GNU (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "GNU" in English language version.

Last modified: 15:55:00, 15 October 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

Global rank English rank

3427web.archive.org

1^st place

3124gnu.org

1,901^st place

1,743^rd place

1711books.google.com

3^rd place

64archive.org

6^th place

51worldcat.org

4^th place

44debian.org

3,258^th place

2,984^th place

32fsf.org

8,097^th place

low place

31ffzg.hr

low place

22groups.google.com

2,153^rd place

1,445^th place

21stanford.edu

194^th place

182^nd place

22wisc.edu

891^st place

533^rd place

21itworld.com

low place

11openisbn.com

low place

11thefreedictionary.com

1,251^st place

1,161^st place

11pcauthority.com.au

low place

11utah.edu

2,766^th place

1,555^th place

11upm.es

9,074^th place

low place

11cnet.com

447^th place

345^th place

11amd.com

2,753^rd place

2,229^th place

11case.edu

3,685^th place

2,099^th place

11computerworld.com

3,446^th place

2,279^th place

11h-online.com

low place

11phoronix.com

4,058^th place

2,920^th place

11oreilly.com

6,944^th place

5,088^th place

11ubuntu.com

3,845^th place

4,505^th place

11linuxjournal.com

8,963^rd place

6,985^th place

11linuxbash.sh

low place

11baeldung.com

low place

11kernel.org

5,383^rd place

3,622^nd place

11funet.fi

1,008^th place

551^st place

11whhone.com

low place

11trisquel.info

low place

11tldp.org

low place

11snom.com

low place

amd.com (Global: 2,753^rd place; English: 2,229^th place)

developer.amd.com

"GCC & GNU Toolchains – AMD". Developer.amd.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Raymond, Eric (February 1, 2001). The Cathedral & the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-0-59600108-7.
DiBona, Chris; Stone, Mark; Cooper, Danese (October 2005). Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 38–40. ISBN 9780596008024.
Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. January 1999. ISBN 978-1-56592-582-3.
Lessig, Lawrence (2001). The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World. Random House. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-375-50578-2. He had mixed all of the ingredients needed for an operating system to function, but he was missing the core.

baeldung.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Galgani, Francesco (September 4, 2023). "Differences Between Unix, Linux, BSD, GNU | Baeldung on Linux". Baeldung on Linux. Archived from the original on May 13, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian (2007). Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives. Information Science Reference. ISBN 978-1-59140999-1. OCLC 1028442948.
Holmevik, Jan Rune; Bogost, Ian; Ulmer, Gregory (March 2012). Inter/vention: Free Play in the Age of Electracy. MIT Press. pp. 69–71. ISBN 978-0-262-01705-3.
Seebach, Peter (November 2008). Beginning Portable Shell Scripting: From Novice to Professional (Expert's Voice in Open Source). Apress. pp. 177–178. ISBN 9781430210436.
Kerrisk, Michael (October 2010). The Linux Programming Interface: A Linux and UNIX System Programming Handbook. No Starch Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 9781593272203.
Buxmann, Peter; Diefenbach, Heiner; Hess, Thomas (September 30, 2012). The Software Industry. Springer. pp. 187–196. ISBN 9783642315091.
Practical UNIX and Internet Security, 3rd Edition. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. February 2003. p. 18. ISBN 9781449310127.
Matthew, Neil; Stones, Richard (April 22, 2011). "The GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation". Beginning Linux Programming. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118058619.
Sowe, Sulayman K; Stamelos, Ioannis G; Samoladas, Ioannis M (May 2007). Emerging Free and Open Source Software Practices. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 262–264. ISBN 9781599042107.
McCune, Mike (December 2000). Integrating Linux and Windows. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 30. ISBN 9780130306708.
Sobell, Mark G; Seebach, Peter (2005). A Practical Guide To Unix For Mac Os X Users. Prentice Hall Professional. p. 4. ISBN 9780131863330.
Kavanagh, Paul (July 26, 2004). Open Source Software: Implementation and Management. Elsevier. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-55558320-0.

case.edu (Global: 3,685^th place; English: 2,099^th place)

tiswww.case.edu

Ramey, Chet. "The GNU Bourne-Again Shell". tiswww.case.edu. Archived from the original on November 20, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2026.

