Fula people (English Wikipedia)

Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017). "Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (3) e0172866. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272866D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866. PMC 5336213. PMID 28257477.
Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Schareika, Nicholaus (2015-11-04). "Stereotypes, prejudices and exclusion of Fulani pastoralists in Ghana". Pastoralism. 5 (1): 20. Bibcode:2015Pasto...5...20B. doi:10.1186/s13570-015-0043-8. ISSN 2041-7136.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. Bibcode:2008AJPA..137..316H. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
Bučková, Jana; Cerný, Viktor; Novelletto, Andrea (2013). "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 151 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2013AJPA..151...10B. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22236. PMID 23460272.
Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
D'Atanasio, Eugenia (2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people". Current Biology. 33 (24): 5495–5504.e4. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E5495D. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.06.535569. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075. hdl:11573/1739042. PMID 37995693.

africansecuritynetwork.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Les communautés peules au Mali" (PDF). African Security Network. Analyse sociétale africaine/African societal Analysis (ASA).

africaportal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

media.africaportal.org

Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" (PDF). Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2022-12-24.

africareview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Courtship by the river as cows return home – Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

allafrica.com (Global: 977^th place; English: 635^th place)

"Nigeria: Going Beyond the Green Wall Ritual". allAfrica.com. 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

amnesty.org (Global: 1,084^th place; English: 851^st place)

Harvest of Death Three Years Of Bloody Clashes Between Farmers and Herders in Nigeria (PDF). Maitama, Abuja-FCT, Nigeria: Amnesty International. 2018.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Last, Murray (1967). The Sokoto Caliphate. Internet Archive. [New York] Humanities Press.
JH Vaughn (1970). "Caste System in the Western Sudan". In Arthur Tuden and Leonard Plotnicov (ed.). Social Stratification in Africa. Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-932780-7.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Martin Patience (2016-08-10). "Nigeria's deadly battle for land: Herdsmen v farmers". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-08-10.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7.
Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6.
David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3.
Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 495. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani – Fulbe Laddi – who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice.
Christopher R. DeCorse (2001). West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. Leicester University Press. pp. 172–174. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.
Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
Pat Ikechukwu Ndukwe (1996). Fulani. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 9–17. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6.
D Group (2013). Encyclopedia of African Peoples. Routledge. pp. 85–88. ISBN 978-1-135-96334-7.
Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15). Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-84545-963-5.
Al-Amin Abu-Manga; Nuhu Auwalu Wakili (1986). Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic. D. Reimer. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-496-00885-9. The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'
Carl Skutsch (2005). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1., Quote: "Fulani oral traditions suggest an origin in Egypt or the Middle East, a common theme in West African Muslim traditions.
Clark, Andrew (2005). "Futa Toro". Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
Clark, Andrew (2005). "Fulbe/Fulani/Peul: Origins". Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
Unesco General History of Africa (1992). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century v. 3. James Currey Publishers. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-85255-093-9.
Fage, John Donnelly (1997). "Upper and Lower Guinea". In Roland Oliver (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6.
Andrea L. Stanton (2012). Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. pp. 147–148. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7.
John Thornton (28 April 1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–92, xvii–xix. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5.
David Levinson (1996). "Fulani". Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East, Volume 9. Gale Group. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3., Quote: "Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker."
Knut Vikor (2013). Leif Manger (ed.). Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts. Routledge. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-1-136-81857-8.
Walter van Beek (1988). "Purity and statecraft: The Fulani Jihad". The Quest for Purity: Dynamics of Puritan Movements. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 149–177. ISBN 978-3-11-011382-2.
J. D. Fage; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). "Global Fulani Society". First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. Rutgers University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8135-1768-1. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
David J. Phillips (2001). Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World. William Carey Library. ISBN 978-0-87808-352-7. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2009). Rapport Du Groupe de Travail de la Commission Africaine Sur Les Populations/communautes Autochtones: Mission en Republique de Niger 14–24 Février 2006. IWGIA. p. 41 note 74. ISBN 978-87-91563-48-5.
Paul Riesman; David L. Szanton (1992). First Find Your Child a Good Mother: The Construction of Self in Two African Communities. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-8135-1768-1. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
Hill, Allan G (2012-07-26). Population, Health and Nutrition in the Sahel. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-136-88284-5. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
Frank Salamone (1997). Junius P. Rodriguez (ed.). The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 333–334. ISBN 978-0-87436-885-7.
Tor Arve Benjaminsen; Christian Lund (2001). Politics, Property and Production in the West African Sahel: Understanding Natural Resources Management. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 118–119, 122, 127–128, 130–131. ISBN 978-91-7106-476-9.
Marianne Gullestad (2007). Picturing Pity: Pitfalls and pleasures in cross-cultural communication – image and word in a North Cameroon mission. Berghahn Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-84545-343-5.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Fulani | People, Religion, & Nigeria | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 25 August 2023.
"Fulani". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-27.
Western Africa | Countries, History, Map, Population, & Facts | Britannica -The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad. www.britannica.com. p. 10. Retrieved 6 March 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)

cairn.info (Global: 574^th place; English: 2,035^th place)

Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

cbn.com (Global: 4,800^th place; English: 2,887^th place)

www1.cbn.com

"Fulani Extremists Kill 3, Burn Church Site in Latest Attack on Christians in Nigeria – Villagers Say Gov't Doing Nothing". CBN News. 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2022-08-15.

cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362^nd place)

dagris.ilri.cgiar.org

"DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

"Africa: Senegal The World Factbook". CIA. 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
"Africa: Guinea The World Factbook". CIA. 2023. Archived from the original on January 16, 2026. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on January 14, 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
"Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

conferenceinvestiraucameroun.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"L'ethnie peul au Cameroun Cameroon". 15 October 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

"Ivory Coast – ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

dailytrust.com (Global: 5,767^th place; English: 3,279^th place)

"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name". Daily Trust. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.

datingreporter.com.ng (Global: low place; English: low place)

"4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls". Dating Reporter's Blog. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-02-27.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017). "Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (3) e0172866. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272866D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866. PMC 5336213. PMID 28257477.
Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.
Diallo, Youssouf (1994). "Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133/135): 359–384. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2056. ISSN 0008-0055. JSTOR 4392526.
Pageard, Robert (1959). "Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé". Journal des Africanistes. 29 (2): 239–260. doi:10.3406/jafr.1959.1907.
Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Schareika, Nicholaus (2015-11-04). "Stereotypes, prejudices and exclusion of Fulani pastoralists in Ghana". Pastoralism. 5 (1): 20. Bibcode:2015Pasto...5...20B. doi:10.1186/s13570-015-0043-8. ISSN 2041-7136.
Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.1163/157006696X00299. JSTOR 1581646.
Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy – The Case of Masina". The Journal of African History. 17 (4). Cambridge University Press: 481–495. doi:10.1017/s0021853700015024. S2CID 162679554.
Curtin, Philip D. (1975). "The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia: Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu". Cahiers d'études africaines. 15 (58): 189–202. doi:10.3406/cea.1975.2592. JSTOR 4391387.
Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. S2CID 162509491., Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and Fulani populations, no later than 1500."
Vereecke, Catherine (1994). "The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133/135): 23–53. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2039. JSTOR 4392512.
Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso". Africa. 76 (3): 402–426. doi:10.3366/afr.2006.0044. S2CID 73652678.
Gallais, Jean (1962). "Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali". L'Homme. 2 (2): 106–129. doi:10.3406/hom.1962.366487. JSTOR 25131051.
Webster, G. W. (1931). "242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria". Man. 31: 238–244. doi:10.2307/2790939. JSTOR 2790939.
Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 7 (3): 401–417. doi:10.2307/484167. JSTOR 484167.
"Fulani cattle". CABI Compendium. 2022-01-07. doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.81804.
Černý, Viktor; Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Tříska, Petr (2021-04-26). "Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R29–R36. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa239. ISSN 1460-2083. PMID 33105478.
Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02). "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics. 20 (1): 915. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6888939. PMID 31791255.
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. (May 2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–1214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562.
Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Weale, Michael E.; Jones, Abigail L.; Connell, Bruce; Zeitlyn, David; Tarekegn, Ayele; Swallow, Dallas M.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2004). "The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1102–1110. doi:10.1086/421050. PMC 1182074. PMID 15106124.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. Bibcode:2008AJPA..137..316H. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
Bučková, Jana; Cerný, Viktor; Novelletto, Andrea (2013). "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 151 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2013AJPA..151...10B. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22236. PMID 23460272.
Černý, V.; Kulichová, I.; Poloni, E. S.; Nunes, J. M.; Pereira, L.; Mayor, A.; Sanchez‐Mazas, A. (March 2018). "Genetic history of the African Sahelian populations". HLA. 91 (3): 153–166. doi:10.1111/tan.13189. ISSN 2059-2302.
Cerný, V.; Hájek, M.; Bromová, M.; Cmejla, R.; Diallo, I.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. JSTOR 41466384. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Triska, Petr; Soares, Pedro; Patin, Etienne; Fernandes, Veronica; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, Luisa (2015-11-26). "Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (12): 3484–3495. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv236. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 4700964. PMID 26614524.
Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.
Fan, Shaohua; Kelly, Derek E.; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Mallick, Swapan; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Thompson, Simon; Beggs, William; Nyambo, Thomas; Omar, Sabah A. (2019-04-26). "African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations". Genome Biology. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6485071. PMID 31023338.
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
D'Atanasio, Eugenia (2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people". Current Biology. 33 (24): 5495–5504.e4. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E5495D. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.06.535569. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075. hdl:11573/1739042. PMID 37995693.
Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02). "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell. 186 (5): 923–939.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 10568978. PMID 36868214.

