Ganges (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Ganges" in English language version.

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Gardner (2003)
"The Ganges, also known as the Ganga, is one of the world's major rivers, running for more than 2,500 kilometres from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. It is also one of the most polluted, primarily from sewage, but also from animal carcasses, human corpses, and soap, and other pollutants from bathers. Indeed, scientists measure fecal coliform levels at thousands of times what is permissible and levels of oxygen in the water are similarly unhealthy. Renewal efforts have centred primarily on the government-sponsored Ganga Action Plan (GAP), started in 1985 intending to clean up the river by 1993. Several western-style sewage treatment plants were built along the river, but they were poorly designed, poorly maintained, and prone to shut down during the region's frequent power outages. The GAP has been a colossal failure, and many argue that the river is more polluted now than it was in 1985." (p. 166)
Gardner, Gary (2003), "Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World", in Bright, Chris; et al. (eds.), State of the World: 2003 (Special 20th anniversary ed.), Norton, pp. 152–76, ISBN 978-0393323863
Penn, James R. (2001). Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. ISBN 978-1576070420. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
Martin, Robert (1838). The History, Antiquities, Topography, and Statistics of Eastern India. Vol-II: Bhagulpoor, Goruckpoor, and Dinajepoor. pp. Book 1, Chapter 1, Page 9.
Prakash 1999, p. 162. Prakash, Gyan (1999). "6 Technologies of Government". Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691004532.

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"GK projects' irrigation pumps shut; farmers are disoriented due to lack of water". 21 September 2023.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"World Bank loans India $1bn for Ganges river clean up". BBC News. 3 December 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2010.

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"Namami Ganga development Project gets 2037 crores". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.

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Salman & Uprety (2002, pp. 172, 178–187, 387–391)
Treaty Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh on Sharing of the Ganges/Ganga Waters at Farakka.
Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective. London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-0821353523. "Alternate copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007. Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J. ISBN 978-1402051791.
C B Sharma (11 January 2021). Applied Environmental Sciences & Engineering. BFC Publications. ISBN 9780313380075. Archived from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
Salman & Uprety 2002, p. 129. "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective. London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-0821353523. "Alternate copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Swain, Ashok (2004), Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, Routledge, p. 54, ISBN 9781135768836, The Ganges is an international river that flows through the territories of India and Bangladesh. In the Indian side, the Ganges is called the Ganga. ... India's Ganga then becomes Padma for a Bangladeshi.
Swain, Ashok (2004). Managing Water Conflict: Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Routledge. p. 54. ISBN 9781135768836. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2021. This river originates on the southern slope of the Himalayan range, and on its way receives supplies from seven major tributaries. Three of them - the Gandak, Karnali (Ghagara) and Kosi — pass through the Himalayan 'Hindu' Kingdom of Nepal, and they supply the major portion of the Ganges flow.
Salman & Uprety 2002, pp. 129–130 "The tributaries that originate in Nepal and China, including the Kosi, Gandaki, Kamala, Bagmati, Kamali and Mahakali, account for about 45 percent of the Ganges flow." Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective. London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-0821353523. "Alternate copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Ghosh, A. (1990). An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology. BRILL. p. 334. ISBN 978-90-04-09264-8. OCLC 313728835. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Rice, Earle (2012), The Ganges River, Mitchell Lane Publishers, Incorporated, p. 25, ISBN 978-1612283685, archived from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 22 March 2017
Alter, Stephen (2001), Sacred Waters: A Pilgrimage Up the Ganges River to the Source of Hindu Culture, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers, ISBN 978-0-15-100585-7, archived from the original on 24 March 2023, retrieved 30 July 2013
Bhattacharji, Sukumari; Bandyopadhyay, Ramananda (1995). Legends of Devi. Orient Blackswan. p. 54. ISBN 978-81-250-0781-4. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Stone 2002, pp. 35–36: "Nowhere is this more in evidence than in the construction of the canal headwork's and particularly the Ganges canal head at Hardwar. The advantage of choosing this site for the headworks was that it took off at a high point (where the river emerges from the hills) and thus avoided the problem of constructing a dam on the sandy bed of the river (the bed was still rocky at Hardwar) and of 'lifting', via embankments, the canal out of the khadir several miles wide through which the Ganges river flowed at a lower level than the Doab plains." Stone, Ian (2002), Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy, CUP, ISBN 978-0521526630
Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007, p. 341. Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J. ISBN 978-1402051791.
