Gaucho (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Gaucho" in English language version.

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Also espoused by Paul Groussac in his lecture to the World's Folk-Lore Congress at the Chicago World's Columbian Exposition on 14 July 1893: Groussac 1893, p. 12. He later abandoned it for a theory of his own, see below. Groussac, Paul (1893). Popular Customs and Beliefs of the Argentine Provinces. Chicago: Donohue, Hennebery & Co. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Fuller 2014; Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys"; Slatta 1990, p. 31. Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). "For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). "Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos". The Aston Martin Magazine. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300045291. OCLC 1029032712.
Groussac 1893, p. 12. Groussac, Paul (1893). Popular Customs and Beliefs of the Argentine Provinces. Chicago: Donohue, Hennebery & Co. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Hudson 1918, p. 23. Hudson, William Henry (1918). Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.
Hudson 1918, p. 24. Hudson, William Henry (1918). Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.
Slatta 1992, pp. 25–27. Slatta, Richard W. (1992) [1983]. Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9215-4.
Cunninghame Graham 1914, p. 5. Cunninghame Graham, Robert Bontine (1914). El Río de la Plata (in Spanish). London: Wertheimer, Lea y Cía.
Hudson 1895, p. 356. Hudson, William Henry (1895). The Naturalist in La Plata. London: Chapman & Hall.
Arnoldi & Hernández 1986, p. 177. Arnoldi, Henry; Hernández, Isabel (1986). Amor tirano: antología del cancionero tradicional amoroso de Argentina (in Spanish). Ediciones del Sol. ISBN 9789509413030.
Slatta 1992, p. 28. Slatta, Richard W. (1992) [1983]. Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9215-4.
Hudson 1918, p. 160. Hudson, William Henry (1918). Far Away and Long Ago: A History of My Early Life. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.
Slatta 1992, p. 14. Slatta, Richard W. (1992) [1983]. Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9215-4.
Slatta 1992, p. 74. Slatta, Richard W. (1992) [1983]. Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9215-4.
Slatta 1992, p. 78. Slatta, Richard W. (1992) [1983]. Gauchos and the Vanishing Frontier. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9215-4.

archive.today

Fuller 2014; Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys"; Slatta 1990, p. 31. Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). "For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). "Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos". The Aston Martin Magazine. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300045291. OCLC 1029032712.

astonmartin.com

magazine.astonmartin.com

Fuller 2014; Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys"; Slatta 1990, p. 31. Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). "For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). "Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos". The Aston Martin Magazine. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300045291. OCLC 1029032712.

biografiasyvidas.com

Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro 2004; Trinidad, "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". Ruiza, Miguel; Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004). "Biografia de Leopoldo Lugones". Biografías y Vidas. La enciclopedia biográfica en línea (in Spanish). Barcelona. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Trinidad, Zunilda. "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". todo-argentina.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-01-23.

bn.gov.ar

Leopoldo Lugones in "El Payador" (1916) and Ricardo Rojas established the canonical view regarding the Martín Fierro as Argentina's national epic.^[132] The consequences of these considerations are discussed by Jorge Luis Borges in his essay "El Martín Fierro".^[133]

books.google.com

Groussac 1904, p. 410. Groussac, Paul (1904). "A propósito de americanismos". El viaje intelectual: impresiones de naturaleza y arte (in Spanish). Vol. 1a ser. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
Groussac 1904, pp. 407–416. Groussac, Paul (1904). "A propósito de americanismos". El viaje intelectual: impresiones de naturaleza y arte (in Spanish). Vol. 1a ser. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
Groussac 1904, pp. 410–4. Groussac, Paul (1904). "A propósito de americanismos". El viaje intelectual: impresiones de naturaleza y arte (in Spanish). Vol. 1a ser. Madrid: Victoriano Suárez. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
Saint-Hilaire 1887, p. 160. Saint-Hilaire, Augustin (1887). Voyage a Rio-Grande do Sul (Brésil). Orléans: H. Herluison. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

doi.org

The work has been reviewed by Adelman (1993), Collier (1988), Lynch (1984), and Reber (1984). Adelman, Jeremy (May 1993). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 25 (2). Cambridge University Press: 401–402. doi:10.1017/S0022216X0000482X. JSTOR 158174. S2CID 143302774. Collier, Simon (May 1988). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 20 (1). Cambridge University Press: 208–210. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00002613. JSTOR 157342. S2CID 146275386. Lynch, John (August 1984). "Review". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 64 (3). Duke University Press: 586–587. doi:10.2307/2514963. JSTOR 2514963. Reber, Vera Blinn (July 1984). "Review". The Americas. 41 (1). Cambridge University Press: 140–141. doi:10.2307/1006958. JSTOR 1006958. S2CID 148011979.
Oliven 2000, p. 129. Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil". American Ethnologist. 21 (1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128. JSTOR 647129.
Trifilo 1964, p. 396. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rona 1964, p. 37. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 37–8. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Trifilo 1964, p. 397 n.9. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Lehmann-Nitsche 1928, pp. 105–5. Lehmann-Nitsche, R. (1928). "Le mot 'Gaucho': Son origine gitane". Journal de la Société des américanistes (in French). 20 (nouvelle série): 103–5. doi:10.3406/jsa.1928.3642. JSTOR 24720065.
Rona 1964, p. 91. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 92, 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Nichols 1941, p. 419. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Rona 1964, p. 88. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 89–90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Two examples are: (1) An 1813 copla mocking the besiegers of Montevideo

