grund von Beobachtungen an leuchtender Materie abgeleitete. Falls sich dies bewahrheiten sollte, würde sich also das überraschende Resultat ergeben, dass dunkle Materie in sehr viel grösserer Dichte vorhanden ist als leuchtende Materie." (In order to obtain an average Doppler effect of 1000 km/s or more, as observed, the average density in the Coma system would thus have to be at least 400 times greater than that derived on the basis of observations of luminous matter. If this were to be verified, the surprising result would then follow that dark matter is present in very much greater density than luminous matter.)
- See also Zwicky, F. (1937), "On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, 86: 217, Bibcode:1937ApJ....86..217Z, doi:10.1086/143864
- de Swart, J. G.; Bertone, G.; van Dongen, J. (2017). "How dark matter came to matter". Nature Astronomy. 1 (59): 0059. arXiv:1703.00013. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..59D. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0059. S2CID 119092226.
- Zwicky, Fritz (January 16, 1950). "Chemical Kinetics and Jet Propulsion". Chemical & Engineering News Archive. 28 (3): 156–158. doi:10.1021/cen-v028n003.p156. ISSN 0009-2347.
- Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "On Super-Novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 254–259, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..254B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.254, PMC 1076395, PMID 16587881
- Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "Cosmic Rays from Super-novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 259–263, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..259B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.259, PMC 1076396, PMID 16587882
- Zwicky, F. (February 1937), "Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses", Physical Review, 51 (4): 290, Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..290Z, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.290, archived from the original on December 25, 2013, retrieved December 24, 2013
- Walsh, D.; Carswell, R.F.; Weymann, R.J. (May 31, 1979), "0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens", Nature, 279 (5712): 381–384, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, doi:10.1038/279381a0, PMID 16068158, S2CID 2142707
- Hubble, E. (1929), "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 168–173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, PMC 522427, PMID 16577160
- Zwicky, F. (1929), "On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (10): 773–779, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..773Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773, PMC 522555, PMID 16577237 (full article)
- Baade, W. (1956), "The Period-Luminosity Relation of the Cepheids", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 68 (400): 5–16, Bibcode:1956PASP...68....5B, doi:10.1086/126870
- Zwicky, F. (October 1958), "Nuclear Goblins and Flare Stars", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (journal), 70 (416): 506–508, Bibcode:1958PASP...70..506Z, doi:10.1086/127284
- Zwicky, F. (August 1946), "On the Possibility of Earth-Launched Meteors", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (journal), 58 (343): 260–261, Bibcode:1946PASP...58..260Z, doi:10.1086/125840

dynamical-systems.org

Knill, O. (1998), Supernovae, an alpine climb and space travel (biographical notes), retrieved July 10, 2007
Zwicky, F. (1966), "Entdecken, Erfinden, Forschen im morphologischen Weltbild", Muenchen: Droemer (book), Muenchen, Bibcode:1966eefi.book.....Z (page 237). This reference was identified from a footnote provided in an online essay: Knill, Oliver (November 1997), Moving the Solar System, retrieved July 17, 2007.

