Gas chamber (English Wikipedia)

Černevičiūtė, Sigita (8 April 2014). "Dujų kamera prieškario Lietuvoje 1937–1940 metais". 15Min.lt (in Lithuanian). 15 min (republished from Naujasis Židinys-Aidai). Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Jongman, E. C.; Woodhouse, R.; Rice, M.; Rault, J. -L. (1 February 2021). "Pre-slaughter factors linked to variation in responses to carbon dioxide gas stunning in pig abattoirs". Animal. 15 (2) 100134. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500134J. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100134. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33573945.
Sindhøj, E.; Lindahl, C.; Bark, L. (1 March 2021). "Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter". Animal. 15 (3) 100164. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500164S. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100164. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33461892.

al.com (Global: 1,049^th place; English: 497^th place)

"Alabama inmate Alan Eugene Miller granted stay of execution". AL.com. 20 September 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

anses.fr (Global: low place; English: low place)

sitesv2.anses.fr

"Main Welfare Aspects of Stunning Broiler Chickens by Exposure to Controlled Atmosphere" (PDF). 2021.

apnews.com (Global: 101^st place; English: 62^nd place)

"Followimng moved for Wednesday PMS and is now available for AMs TODay's TOPIC: Ninth Reprieve". Associated Press.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Pressac, Jean-Claude (1989). Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers. The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation. p. 340 – via Internet Archive.

auschwitz.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

www.auschwitz.org. "Pictures taken by the SS / Informing the world / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau". Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.

australianpork.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Stages of pork production". Australian Pork. Retrieved 12 November 2025.

baltimoresun.com (Global: 588^th place; English: 292^nd place)

"Execution by gas in Md. to end next week Killer Hunt's death will be last by method". The Baltimore Sun. 22 June 1997. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

Olenka Frenkiel (30 January 2004). "Within prison walls". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Sinclair, B.W.; Sinclair, J.; Prejean, H. (2011). Capital Punishment: An Indictment by a Death-Row Survivor. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-62872-134-8. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
Engel, H. (2016). Lord High Executioner: An Unashamed Look at Hangmen, Headsmen, and Their Kind. Open Road Media. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-5040-3149-3. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
Hansen, L.L.; Hansen, L.P. (2022). Intro Penology & Corrections - 1E. Aspen Paralegal Series. Aspen Publishing. p. 435. ISBN 978-1-5438-4635-5. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Gas chamber | execution device". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. second paragraph

casetext.com (Global: 4,809^th place; English: 2,392^nd place)

"Fierro v. Terhune, 147 F.3d 1158 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2024.

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

"German executed in Arizona, legal challenge fails". CNN. 4 March 1999. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.

crimeandinvestigation.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Reprieve telephone call comes as Burton Abbott is executed".

deathpenaltyinfo.org (Global: 6,365^th place; English: 4,382^nd place)

"Methods of Execution". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011.
"Descriptions of Execution Methods: Gas Chamber". Death Penalty Information Center. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
"Execution Database | Death Penalty Information Center". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
"Some examples of post-Furman botched executions". Death Penalty Information Center. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007.
"Methods of Execution". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
"State-by-State Execution Protocols". Death Penalty Information Center. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
"Descriptions of Execution Methods". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Steiner, Aline R.; Flammer, Shannon Axiak; Beausoleil, Ngaio J.; Berg, Charlotte; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula; Pinillos, Rebeca García; Golledge, Huw D. W.; Marahrens, Michael; Meyer, Robert; Schnitzer, Tobias; Toscano, Michael J.; Turner, Patricia V.; Weary, Daniel M.; Gent, Thomas C. (2 November 2019). "Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide". Animals. 9 (11): 911. doi:10.3390/ani9110911. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6912382. PMID 31684044.
Jongman, E. C.; Woodhouse, R.; Rice, M.; Rault, J. -L. (1 February 2021). "Pre-slaughter factors linked to variation in responses to carbon dioxide gas stunning in pig abattoirs". Animal. 15 (2) 100134. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500134J. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100134. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33573945.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO2 vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.
Sindhøj, E.; Lindahl, C.; Bark, L. (1 March 2021). "Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter". Animal. 15 (3) 100164. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500164S. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100164. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33461892.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO₂ vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.

