Spaulding, Jay (2021-02-18), "Islamic Nubian Kingdoms", in Emberling, Geoff; Williams, Bruce Beyer (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia, Oxford University Press, p.0, ISBN978-0-19-049627-2, retrieved 2025-08-28
Hasan 1967, p.174. Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). The Arabs and the Sudan From the Seventh to the Early Sixteenth Century. Edinburgh University Press. OCLC33206034.