Gupta 2007, p. 347. Gupta, Avijit (2007). Large rivers: geomorphology and management. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3.
Dhungel & Pun 2009, p. 215. Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa B. (2009). The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges. Springer. Bibcode:2009niwr.book.....D. ISBN 978-1402084027.
Chakrabarti 2001, pp. 126–27. Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). "4 The Archaeology of West Bengal: The Bhagirathi Mouth and the Midnapur Coast". Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Permanent Black. ISBN 978-8178240169.
Parua 2009. Parua, Pranab Kumar (2009), "14 Necessity of Regional Co-operation", The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent, Springer, pp. 267–72, ISBN 978-9048131020
Arnold 2000. Arnold, Guy (2000). World Strategic Highways (1st ed.). Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 223–27. doi:10.4324/9781315062204. ISBN 978-1579580988.
Elhance 1999, pp. 156–58. Elhance, Arun P. (1999). Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins. United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 978-1878379900.
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Merriam-Webster (1997). Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 412. ISBN 978-0877795469. Archived from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007, pp. 334–342. Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J. ISBN 978-1402051791.
Berga 2006, p. 1304. Berga, L. (2006). Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Dams in the Societies of the 21st Century, 22nd International Congress on Large Dams (ICOLD). Barcelona, Spain: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415404235.
Dhungel & Pun 2009, p. 210. Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa B. (2009). The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges. Springer. Bibcode:2009niwr.book.....D. ISBN 978-1402084027.
Dhungel & Pun 2009. Dhungel, Dwarika Nath; Pun, Santa B. (2009). The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges. Springer. Bibcode:2009niwr.book.....D. ISBN 978-1402084027.
Suvedī 2005, p. 61. Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda (2005). International watercourses law for the 21st century: the case of the river Ganges basin. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754645276.
Eric Servat; IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems (2002). FRIEND 2002: Regional Hydrology: Bridging the gap between research and practice. IAHS. p. 308. ISBN 978-1901502817.
Salman & Uprety 2002, p. 133. Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective. London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-0821353523. "Alternate copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Catling, David (1992). Rice in deep water. International Rice Research Institute. p. 175. ISBN 978-9712200052.
Chakrabarti 2001, pp. 126–127. Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2001). "4 The Archaeology of West Bengal: The Bhagirathi Mouth and the Midnapur Coast". Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Permanent Black. ISBN 978-8178240169.
Salman & Uprety 2002, pp. 136–137. Salman, Salman M. A.; Uprety, Kishor (2002). Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective. London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-0821353523. "Alternate copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2011.
Eck 1982, p. 212 Eck, Diana L. (1982), Banaras, city of light, Columbia University, ISBN 978-0231114479, archived from the original on 4 April 2023, retrieved 15 November 2015
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Eck 1982, p. 216 Eck, Diana L. (1982), Banaras, city of light, Columbia University, ISBN 978-0231114479, archived from the original on 4 April 2023, retrieved 15 November 2015
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Eck 1982, pp. 217 Eck, Diana L. (1982), Banaras, city of light, Columbia University, ISBN 978-0231114479, archived from the original on 4 April 2023, retrieved 15 November 2015
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Singh & Singh (2007)
"In February 1985, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan, an environmental project to improve the river water quality. It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in the water quality of the river. Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions. The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is, therefore, an essential first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future."
Singh, Munendra; Singh, Amit K. (2007). "Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River". Environ Monit Assess. 129 (1–3): 421–32. Bibcode:2007EMnAs.129..421S. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7. PMID 17072555. S2CID 39845300.