ethz.ch

research-collection.ethz.ch

Fritz Zwicky: Zur Theorie der heteropolaren Kristalle. Promotionsarbeit. ETH Zurich, 1922. Retrieved 16 November 2022.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Arp, Halton (June 1974). "Fritz Zwicky". Physics Today. 27 (6): 70–71. Bibcode:1974PhT....27f..70A. doi:10.1063/1.3128662. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
Zwicky, F. (1933), "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln" [The red shift of extragalactic neubulae], Helvetica Physica Acta (in German), 6: 110–127, Bibcode:1933AcHPh...6..110Z From p 125: "Um, wie beobachtet, einen mittleren Dopplereffekt von 1000 km/sek oder mehr zu erhalten, müsste also die mittlere Dichte im Comasystem mindestens 400 mal grösser sein als die auf Grund von Beobachtungen an leuchtender Materie abgeleitete. Falls sich dies bewahrheiten sollte, würde sich also das überraschende Resultat ergeben, dass dunkle Materie in sehr viel grösserer Dichte vorhanden ist als leuchtende Materie." (In order to obtain an average Doppler effect of 1000 km/s or more, as observed, the average density in the Coma system would thus have to be at least 400 times greater than that derived on the basis of observations of luminous matter. If this were to be verified, the surprising result would then follow that dark matter is present in very much greater density than luminous matter.)
- See also Zwicky, F. (1937), "On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, 86: 217, Bibcode:1937ApJ....86..217Z, doi:10.1086/143864
- de Swart, J. G.; Bertone, G.; van Dongen, J. (2017). "How dark matter came to matter". Nature Astronomy. 1 (59): 0059. arXiv:1703.00013. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..59D. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0059. S2CID 119092226.
- Ivanova, Natasha (2008), "110th anniversary of the astrophysicist Fritz Zwicky", Bulgarian Astronomical Journal (in Bulgarian), 10: 135, Bibcode:2008BlgAJ..10..135I
- Muller, R. (1986), Fritz Zwicky: Leben und Werk des grossen Schweizer Astrophysikers, Raketenforschers und Morphologen (1898-1974) (in German), Verlag Baeschlin, Bibcode:1986fzlu.book.....M
- Osterbrock, D. E. (2001). "Who Really Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 33: 1330. Bibcode:2001AAS...199.1501O.
- Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "On Super-Novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 254–259, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..254B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.254, PMC 1076395, PMID 16587881
- Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "Cosmic Rays from Super-novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 259–263, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..259B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.259, PMC 1076396, PMID 16587882
- Zwicky, F. (February 1937), "Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses", Physical Review, 51 (4): 290, Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..290Z, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.290, archived from the original on December 25, 2013, retrieved December 24, 2013
- Walsh, D.; Carswell, R.F.; Weymann, R.J. (May 31, 1979), "0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens", Nature, 279 (5712): 381–384, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, doi:10.1038/279381a0, PMID 16068158, S2CID 2142707
- Hubble, E. (1929), "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 168–173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, PMC 522427, PMID 16577160
- Zwicky, F. (1929), "On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (10): 773–779, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..773Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773, PMC 522555, PMID 16577237 (full article)
- Baade, W. (1956), "The Period-Luminosity Relation of the Cepheids", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 68 (400): 5–16, Bibcode:1956PASP...68....5B, doi:10.1086/126870
- Zwicky, F. (October 1958), "Nuclear Goblins and Flare Stars", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (journal), 70 (416): 506–508, Bibcode:1958PASP...70..506Z, doi:10.1086/127284
- Zwicky, F. (August 1946), "On the Possibility of Earth-Launched Meteors", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (journal), 58 (343): 260–261, Bibcode:1946PASP...58..260Z, doi:10.1086/125840
- Zwicky, F. (August 1948), "Morphological astronomy", The Observatory (journal), 68: 121–143, Bibcode:1948Obs....68..121Z
- Zwicky, F. (1966), "Entdecken, Erfinden, Forschen im morphologischen Weltbild", Muenchen: Droemer (book), Muenchen, Bibcode:1966eefi.book.....Z (page 237). This reference was identified from a footnote provided in an online essay: Knill, Oliver (November 1997), Moving the Solar System, retrieved July 17, 2007.
articles.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Zwicky, F. (1933), "Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln" [The red shift of extragalactic neubulae], Helvetica Physica Acta (in German), 6: 110–127, Bibcode:1933AcHPh...6..110Z From p 125: "Um, wie beobachtet, einen mittleren Dopplereffekt von 1000 km/sek oder mehr zu erhalten, müsste also die mittlere Dichte im Comasystem mindestens 400 mal grösser sein als die auf Grund von Beobachtungen an leuchtender Materie abgeleitete. Falls sich dies bewahrheiten sollte, würde sich also das überraschende Resultat ergeben, dass dunkle Materie in sehr viel grösserer Dichte vorhanden ist als leuchtende Materie." (In order to obtain an average Doppler effect of 1000 km/s or more, as observed, the average density in the Coma system would thus have to be at least 400 times greater than that derived on the basis of observations of luminous matter. If this were to be verified, the surprising result would then follow that dark matter is present in very much greater density than luminous matter.)
  - See also Zwicky, F. (1937), "On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae", Astrophysical Journal, 86: 217, Bibcode:1937ApJ....86..217Z, doi:10.1086/143864
  cbat.eps.harvard.edu
  - List of Supernovae, retrieved July 10, 2007 (provided by CBAT)
  cfa.harvard.edu
  - The Updated Zwicky Catalog of Galaxies (UZC), retrieved July 10, 2007 at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

nature.com

Walsh, D.; Carswell, R.F.; Weymann, R.J. (May 31, 1979), "0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens", Nature, 279 (5712): 381–384, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, doi:10.1038/279381a0, PMID 16068158, S2CID 2142707

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "On Super-Novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 254–259, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..254B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.254, PMC 1076395, PMID 16587881
Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "Cosmic Rays from Super-novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 259–263, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..259B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.259, PMC 1076396, PMID 16587882
Walsh, D.; Carswell, R.F.; Weymann, R.J. (May 31, 1979), "0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens", Nature, 279 (5712): 381–384, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, doi:10.1038/279381a0, PMID 16068158, S2CID 2142707
Hubble, E. (1929), "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 168–173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, PMC 522427, PMID 16577160
Zwicky, F. (1929), "On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (10): 773–779, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..773Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773, PMC 522555, PMID 16577237 (full article)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "On Super-Novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 254–259, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..254B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.254, PMC 1076395, PMID 16587881
Baade, W.; Zwicky, F. (1934), "Cosmic Rays from Super-novae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 20 (5): 259–263, Bibcode:1934PNAS...20..259B, doi:10.1073/pnas.20.5.259, PMC 1076396, PMID 16587882
Hubble, E. (1929), "A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (3): 168–173, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168, PMC 522427, PMID 16577160
Zwicky, F. (1929), "On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (10): 773–779, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..773Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773, PMC 522555, PMID 16577237 (full article)

nytimes.com

"Dr. Fritz Zwicky, Astronomer, Jet Propulsion Expert, 74, Dies". The New York Times. February 11, 1974.