Cuando Tía Candelaria
mellizos para,
lograrán los garruchos,
tomar la plaza.

When Auntie Candelaria
drops twins
Then will the garruchos
take this town.

(2) An incident in 1817 in the town of São Borja, in the tri-border area. An angry marauder, sacking the local church, tore the earrings off a statue of the BV Mary, saying (in Portuguese) "this garrucha doesn't need them any more". The parish priest, a learned man, explained that the word meant "old indian": Rona 1964, pp. 95–6. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
The Charrua language became extinct in the 19th century, as did the people, but Rona points out that, most unusually for an indigenous language, it contained the phoneme /rr/, as its very name testifies: Rona 1964, p. 96. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 93. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 93–4. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Slatta 1980a, p. 452. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Nichols 1941, p. 421. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Marrero et al 2007, pp. 160, 168–9. Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil". Human Heredity. 64 (3): 160–171. doi:10.1159/000102989. JSTOR 48506785. PMID 17536210. S2CID 36526388.
Rodríguez Molas 1964, pp. 81–2. Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social". Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies (in Spanish). 6 (1): 69–89. doi:10.2307/164930. JSTOR 164930.
Trifilo 1964, pp. 396–7. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Nichols 1941, pp. 420, 417. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Trifilo 1964, p. 398. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rodríguez Molas 1964, p. 87. Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social". Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies (in Spanish). 6 (1): 69–89. doi:10.2307/164930. JSTOR 164930.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 604. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Slatta 1980a, p. 454. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Trifilo 1964, p. 399. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Trifilo 1964, p. 401. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 600. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Slatta 1980a, pp. 450, 455, 459–461. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Rock 2000, p. 183. Rock, David (2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". Past & Present. 167 (May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. doi:10.1093/past/167.1.176. JSTOR 651257.
Slatta 1980a, p. 463. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Garavaglia 2003, pp. 144, 145–6. Garavaglia, Juan Carlos (2003). "Gauchos: identidad, identidades". América: Cahiers du CRICCAL (in Spanish). 30 (Mémoire et culture en Amérique latine, V.1): 143–151. doi:10.3406/ameri.2003.1615.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 741. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 737–743. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, p. 743. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 620. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, p. 8. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 741, 742. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 750–1. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, p. 751. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, pp. 7–11, 15, 21–22. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 755–9. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590, 610. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Love 1996, p. 566. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
Bastia & vom Hau 2014, pp. 2–3. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 442–4. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
Bastia & vom Hau 2014, p. 4. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
Goodrich 1998, pp. 148. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Solberg 1974, p. 122. Solberg, Carl (1974). "Farm Workers and the Myth of Export-Led Development in Argentina". The Americas. 31 (2). Cambridge University Press: 121–138. doi:10.2307/980634. JSTOR 980634. S2CID 147074152.
Walker 1970, p. 103. Walker, John (1970). "Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: Gaucho Apologist and Costumbrist of the Pampa". Hispania. 53 (1): 102–107. doi:10.2307/338719. JSTOR 338719.
Trifilo 1964, p. 403. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Christison 1882, pp. 38, 43–4, 45–6. San Jorge lies just south of the Río Negro Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.
Goebel 2010, pp. 197–8. Goebel, Michael (2010). "Gauchos, Gringos and Gallegos: the assimilation of Italian and Spanish immigrants in the making of modern Uruguay 1880-1930". Past & Present. 208 (208). Oxford University Press: 191–229. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtp037. JSTOR 40783317.
Rock 2000, pp. 176, 190, 196, 198, 199, 201. Rock, David (2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". Past & Present. 167 (May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. doi:10.1093/past/167.1.176. JSTOR 651257.
Love 1996, pp. 565–7. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
Slatta 1980b, p. 195. This refers to the Campanha, the ranching region of Rio Grande do Sul. Slatta, Richard W. (1980b). "Gaúcho and gaucho: comparative sócio-economic and demographic change in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires Province, 1869-1920". Estudos Ibero-Americanos. 6 (2): 191–202. doi:10.15448/1980-864X.1980.2.30624.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 748, 749 n.26. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
DeLaney 1996, p. 435. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 434–6, 440–1, 447–8, 455–8. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 444, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454–5, 456–8, 445–6. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
Goodrich 1998, p. 153. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Olea Franco 1990, p. 322. Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). "Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (in Spanish). 38 (1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783. JSTOR 40298997.
Olea Franco 1990, pp. 312–3. Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). "Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (in Spanish). 38 (1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783. JSTOR 40298997.
See also DeLaney 1996, pp. 445–6; Goodrich 1998, pp. 147–166. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Plesch 2013, p. 351. Plesch, Melanie (2013). "Demonizing and redeeming the gaucho: social conflict, xenophobia and the invention of Argentine national music". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 337–358. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2013.845425. S2CID 145799015.
Oliven 2000, pp. 128–131, 133, 135–6, 140–2. Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil". American Ethnologist. 21 (1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128. JSTOR 647129.
Christison 1882, p. 39. Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.