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

news.cnet.com

Stephen Shankland (November 15, 1999). "Red Hat buys software firm, shuffles CEO". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 5, 2016.

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. "Opinion: The top 10 operating system stinkers", Computerworld, April 9, 2009: "... after more than 25 years in development, GNU remains incomplete: its kernel, Hurd, has never really made it out of the starting blocks. ... Almost no one has actually been able to use the OS; it's really more a set of ideas than an operating system."

debian.org (Global: 3,258^th place; English: 2,984^th place)

debian.org

"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd". www.debian.org. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"Debian – Debian GNU/Hurd – Configuration". www.debian.org. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"Chapter 1. Definitions and overview".

lists.debian.org

"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 released!". lists.debian.org. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

ffzg.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

mjesec.ffzg.hr

Stallman, Richard (March 9, 2006). The Free Software Movement and the Future of Freedom. Zagreb, Croatia: Free Software Foundation Europe. Retrieved February 20, 2007.

fsf.org (Global: 8,097^th place; English: low place)

directory.fsf.org

GNU @ Free Software Directory Archived 2015-12-05 at the Wayback Machine (fsf.org)
"GNU Linux-libre". December 17, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

funet.fi (Global: 1,008^th place; English: 551^st place)

ftp.funet.fi

"Release Notes for Linux v0.12". Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2012.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

"GNU Licenses".
"GNU FSDG".
"What is GNU?". The GNU Operating System. Free Software Foundation. September 4, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2009. The name 'GNU' is a recursive acronym for 'GNU's Not Unix'; it is pronounced g-noo, as one syllable with no vowel sound between the g and the n.
Stallman, Richard. "Software – GNU Project". GNU Project. Free Software Foundation, Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
"GNU Manifesto". GNU project. FSF. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
Stallman, Richard (1986), "KTH", Philosophy (speech), GNU, Stockholm, Sweden: FSF.
"The GNU Operating system". GNU project. FSF. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
"Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
"Software – GNU Project". Free Software Foundation, Inc. January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
"status". www.gnu.org. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Status, Free Software Foundation, May 3, 2015, retrieved April 24, 2017
"Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on September 20, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.
"gnu.org". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2026. The GNU system contains all of the official GNU software packages (which are listed below), and also includes much non-GNU free software, such as the X Window System. Also, the GNU system is not a single static set of programs; users and distributors may select different packages according to their needs and desires. The result is still a variant of the GNU system.
"All GNU packages". gnu.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
"POSIX – The GNU C Library". Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
Should the GNU/name convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Why do you write "GNU/Linux" instead of "GNU Linux"? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". GNU. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"List of Free GNU/Linux Distributions", GNU Project, Free Software Foundation (FSF).
"A GNU Head". Free Software Foundation (FSF). July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
"A Bold GNU Head". Free Software Foundation. July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
"GNU 30th Anniversary". Free Software Foundation. October 8, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2014.

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

Stallman, Richard (September 27, 1983). "new UNIX implementation". Newsgroup: net.unix-wizards. Usenet: 771@mit-eddie.UUCP. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
Welsh, Matt (September 8, 1994). "Linux is a GNU system and the DWARF support". Newsgroup: comp.os.linux.misc. Retrieved February 3, 2008. RMS's idea (which I have heard first-hand) is that Linux systems should be considered GNU systems with Linux as the kernel.

h-online.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hillesley, Richard (June 30, 2010), "GNU HURD: Altered visions and lost promise", The H (online ed.), p. 3, Nearly twenty years later the HURD has still to reach maturity, and has never achieved production quality. ... Some of us are still wishing and hoping for the real deal, a GNU operating system with a GNU kernel.

itworld.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Proffitt, Brian (July 12, 2012). "Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation". ITworld. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

kernel.org (Global: 5,383^rd place; English: 3,622^nd place)

"The Linux Kernel Archives". Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2016.

linuxbash.sh (Global: low place; English: low place)

linuxbash. "The Evolution of the GNU Project". Linux Bash. Archived from the original on August 5, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.

linuxjournal.com (Global: 8,963^rd place; English: 6,985^th place)