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

"Adamawa Fulfulde". Ethnologue (Free All). Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
"Borgu Fulfude". Ethnologue (Free All). Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
"Maasina Fulfulde". Ethnologue (Free All). Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2023.

everyculture.com (Global: 6,149^th place; English: 7,631^st place)

"Religion and expressive culture – Fulani". everyculture.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
"Fulani – Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage, Relationships, Living conditions". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

frstrategie.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West African countries :: Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel :: Foundation for Strategic Research :: FRS". frstrategie.org. Retrieved 2021-06-21.

gamji.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Grazing Reserve Development and Constraints". Gamji.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

gbosdata.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS". www.gbosdata.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-06-17.

hal.science (Global: 2,005^th place; English: 1,689^th place)

Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
D'Atanasio, Eugenia (2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people". Current Biology. 33 (24): 5495–5504.e4. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E5495D. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.06.535569. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075. hdl:11573/1739042. PMID 37995693.

hms.harvard.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,550^th place)

reich.hms.harvard.edu

Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.

hrw.org (Global: 601^st place; English: 472^nd place)

"Cameroon: Civilians Massacred in Separatist Area". Human Rights Watch. Feb 25, 2020. Retrieved Feb 26, 2020.

icddrb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

centre.icddrb.org

"Materials and Methods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-02-03.

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). "Take me to the river – Travel". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

informationparlour.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Traditional Marriage in Fulani Kingdom". Information Parlour. 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2024-08-07.

insae-bj.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"PRINCIPAUX INDICATEURS SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIQUES ET ECONOMIQUES" (PDF). 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2019.

iu.edu (Global: 3,497^th place; English: 2,025^th place)

scholarworks.iu.edu

Brooks, George E. (August 1985). "WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS" (PDF). Indiana University African Studies Program: 209. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

jamtan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Time line". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
"The Cast System". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
"Pulaaku Ethics". 2007-12-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-12-28.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.
Diallo, Youssouf (1994). "Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133/135): 359–384. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2056. ISSN 0008-0055. JSTOR 4392526.
Creevey, Lucy (August 1996). "Islam, Women and the Role of the State in Senegal". Journal of Religion in Africa. 26 (3): 268–307. doi:10.1163/157006696X00299. JSTOR 1581646.
Curtin, Philip D. (1975). "The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia: Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu". Cahiers d'études africaines. 15 (58): 189–202. doi:10.3406/cea.1975.2592. JSTOR 4391387.
Boyle, C. Vicars (1910). "Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis". Journal of the Royal African Society. 10 (37): 73–92. ISSN 0368-4016. JSTOR 715032.
Dupire, Marguerite (1985). "A Nomadic Caste: The Fulani Woodcarvers Historical Background and Evolution". Anthropos. 80 (1/3): 85–100. JSTOR 40460882. The woodcarvers associated with the Fulani and neighboring societies in West Africa were nomads. All criteria retained by specialists to defìne a caste group (Berreman, Pitt-Rivers, Vaughan), may be applied to them. This is true even today in spite of their sedentarization and the conversion of certain of them to sculpture. The second part of this study raises the question of the conditions underlying the creation of artisan castes, drawing upon examples taken from agricultural societies, certain of which are state-based (Fulani, Serer of Sine), others of which are more or less acephalous (Marghi, Senufo, Cangin Serer).
Sow, Abdoul Aziz; Angell, John (1993). "Fulani Poetic Genres". Research in African Literatures. 24 (2): 61–77. JSTOR 3819886. At the top of the hierarchy are cattle-owning Fulani, Toorobbe (literate marabouts who hold spiritual power), Seebe (members of a warrior caste...) The middle of the hierarchy is comprisedof the five castes that...
Vereecke, Catherine (1994). "The Slave Experience in Adamawa: Past and Present Perspectives from Yola (Nigeria) (Une approche historique de l'esclavage dans l'Adamawa du XIXe siècle à nos jours)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133/135): 23–53. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2039. JSTOR 4392512.
Gallais, Jean (1962). "Signification du groupe ethnique au Mali". L'Homme. 2 (2): 106–129. doi:10.3406/hom.1962.366487. JSTOR 25131051.
Webster, G. W. (1931). "242. Customs and Beliefs of the Fulani: Notes Collected During 24 Years Residence in Northern Nigeria". Man. 31: 238–244. doi:10.2307/2790939. JSTOR 2790939.
Chodak, Szymon (1973). "Social Stratification in Sub-Saharan Africa". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 7 (3): 401–417. doi:10.2307/484167. JSTOR 484167.
ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. JSTOR 41466384. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.