olats.org

"Pionniers & Précurseurs - FRANK J. MALINA - AERONAUTIQUE - MEMOIRES SCIENTIFIQUES - 2E TOME". olats.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

patents.google.com

physicstoday.org

Arp, Halton (June 1974). "Fritz Zwicky". Physics Today. 27 (6): 70–71. Bibcode:1974PhT....27f..70A. doi:10.1063/1.3128662. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.

pnas.org

Zwicky, F. (1929), "On the Red Shift of Spectral Lines through Interstellar Space", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15 (10): 773–779, Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..773Z, doi:10.1073/pnas.15.10.773, PMC 522555, PMID 16577237 (full article)

rit.edu

spiff.rit.edu

Some details of Zwicky's calculation and of more modern values are given in Richmond, M., Using the virial theorem: the mass of a cluster of galaxies, retrieved July 10, 2007.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

de Swart, J. G.; Bertone, G.; van Dongen, J. (2017). "How dark matter came to matter". Nature Astronomy. 1 (59): 0059. arXiv:1703.00013. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1E..59D. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0059. S2CID 119092226.
Walsh, D.; Carswell, R.F.; Weymann, R.J. (May 31, 1979), "0957 + 561 A, B - Twin quasistellar objects or gravitational lens", Nature, 279 (5712): 381–384, Bibcode:1979Natur.279..381W, doi:10.1038/279381a0, PMID 16068158, S2CID 2142707

simonsingh.net

Singh, S. (2004), Big Bang, Fourth Estate, archived from the original on June 30, 2007

stanford.edu

slac.stanford.edu

Maurer, S.M. (2001), "Idea Man" (PDF), Beamline, 31 (1), retrieved July 10, 2007

swemorph.com

Ritchey, T. (2002), General Morphological Analysis: A General Method for Non-Quantified Modelling (PDF), retrieved July 10, 2007
Greenstein, J.L. (March–April 1974), "Fritz Zwicky – Scientific Eagle (obituary)" (PDF), Engineering and Science: 15–19, retrieved July 14, 2007

tdc-harvard.edu

The Updated Zwicky Catalog of Galaxies (UZC), retrieved July 10, 2007 at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

web.archive.org

Arp, Halton (June 1974). "Fritz Zwicky". Physics Today. 27 (6): 70–71. Bibcode:1974PhT....27f..70A. doi:10.1063/1.3128662. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013.
"Организират конференция, посветена на родения във Варна астроном Фриц Цвики" (in Bulgarian). Днес+. February 13, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved March 18, 2010.
Zwicky, F. (February 1937), "Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses", Physical Review, 51 (4): 290, Bibcode:1937PhRv...51..290Z, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.51.290, archived from the original on December 25, 2013, retrieved December 24, 2013
Singh, S. (2004), Big Bang, Fourth Estate, archived from the original on June 30, 2007
"Pionniers & Précurseurs - FRANK J. MALINA - AERONAUTIQUE - MEMOIRES SCIENTIFIQUES - 2E TOME". olats.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Fritz Zwicky's Extraordinary Vision, American Museum of Natural History, archived from the original on July 14, 2007, retrieved July 16, 2007, an extract from Soter, S.; Tyson, N.D. (2000), Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge, New Press, ISBN 978-1565846029
"Zwicky Transient Facility Opens Its Eyes to the Volatile cosmos". Zwicky Transient Facility. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2019.

worldcat.org

Zwicky, Fritz (January 16, 1950). "Chemical Kinetics and Jet Propulsion". Chemical & Engineering News Archive. 28 (3): 156–158. doi:10.1021/cen-v028n003.p156. ISSN 0009-2347.

zwicky-stiftung.ch

Meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society (PDF), February 1972, retrieved July 14, 2007

Fritz Zwicky (English Wikipedia)

acs.org

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archive.org

arxiv.org

books.google.com

caltech.edu

authors.library.caltech.edu

calteches.library.caltech.edu

ztf.caltech.edu

dictionary.com

discovermagazine.com

dnesplus.bg

doi.org

dynamical-systems.org

ethz.ch

research-collection.ethz.ch

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

articles.adsabs.harvard.edu

cbat.eps.harvard.edu

cfa.harvard.edu

nature.com

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com

olats.org

patents.google.com

physicstoday.org

pnas.org

rit.edu

spiff.rit.edu

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

simonsingh.net

stanford.edu

slac.stanford.edu

swemorph.com

tdc-harvard.edu

web.archive.org

worldcat.org

zwicky-stiftung.ch