freekorea.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

Video testimonials by former guards and prisoners at Camp 22 Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, where the experiments are said to have occurred, with Google Earth images Camp 22 and other camps

gizmodo.com (Global: 763^rd place; English: 486^th place)

"In 1957, He Was Executed for Murder—But Was He a Victim of Circumstance?". 4 August 2015.

gov.uk (Global: 401^st place; English: 228^th place)

"Farm animals: slaughter sector survey 2024". GOV.UK. 3 March 2025. Retrieved 12 November 2025.

history.com (Global: 852^nd place; English: 715^th place)

"The History Channel" – Modern Marvels (gas chamber) Archived 2015-07-09 at the Wayback Machine

hsa.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Slaughter: How are pigs slaughtered?". Humane Slaughter Association. Retrieved 7 April 2026.

newsok.com (Global: 3,119^th place; English: 1,571^st place)

"Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as alternative execution method". NewsOK.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Steiner, Aline R.; Flammer, Shannon Axiak; Beausoleil, Ngaio J.; Berg, Charlotte; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula; Pinillos, Rebeca García; Golledge, Huw D. W.; Marahrens, Michael; Meyer, Robert; Schnitzer, Tobias; Toscano, Michael J.; Turner, Patricia V.; Weary, Daniel M.; Gent, Thomas C. (2 November 2019). "Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide". Animals. 9 (11): 911. doi:10.3390/ani9110911. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6912382. PMID 31684044.
Jongman, E. C.; Woodhouse, R.; Rice, M.; Rault, J. -L. (1 February 2021). "Pre-slaughter factors linked to variation in responses to carbon dioxide gas stunning in pig abattoirs". Animal. 15 (2) 100134. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500134J. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100134. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33573945.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO2 vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.
Sindhøj, E.; Lindahl, C.; Bark, L. (1 March 2021). "Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter". Animal. 15 (3) 100164. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500164S. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100164. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33461892.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO₂ vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Steiner, Aline R.; Flammer, Shannon Axiak; Beausoleil, Ngaio J.; Berg, Charlotte; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula; Pinillos, Rebeca García; Golledge, Huw D. W.; Marahrens, Michael; Meyer, Robert; Schnitzer, Tobias; Toscano, Michael J.; Turner, Patricia V.; Weary, Daniel M.; Gent, Thomas C. (2 November 2019). "Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide". Animals. 9 (11): 911. doi:10.3390/ani9110911. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6912382. PMID 31684044.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO2 vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO₂ vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.

nypost.com (Global: 376^th place; English: 247^th place)

"Oklahoma Attorney general says state will resume executions". New York Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Weil, Elizabeth (11 February 2007). "The needle and the damage done". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017.
Betts, Anna; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (25 January 2024). "The Alabama Execution Case: What We Know". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

pig-world.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Driver, Alistair (5 May 2025). "The search for alternative methods to slaughter pigs". Pig World. Retrieved 19 November 2025.

scholar.google.com (Global: 1,418^th place; English: 768^th place)

Fierro, Ruiz, Harris v. Gomez, 77 f.3d 301, 309 (U.S. 9th Circuit 1996).

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Sindhøj, E.; Lindahl, C.; Bark, L. (1 March 2021). "Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter". Animal. 15 (3) 100164. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500164S. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100164. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33461892.

state.ny.us (Global: 4,426^th place; English: 2,403^rd place)

public.leginfo.state.ny.us

"Agriculture and Markets Law § 374". Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2012.

swordandscale.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Death Penalty's Future?". Sword and Scale. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015. fourth paragraph

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

"Revealed: The gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag". The Guardian. February 2004. Retrieved 25 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Barnett, Antony (31 January 2004). "Revealed: the gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

"Race in the Death House". Time. 25 March 1957. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
"Race in the Death House". Time. 25 March 1957. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2022.

ushmm.org (Global: 1,410^th place; English: 1,266^th place)