kcm.co.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles". Kcm.co.kr. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

lonelyplanet.com (Global: 2,169^th place; English: 1,718^th place)

"Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures". Lonely Planet. 2012-11-15. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas (October 2022). "The Fulani/Fulbe People". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

news.microsoft.com

Bach, Deborah; Lerner, Sara. "ADLaM comes online". Microsoft Story Labs. Retrieved 4 September 2019.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017). "Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (3) e0172866. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272866D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866. PMC 5336213. PMID 28257477.
Černý, Viktor; Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Tříska, Petr (2021-04-26). "Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R29–R36. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa239. ISSN 1460-2083. PMID 33105478.
Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02). "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics. 20 (1): 915. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6888939. PMID 31791255.
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. (May 2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–1214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562.
Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Weale, Michael E.; Jones, Abigail L.; Connell, Bruce; Zeitlyn, David; Tarekegn, Ayele; Swallow, Dallas M.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2004). "The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1102–1110. doi:10.1086/421050. PMC 1182074. PMID 15106124.
Hassan, Hisham Y.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L.; Ibrahim, Muntaser E. (2008). "Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: Restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 137 (3): 316–23. Bibcode:2008AJPA..137..316H. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20876. PMID 18618658.
Bučková, Jana; Cerný, Viktor; Novelletto, Andrea (2013). "Multiple and differentiated contributions to the male gene pool of pastoral and farmer populations of the African Sahel". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 151 (1): 10–21. Bibcode:2013AJPA..151...10B. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22236. PMID 23460272.
Cerný, V.; Hájek, M.; Bromová, M.; Cmejla, R.; Diallo, I.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. JSTOR 41466384. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Triska, Petr; Soares, Pedro; Patin, Etienne; Fernandes, Veronica; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, Luisa (2015-11-26). "Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (12): 3484–3495. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv236. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 4700964. PMID 26614524.
Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.
Fan, Shaohua; Kelly, Derek E.; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Mallick, Swapan; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Thompson, Simon; Beggs, William; Nyambo, Thomas; Omar, Sabah A. (2019-04-26). "African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations". Genome Biology. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6485071. PMID 31023338.
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
D'Atanasio, Eugenia (2023). "The genomic echoes of the last Green Sahara on the Fulani and Sahelian people". Current Biology. 33 (24): 5495–5504.e4. Bibcode:2023CBio...33E5495D. bioRxiv 10.1101/2023.04.06.535569. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.075. hdl:11573/1739042. PMID 37995693.
Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02). "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell. 186 (5): 923–939.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 10568978. PMID 36868214.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Revie, Crawford W.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Musa, Usman B.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Welburn, Susan C. (3 March 2017). "Wealth, household heterogeneity and livelihood diversification of Fulani pastoralists in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, northern Nigeria, during a period of social transition". PLOS ONE. 12 (3) e0172866. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1272866D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172866. PMC 5336213. PMID 28257477.
Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02). "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics. 20 (1): 915. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6888939. PMID 31791255.
Cruciani, Fulvio; Santolamazza, Piero; Shen, Peidong; et al. (May 2002). "A Back Migration from Asia to Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 70 (5): 1197–1214. doi:10.1086/340257. PMC 447595. PMID 11910562.
Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Weale, Michael E.; Jones, Abigail L.; Connell, Bruce; Zeitlyn, David; Tarekegn, Ayele; Swallow, Dallas M.; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark G. (2004). "The T Allele of a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism 13.9 kb Upstream of the Lactase Gene (LCT) (C−13.9kbT) Does Not Predict or Cause the Lactase-Persistence Phenotype in Africans". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (6): 1102–1110. doi:10.1086/421050. PMC 1182074. PMID 15106124.
Tishkoff, S. A.; Reed, F. A.; Friedlaender, F. R.; Ehret, C.; Ranciaro, A.; Froment, A.; Hirbo, J. B.; Awomoyi, A. A.; Bodo, J.-M.; Doumbo, O.; Ibrahim, M.; Juma, A. T.; Kotze, M. J.; Lema, G.; Moore, J. H.; Mortensen, H.; Nyambo, T. B.; Omar, S. A.; Powell, K.; Pretorius, G. S.; Smith, M. W.; Thera, M. A.; Wambebe, C.; Weber, J. L.; Williams, S. M. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans". Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144.
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Triska, Petr; Soares, Pedro; Patin, Etienne; Fernandes, Veronica; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, Luisa (2015-11-26). "Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (12): 3484–3495. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv236. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 4700964. PMID 26614524.
Fan, Shaohua; Kelly, Derek E.; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Mallick, Swapan; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Thompson, Simon; Beggs, William; Nyambo, Thomas; Omar, Sabah A. (2019-04-26). "African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations". Genome Biology. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6485071. PMID 31023338.
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02). "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell. 186 (5): 923–939.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 10568978. PMID 36868214.