"Exploring the Hybrid Debian GNU/kFreeBSD Distribution | Linux Journal". www.linuxjournal.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2025. Retrieved September 22, 2026.

openisbn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Stallman, Richard M.; Gay, Joshua (December 2009). Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays Of Richard M. Stallman. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781441436856. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

oreilly.com (Global: 6,944^th place; English: 5,088^th place)

"1.2 What is Linux?", Debian open book, O'Reilly, October 5, 1991, retrieved September 22, 2012

pcauthority.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Marshall, Rosalie (November 17, 2008). "Q&A: Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and the Free Software Foundation". AU: PC & Tech Authority. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

phoronix.com (Global: 4,058^th place; English: 2,920^th place)

"Debian GNU/Hurd 2015 Released – Phoronix". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved March 24, 2016.

snom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Snom Technology. "Source Code & GPL Open Source". www.snom.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

cs.stanford.edu

"Untitled Document". cs.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2026.

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; English: 1,161^st place)

"GNU's Not Unix". The free dictionary. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

tldp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"1.1. Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question". SAG. TLDP. Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved September 22, 2012.

trisquel.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Documentation | Trisquel GNU/Linux - Run free!". trisquel.info. Archived from the original on September 17, 2026. Retrieved September 22, 2026.

ubuntu.com (Global: 3,845^th place; English: 4,505^th place)

help.ubuntu.com

"What is GNU/Linux?", Ubuntu Installation Guide (12.4 ed.), Canonical, archived from the original on June 21, 2015, retrieved June 22, 2015

upm.es (Global: 9,074^th place; English: low place)

laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es

"Timeline of GNU/Linux and Unix". Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.

utah.edu (Global: 2,766^th place; English: 1,555^th place)

math.utah.edu

Stallman, Richard (March 1985). "The {GNU} Manifesto". Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools. 10 (3): 30. Retrieved October 18, 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Untitled Document". cs.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
"Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2026.
"GCC & GNU Toolchains – AMD". Developer.amd.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
"Linux: History and Introduction". Buzzle.com. August 25, 1991. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
Ramey, Chet. "The GNU Bourne-Again Shell". tiswww.case.edu. Archived from the original on November 20, 2024. Retrieved September 21, 2026.
"An Inquiry into the Stability and Reliability of UNIX Utilities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2009.
"What is GNU/Linux?", Ubuntu Installation Guide (12.4 ed.), Canonical, archived from the original on June 21, 2015, retrieved June 22, 2015
"Exploring the Hybrid Debian GNU/kFreeBSD Distribution | Linux Journal". www.linuxjournal.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2025. Retrieved September 22, 2026.
linuxbash. "The Evolution of the GNU Project". Linux Bash. Archived from the original on August 5, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.
Galgani, Francesco (September 4, 2023). "Differences Between Unix, Linux, BSD, GNU | Baeldung on Linux". Baeldung on Linux. Archived from the original on May 13, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.
"Linux and GNU - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on September 20, 2026. Retrieved September 21, 2026.
"gnu.org". www.gnu.org. Archived from the original on January 7, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2026. The GNU system contains all of the official GNU software packages (which are listed below), and also includes much non-GNU free software, such as the X Window System. Also, the GNU system is not a single static set of programs; users and distributors may select different packages according to their needs and desires. The result is still a variant of the GNU system.
"All GNU packages". gnu.org. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
GNU @ Free Software Directory Archived 2015-12-05 at the Wayback Machine (fsf.org)
"POSIX – The GNU C Library". Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
"The Linux Kernel Archives". Archived from the original on February 21, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Release Notes for Linux v0.12". Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Should the GNU/name convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Why do you write "GNU/Linux" instead of "GNU Linux"? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds' work as GNU? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
Does Linus Torvalds agree that Linux is just the kernel? Archived 2013-09-07 at the Wayback Machine GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman
"Explaining Why We Don't Endorse Other Systems". GNU. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
Law, Wai Hon (September 13, 2026). "Switching to GNU Guix: A Beginner's Perspective". Wai Hon's Blog. Archived from the original on September 13, 2026. Retrieved September 22, 2026.
"Documentation | Trisquel GNU/Linux - Run free!". trisquel.info. Archived from the original on September 17, 2026. Retrieved September 22, 2026.
Proffitt, Brian (July 12, 2012). "Debian GNU/Linux seeks alignment with Free Software Foundation". ITworld. Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
"1.1. Linux or GNU/Linux, that is the question". SAG. TLDP. Archived from the original on December 30, 2005. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
Snom Technology. "Source Code & GPL Open Source". www.snom.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2018. Variants of the GNU operating system, which use the kernel Linux, are now widely used; though these systems are often referred to as "Linux", they are more accurately called "GNU/Linux systems".