Dudgeon (2005)
"To reduce the water pollution in one of Asia's major rivers, the Indian Government initiated the Ganga Action Plan in 1985. The objective of this centrally funded scheme was to treat the effluent from all the major towns along the Ganges and reduce pollution in the river by at least 75%. The Ganga Action Plan built upon the existing but weakly enforced, 1974 Water Prevention and Control Act. A government audit of the Ganga Action Plan in 2000 reported limited success in meeting effluent targets. Development plans for sewage treatment facilities were submitted by only 73% of the cities along the Ganges, and only 54% of these were judged acceptable by the authorities. Not all the cities reported how much effluent was being treated, and many continued to discharge raw sewage into the river. Test audits of installed capacity indicated poor performance, and there were long delays in constructing planned treatment facilities. After 15 yr. of implementation, the audit estimated that the Ganga Action Plan had achieved only 14% of the anticipated sewage treatment capacity. The environmental impact of this failure has been exacerbated by the removal of large quantities of irrigation water from the Ganges which offset any gains from effluent reductions."
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Bandyopadhyay, Sunando; Kar, Nabendu Sekhar; Dasgupta, Susmita; Mukherjee, Dipanwita; Das, Abhijit (2023). "Island area changes in the Sundarban region of the abandoned western Ganga–Brahmaputra–Meghna Delta, India and Bangladesh". Geomorphology. 422. Bibcode:2023Geomo.42208482B. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108482. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
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Sasidhar, Nallapaneni (May 2023). "Multipurpose Freshwater Coastal Reservoirs and Their Role in Mitigating Climate Change" (PDF). Indian Journal of Environment Engineering. 3 (1): 31–46. doi:10.54105/ijee.A1842.053123. ISSN 2582-9289. S2CID 258753397. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
Sarkar; Pathak; Sinha; Sivakumar; Pandian; Pandey; Dubey; Lakra (2012). "Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives". Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 22 (1): 251–272. Bibcode:2012RFBF...22..251S. doi:10.1007/s11160-011-9218-6. S2CID 16719029.
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Singh, Munendra; Singh, Amit K. (2007). "Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River". Environ Monit Assess. 129 (1–3): 421–32. Bibcode:2007EMnAs.129..421S. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7. PMID 17072555. S2CID 39845300.
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"In February 1985, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan, an environmental project to improve the river water quality. It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in the water quality of the river. Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions. The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is, therefore, an essential first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future."
Singh, Munendra; Singh, Amit K. (2007). "Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River". Environ Monit Assess. 129 (1–3): 421–32. Bibcode:2007EMnAs.129..421S. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7. PMID 17072555. S2CID 39845300.
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Chaudhary, M.; Walker, T. R. (May 2019). "River Ganga pollution: Causes and failed management plans". Environment International. 126: 202–206. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.033. PMID 30802637.
Abraham 2011. Abraham, Wolf-Rainer (2011). "Megacities as Sources for Pathogenic Bacteria in Rivers and Their Fate Downstream" (PDF). International Journal of Microbiology. 2011 (798292): 1–13. doi:10.1155/2011/798292. PMC 2946570. PMID 20885968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
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Singh & Singh (2007)
"In February 1985, the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan, an environmental project to improve the river water quality. It was the largest single attempt to clean up a polluted river anywhere in the world and has not achieved any success in terms of preventing pollution load and improvement in the water quality of the river. Failure of the Ganga Action Plan may be directly linked with environmental planning without proper understanding of the human-environment interactions. The bibliography of selected environmental research studies on the Ganga River is, therefore, an essential first step for preserving and maintaining the Ganga River ecosystem in future."
Singh, Munendra; Singh, Amit K. (2007). "Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River". Environ Monit Assess. 129 (1–3): 421–32. Bibcode:2007EMnAs.129..421S. doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7. PMID 17072555. S2CID 39845300.
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