persecution.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side". International Christian Concern. 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
"Nigeria's Fulani Christians are Attacked from Every Side". Perseution.org. International Christian Concern. 8 July 2023. Retrieved 3 December 2023.

persee.fr (Global: 310^th place; English: 770^th place)

Pageard, Robert (1959). "Note sur les Diawambé ou Diokoramé". Journal des Africanistes. 29 (2): 239–260. doi:10.3406/jafr.1959.1907.

premier.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Nigerian government failing to stop Fulani militants killing Christians, charity says". Premier. 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-04-24.

pulse.ng (Global: 2,806^th place; English: 1,632^nd place)

"Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.

punchng.com (Global: 2,243^rd place; English: 1,199^th place)

"Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen". The Punch. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

religioninamerica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Portrait of Yarrow Mamout: An Early American Muslim". www.religioninamerica.org.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

de Bruijn, Mirjam; van Dijk, Han (2003). "Resistance to Fulbe Hegemony in nineteenth-century West Africa". In Abbink, Jon; van Walraven, Klaas; de Bruijn, Mirjam (eds.). Rethinking resistance: revolt and violence in African history. Brill. pp. 43–68. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy – The Case of Masina". The Journal of African History. 17 (4). Cambridge University Press: 481–495. doi:10.1017/s0021853700015024. S2CID 162679554.
Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". The Journal of African History. 32 (2): 221–250. doi:10.1017/s0021853700025718. S2CID 162509491., Quote: "Endogamous artisan and musician groups are characteristic of over fifteen West African peoples, including the Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, and Tuareg. Castes appeared among the Malinke no later than 1300, and were present among the Wolof and Soninke, as well as some Songhay and Fulani populations, no later than 1500."
Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso". Africa. 76 (3): 402–426. doi:10.3366/afr.2006.0044. S2CID 73652678.
Cerný, V.; Hájek, M.; Bromová, M.; Cmejla, R.; Diallo, I.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. JSTOR 41466384. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.

sipri.org (Global: 1,635^th place; English: 1,352^nd place)

Tobie, Aurélien (December 2017). Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives (PDF) (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.

study.com (Global: 8,173^rd place; English: 7,751^st place)

"Chad Ethnic Groups". Study.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

"An Introduction To The Gambia's Fulani People". Culture Trip. 2019-11-30. Retrieved 2019-10-27.

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: 9,807^th place; English: 6,669^th place)

"The Sahel in flames". The New Humanitarian. 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-06-23.

thenigerianvoice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kim, Masara. "Nigeria's Little Known Fulani Christians Worship In Secret". The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

umd.edu (Global: 1,356^th place; English: 1,172^nd place)

start.umd.edu

"GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
"GTD Search Results". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.
"Incident Summary for GTDID: 201603260030". www.start.umd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-11.

unc.edu (Global: 1,577^th place; English: 913^th place)

docsouth.unc.edu

Omar ibn Said (1831). "Autobiography of Omar ibn Said, Slave in North Carolina, 1831". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

unfpa.org (Global: 4,582^nd place; English: 4,580^th place)

sierraleone.unfpa.org

"Sierra Leone 2015 Population and Housing Census National Analytical Report" (PDF). Statistics Sierra Leone. Retrieved 28 March 2020.