"Gassing Operations". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Mark Berman (18 March 2018). "Oklahoma says it will begin using nitrogen for all executions in an unprecedented move". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2018.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Methods of Execution". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011.
"Gassing Operations". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
www.auschwitz.org. "Pictures taken by the SS / Informing the world / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau". Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum. Archived from the original on 25 May 2025. Retrieved 10 June 2025.
Barnett, Antony (31 January 2004). "Revealed: the gas chamber horror of North Korea's gulag". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Video testimonials by former guards and prisoners at Camp 22 Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, where the experiments are said to have occurred, with Google Earth images Camp 22 and other camps
Olenka Frenkiel (30 January 2004). "Within prison walls". BBC News. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2009.
Černevičiūtė, Sigita (8 April 2014). "Dujų kamera prieškario Lietuvoje 1937–1940 metais". 15Min.lt (in Lithuanian). 15 min (republished from Naujasis Židinys-Aidai). Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
"Descriptions of Execution Methods: Gas Chamber". Death Penalty Information Center. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
"Race in the Death House". Time. 25 March 1957. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 14 November 2007.
"Execution Database | Death Penalty Information Center". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
"German executed in Arizona, legal challenge fails". CNN. 4 March 1999. Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
"Some examples of post-Furman botched executions". Death Penalty Information Center. 24 May 2007. Archived from the original on 22 November 2007.
Weil, Elizabeth (11 February 2007). "The needle and the damage done". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017.
"Fierro v. Terhune, 147 F.3d 1158 | Casetext Search + Citator". casetext.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
"Agriculture and Markets Law § 374". Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
"The Death Penalty's Future?". Sword and Scale. 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015. fourth paragraph
"The History Channel" – Modern Marvels (gas chamber) Archived 2015-07-09 at the Wayback Machine
"Race in the Death House". Time. 25 March 1957. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
"Gas chamber | execution device". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 June 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2015. second paragraph
"Execution by gas in Md. to end next week Killer Hunt's death will be last by method". The Baltimore Sun. 22 June 1997. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015.
"Descriptions of Execution Methods". Death Penalty Information Center. Archived from the original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
"Hazards of Inert Gases and Oxygen Depletion". Singapore: Asia Industrial Gases Association.
"Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as alternative execution method". NewsOK.com. Archived from the original on 29 March 2016.
Mark Berman (18 March 2018). "Oklahoma says it will begin using nitrogen for all executions in an unprecedented move". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
"Oklahoma Attorney general says state will resume executions". New York Post. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2020.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Steiner, Aline R.; Flammer, Shannon Axiak; Beausoleil, Ngaio J.; Berg, Charlotte; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula; Pinillos, Rebeca García; Golledge, Huw D. W.; Marahrens, Michael; Meyer, Robert; Schnitzer, Tobias; Toscano, Michael J.; Turner, Patricia V.; Weary, Daniel M.; Gent, Thomas C. (2 November 2019). "Humanely Ending the Life of Animals: Research Priorities to Identify Alternatives to Carbon Dioxide". Animals. 9 (11): 911. doi:10.3390/ani9110911. ISSN 2076-2615. PMC 6912382. PMID 31684044.
Jongman, E. C.; Woodhouse, R.; Rice, M.; Rault, J. -L. (1 February 2021). "Pre-slaughter factors linked to variation in responses to carbon dioxide gas stunning in pig abattoirs". Animal. 15 (2) 100134. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500134J. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100134. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33573945.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO2 vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.
Sindhøj, E.; Lindahl, C.; Bark, L. (1 March 2021). "Review: Potential alternatives to high-concentration carbon dioxide stunning of pigs at slaughter". Animal. 15 (3) 100164. Bibcode:2021Anim...1500164S. doi:10.1016/j.animal.2020.100164. ISSN 1751-7311. PMID 33461892.
Mace, Jenny L.; Knight, Andrew (13 March 2025). "Pig welfare and ethical considerations during abattoir stunning: CO₂ vs. alternative methods such as argon gas". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 12 1542798. doi:10.3389/fvets.2025.1542798. ISSN 2297-1769. PMC 11948533. PMID 40151566.
Betts, Anna; Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (25 January 2024). "The Alabama Execution Case: What We Know". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 January 2024.

Gas chamber (English Wikipedia)

15min.lt (Global: 3,265th place; English: 4,104th place)

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