whhone.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Law, Wai Hon (September 13, 2026). "Switching to GNU Guix: A Beginner's Perspective". Wai Hon's Blog. Archived from the original on September 13, 2026. Retrieved September 22, 2026.

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

ftp.cs.wisc.edu

Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of UNIX Utilities and Services – October 1995 – Computer Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin

pages.cs.wisc.edu

"An Inquiry into the Stability and Reliability of UNIX Utilities" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2009.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

St. Amant, Kirk; Still, Brian (2007). Handbook of Research on Open Source Software: Technological, Economic, and Social Perspectives. Information Science Reference. ISBN 978-1-59140999-1. OCLC 1028442948.

GNU (English Wikipedia)

amd.com (Global: 2,753rd place; English: 2,229th place)

developer.amd.com

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

baeldung.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

case.edu (Global: 3,685th place; English: 2,099th place)

tiswww.case.edu

cnet.com (Global: 447th place; English: 345th place)

news.cnet.com

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446th place; English: 2,279th place)

debian.org (Global: 3,258th place; English: 2,984th place)

debian.org

lists.debian.org

ffzg.hr (Global: low place; English: low place)

mjesec.ffzg.hr

fsf.org (Global: 8,097th place; English: low place)

directory.fsf.org

funet.fi (Global: 1,008th place; English: 551st place)

ftp.funet.fi

gnu.org (Global: 1,901st place; English: 1,743rd place)

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153rd place; English: 1,445th place)

h-online.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

itworld.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

kernel.org (Global: 5,383rd place; English: 3,622nd place)

linuxbash.sh (Global: low place; English: low place)

linuxjournal.com (Global: 8,963rd place; English: 6,985th place)

openisbn.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

oreilly.com (Global: 6,944th place; English: 5,088th place)

pcauthority.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

phoronix.com (Global: 4,058th place; English: 2,920th place)

snom.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194th place; English: 182nd place)

cs.stanford.edu

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251st place; English: 1,161st place)

tldp.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

trisquel.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

ubuntu.com (Global: 3,845th place; English: 4,505th place)

help.ubuntu.com

upm.es (Global: 9,074th place; English: low place)

laurel.datsi.fi.upm.es

utah.edu (Global: 2,766th place; English: 1,555th place)

math.utah.edu

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

whhone.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

wisc.edu (Global: 891st place; English: 533rd place)

ftp.cs.wisc.edu

pages.cs.wisc.edu

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

amd.com (Global: 2,753^rd place; English: 2,229^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

case.edu (Global: 3,685^th place; English: 2,099^th place)

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

computerworld.com (Global: 3,446^th place; English: 2,279^th place)

debian.org (Global: 3,258^th place; English: 2,984^th place)

fsf.org (Global: 8,097^th place; English: low place)

funet.fi (Global: 1,008^th place; English: 551^st place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

kernel.org (Global: 5,383^rd place; English: 3,622^nd place)

linuxjournal.com (Global: 8,963^rd place; English: 6,985^th place)

oreilly.com (Global: 6,944^th place; English: 5,088^th place)

phoronix.com (Global: 4,058^th place; English: 2,920^th place)

stanford.edu (Global: 194^th place; English: 182^nd place)

thefreedictionary.com (Global: 1,251^st place; English: 1,161^st place)

ubuntu.com (Global: 3,845^th place; English: 4,505^th place)

upm.es (Global: 9,074^th place; English: low place)

utah.edu (Global: 2,766^th place; English: 1,555^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wisc.edu (Global: 891^st place; English: 533^rd place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)