unisapressjournals.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

Saeed, Asma'u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate: the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.

univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083^rd place; English: 2,828^th place)

homepage.univie.ac.at

"Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.

vestiges-journal.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hampaté Bah, Ahmadou (1996). "Des Foulbé du Mali et de leur Culture" (PDF). Abbia: Revue culturelle Camerounaise: 23–54.

voanews.com (Global: 665^th place; English: 615^th place)

"No South Sudan Passports for Fulani, Officials Say". Voice of America. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 2021-09-05.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Africa: Senegal The World Factbook". CIA. 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
"Africa: Guinea The World Factbook". CIA. 2023. Archived from the original on January 16, 2026. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on January 14, 2026. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Africa: Burkina Faso The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 2019. Archived from the original on January 18, 2026. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
"Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Africa: Guinea-Bissau – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses – GBoS". www.gbosdata.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-06-17.
"Africa: Chad – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 27 April 2021. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
"Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
Mali: People & Society, Burkina Faso: People & Society, Guinea: People & Society, Senegal: People & Society, Niger: People & Society, CIA Factbook (2015)
"The World Factbook". CIA. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
"Association of Concerned Africa Scholars » Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Association of Concerned Africa Scholars. Archived from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
"Time line". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
"Materials and Methods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-02-03.
"The Cast System". Jamtan. Archived from the original on 2014-02-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
"4 Things To Know Before Dating Fulani Girls". Dating Reporter's Blog. Archived from the original on 2021-03-01. Retrieved 2021-02-27.
"Senators fight over grazing land for Fulani herdsmen". The Punch. 2012-07-21. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Enyiazu, Chukwuemeka (2019). "Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria" (PDF). Nomadic Pastoralism and Human Security: Towards a Collective Action Against Herders-Farmers Crisis in Nigeria | AfriHeritage Working Paper 2019 010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
Tobie, Aurélien (December 2017). Central Mali: Violence, Local Perspectives and Diverging Narratives (PDF) (Report). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2022. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
"Pulaaku Ethics". 2007-12-27. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
"DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
"Courtship by the river as cows return home – Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
"Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures". Lonely Planet. 2012-11-15. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-27.

webpulaaku.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Klein, Martin A. (2005). "Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century". Encyclopedia of African History. Vol. 1. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-57958-245-6. Retrieved 13 February 2013.

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Černý, V.; Kulichová, I.; Poloni, E. S.; Nunes, J. M.; Pereira, L.; Mayor, A.; Sanchez‐Mazas, A. (March 2018). "Genetic history of the African Sahelian populations". HLA. 91 (3): 153–166. doi:10.1111/tan.13189. ISSN 2059-2302.

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

durham-repository.worktribe.com

Hampshire, Kate (2006). "Flexibility in Domestic Organization and Seasonal Migration Among the Fulani of Northern Burkina Faso". Africa. 76 (3): 402–426. doi:10.3366/afr.2006.0044. S2CID 73652678.

worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

"What Is the Ethnic Composition of Mauritania?". www.worldatlas.com. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Saeed, Asma'u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate: the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.
Diallo, Youssouf (1994). "Barani: une chefferie satellite des grands États du XIXe siècle (Barani, a Chiefdom in the Orbit of Major 19th-Century State Formations)". Cahiers d'Études Africaines. 34 (133/135): 359–384. doi:10.3406/cea.1994.2056. ISSN 0008-0055. JSTOR 4392526.
Bukari, Kaderi Noagah; Schareika, Nicholaus (2015-11-04). "Stereotypes, prejudices and exclusion of Fulani pastoralists in Ghana". Pastoralism. 5 (1): 20. Bibcode:2015Pasto...5...20B. doi:10.1186/s13570-015-0043-8. ISSN 2041-7136.
Boyle, C. Vicars (1910). "Historical Notes on the Yola Fulanis". Journal of the Royal African Society. 10 (37): 73–92. ISSN 0368-4016. JSTOR 715032.
Černý, Viktor; Fortes-Lima, Cesar; Tříska, Petr (2021-04-26). "Demographic history and admixture dynamics in African Sahelian populations". Human Molecular Genetics. 30 (R1): R29–R36. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddaa239. ISSN 1460-2083. PMID 33105478.
Vicente, Mário; Priehodová, Edita; Diallo, Issa; Podgorná, Eliška; Poloni, Estella S.; Černý, Viktor; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2019-12-02). "Population history and genetic adaptation of the Fulani nomads: inferences from genome-wide data and the lactase persistence trait". BMC Genomics. 20 (1): 915. doi:10.1186/s12864-019-6296-7. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 6888939. PMID 31791255.
Černý, V.; Kulichová, I.; Poloni, E. S.; Nunes, J. M.; Pereira, L.; Mayor, A.; Sanchez‐Mazas, A. (March 2018). "Genetic history of the African Sahelian populations". HLA. 91 (3): 153–166. doi:10.1111/tan.13189. ISSN 2059-2302.
Cerný, V.; Hájek, M.; Bromová, M.; Cmejla, R.; Diallo, I.; Brdicka, R. (2006). "MtDNA of Fulani nomads and their genetic relationships to neighboring sedentary populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
ČERNÝ, V.; HÁJEK, M.; BROMOVÁ, M.; ČMEJLA, R.; DIALLO, I.; BRDIČKA, R. (2006). "mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations". Human Biology. 78 (1): 9–27. doi:10.1353/hub.2006.0024. ISSN 0018-7143. JSTOR 41466384. PMID 16900879. S2CID 7045459.
Dobon, Begoña; Hassan, Hisham Y.; Laayouni, Hafid; Luisi, Pierre; Ricaño-Ponce, Isis; Zhernakova, Alexandra; Wijmenga, Cisca; Tahir, Hanan; Comas, David; Netea, Mihai G.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (2015-05-28). "The genetics of East African populations: a Nilo-Saharan component in the African genetic landscape". Scientific Reports. 5 (1): 9996. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5.9996D. doi:10.1038/srep09996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4446898. PMID 26017457.
Triska, Petr; Soares, Pedro; Patin, Etienne; Fernandes, Veronica; Cerny, Viktor; Pereira, Luisa (2015-11-26). "Extensive Admixture and Selective Pressure Across the Sahel Belt". Genome Biology and Evolution. 7 (12): 3484–3495. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv236. ISSN 1759-6653. PMC 4700964. PMID 26614524.
Priehodová, Edita; Austerlitz, Frédéric; Čížková, Martina; Nováčková, Jana; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Hofmanová, Zuzana; Schlebusch, Carina M.; Černý, Viktor (November 2020). "Sahelian pastoralism from the perspective of variants associated with lactase persistence". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 173 (3): 423–436. Bibcode:2020AJPA..173..423P. doi:10.1002/ajpa.24116. ISSN 1096-8644. PMID 32812238. S2CID 221179656.
Fan, Shaohua; Kelly, Derek E.; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Mallick, Swapan; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Thompson, Simon; Beggs, William; Nyambo, Thomas; Omar, Sabah A. (2019-04-26). "African evolutionary history inferred from whole genome sequence data of 44 indigenous African populations". Genome Biology. 20 (1): 82. doi:10.1186/s13059-019-1679-2. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 6485071. PMID 31023338.
Lipson, Mark; Ribot, Isabelle; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Olalde, Iñigo; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Lawson, Ann Marie; López, Saioa; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Asombang, Raymond Neba'ane; Bocherens, Hervé; Bradman, Neil; Culleton, Brendan J. (2020-01-22). "Ancient West African foragers in the context of African population history" (PDF). Nature. 577 (7792): 665–670. Bibcode:2020Natur.577..665L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-1929-1. hdl:2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/301758. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 8386425. PMID 31969706.
Fan, Shaohua; Spence, Jeffrey P.; Feng, Yuanqing; Hansen, Matthew E. B.; Terhorst, Jonathan; Beltrame, Marcia H.; Ranciaro, Alessia; Hirbo, Jibril; Beggs, William; Thomas, Neil; Nyambo, Thomas; Mpoloka, Sununguko Wata; Mokone, Gaonyadiwe George; Njamnshi, Alfred; Folkunang, Charles (2023-03-02). "Whole-genome sequencing reveals a complex African population demographic history and signatures of local adaptation". Cell. 186 (5): 923–939.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.01.042. ISSN 1097-4172. PMC 10568978. PMID 36868214.

Fula people (English Wikipedia)

101lasttribes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

africansecuritynetwork.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

africaportal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

media.africaportal.org

africareview.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

allafrica.com (Global: 977th place; English: 635th place)

amnesty.org (Global: 1,084th place; English: 851st place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26th place; English: 23rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

cairn.info (Global: 574th place; English: 2,035th place)

cbn.com (Global: 4,800th place; English: 2,887th place)

www1.cbn.com

cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362nd place)

dagris.ilri.cgiar.org

cia.gov (Global: 133rd place; English: 275th place)

conferenceinvestiraucameroun.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364th place; English: 1,439th place)

dailytrust.com (Global: 5,767th place; English: 3,279th place)

datingreporter.com.ng (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 354th place; English: 413th place)

everyculture.com (Global: 6,149th place; English: 7,631st place)

frstrategie.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

gamji.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gbosdata.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hal.science (Global: 2,005th place; English: 1,689th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

hms.harvard.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,550th place)

reich.hms.harvard.edu

hrw.org (Global: 601st place; English: 472nd place)

icddrb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

centre.icddrb.org

independent.co.uk (Global: 46th place; English: 29th place)

informationparlour.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

insae-bj.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

iu.edu (Global: 3,497th place; English: 2,025th place)

scholarworks.iu.edu

jamtan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

kcm.co.kr (Global: low place; English: low place)

lonelyplanet.com (Global: 2,169th place; English: 1,718th place)

metmuseum.org (Global: 854th place; English: 646th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263rd place; English: 259th place)

news.microsoft.com

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

persecution.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

persee.fr (Global: 310th place; English: 770th place)

premier.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

pulse.ng (Global: 2,806th place; English: 1,632nd place)

punchng.com (Global: 2,243rd place; English: 1,199th place)

religioninamerica.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96th place; English: 89th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sipri.org (Global: 1,635th place; English: 1,352nd place)

study.com (Global: 8,173rd place; English: 7,751st place)

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243rd place; English: 3,023rd place)

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: 9,807th place; English: 6,669th place)

thenigerianvoice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

umd.edu (Global: 1,356th place; English: 1,172nd place)

start.umd.edu

unc.edu (Global: 1,577th place; English: 913th place)

docsouth.unc.edu

unfpa.org (Global: 4,582nd place; English: 4,580th place)

sierraleone.unfpa.org

unisapressjournals.co.za (Global: low place; English: low place)

univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083rd place; English: 2,828th place)

homepage.univie.ac.at

vestiges-journal.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

voanews.com (Global: 665th place; English: 615th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

webpulaaku.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

wiley.com (Global: 150th place; English: 174th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

allafrica.com (Global: 977^th place; English: 635^th place)

amnesty.org (Global: 1,084^th place; English: 851^st place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cairn.info (Global: 574^th place; English: 2,035^th place)

cbn.com (Global: 4,800^th place; English: 2,887^th place)

cgiar.org (Global: low place; English: 9,362^nd place)

cia.gov (Global: 133^rd place; English: 275^th place)

countrystudies.us (Global: 1,364^th place; English: 1,439^th place)

dailytrust.com (Global: 5,767^th place; English: 3,279^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ethnologue.com (Global: 354^th place; English: 413^th place)

everyculture.com (Global: 6,149^th place; English: 7,631^st place)

hal.science (Global: 2,005^th place; English: 1,689^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

hms.harvard.edu (Global: low place; English: 7,550^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 601^st place; English: 472^nd place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

iu.edu (Global: 3,497^th place; English: 2,025^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lonelyplanet.com (Global: 2,169^th place; English: 1,718^th place)

metmuseum.org (Global: 854^th place; English: 646^th place)

microsoft.com (Global: 263^rd place; English: 259^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

persee.fr (Global: 310^th place; English: 770^th place)

pulse.ng (Global: 2,806^th place; English: 1,632^nd place)

punchng.com (Global: 2,243^rd place; English: 1,199^th place)

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

sipri.org (Global: 1,635^th place; English: 1,352^nd place)

study.com (Global: 8,173^rd place; English: 7,751^st place)

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

thenewhumanitarian.org (Global: 9,807^th place; English: 6,669^th place)

umd.edu (Global: 1,356^th place; English: 1,172^nd place)

unc.edu (Global: 1,577^th place; English: 913^th place)

unfpa.org (Global: 4,582^nd place; English: 4,580^th place)

univie.ac.at (Global: 2,083^rd place; English: 2,828^th place)

voanews.com (Global: 665^th place; English: 615^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worktribe.com (Global: 8,094^th place; English: 3,935^th place)

worldatlas.com (Global: 2,266^th place; English: 2,297^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)