eltribuno.com

Tribuno, El. "El Tribuno". El Tribuno.

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Hollinger 1928, p. 17. Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). The Gaucho (MA diss.). University of Kansas. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Hollinger 1928, pp. 17–18. Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). The Gaucho (MA diss.). University of Kansas. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Hollinger 1928, pp. 18–19. Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). The Gaucho (MA diss.). University of Kansas. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Hollinger 1928, p. 16. Hollinger, Frances C. (1928). The Gaucho (MA diss.). University of Kansas. Retrieved 8 August 2022.

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Gibson 1892, p. 436. Gibson, H. (1892). "The Gauchos". Notes and Queries (Eighth Series). Vol. 1. London: John C. Francis. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
Vidal 1820, p. 79. Vidal, Emeric Essex (1820). Picturesque illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, consisting of twenty-four views: accompanied with descriptions of the scenery and of the costumes, manners, &c. of the inhabitants of those cities and their environs. London: R. Ackermann. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Vidal 1820, p. 89. Vidal, Emeric Essex (1820). Picturesque illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, consisting of twenty-four views: accompanied with descriptions of the scenery and of the costumes, manners, &c. of the inhabitants of those cities and their environs. London: R. Ackermann. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
Darwin 1845, p. 156. Darwin, Charles (1845). Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. (2 ed.). London: John Murray. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
Mansilla 1877, pp. 130–1. (Wikipedia translation) Mansilla, Lucio V. (1877). Una escursión a los indios ranqueles. Colección de autores españoles.t. XXXVIII-XXXIX (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Leipzig: Brockhaus. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
Vidal 1820, p. 81. Vidal, Emeric Essex (1820). Picturesque illustrations of Buenos Ayres and Monte Video, consisting of twenty-four views: accompanied with descriptions of the scenery and of the costumes, manners, &c. of the inhabitants of those cities and their environs. London: R. Ackermann. Retrieved 28 February 2022.

jstor.org

The work has been reviewed by Adelman (1993), Collier (1988), Lynch (1984), and Reber (1984). Adelman, Jeremy (May 1993). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 25 (2). Cambridge University Press: 401–402. doi:10.1017/S0022216X0000482X. JSTOR 158174. S2CID 143302774. Collier, Simon (May 1988). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 20 (1). Cambridge University Press: 208–210. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00002613. JSTOR 157342. S2CID 146275386. Lynch, John (August 1984). "Review". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 64 (3). Duke University Press: 586–587. doi:10.2307/2514963. JSTOR 2514963. Reber, Vera Blinn (July 1984). "Review". The Americas. 41 (1). Cambridge University Press: 140–141. doi:10.2307/1006958. JSTOR 1006958. S2CID 148011979.
Oliven 2000, p. 129. Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil". American Ethnologist. 21 (1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128. JSTOR 647129.
Trifilo 1964, p. 396. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rona 1964, p. 37. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 37–8. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Trifilo 1964, p. 397 n.9. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Lehmann-Nitsche 1928, pp. 105–5. Lehmann-Nitsche, R. (1928). "Le mot 'Gaucho': Son origine gitane". Journal de la Société des américanistes (in French). 20 (nouvelle série): 103–5. doi:10.3406/jsa.1928.3642. JSTOR 24720065.
Rona 1964, p. 91. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 92, 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Nichols 1941, p. 419. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Rona 1964, p. 88. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 89–90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Two examples are: (1) An 1813 copla mocking the besiegers of Montevideo

Cuando Tía Candelaria
mellizos para,
lograrán los garruchos,
tomar la plaza.

When Auntie Candelaria
drops twins
Then will the garruchos
take this town.

(2) An incident in 1817 in the town of São Borja, in the tri-border area. An angry marauder, sacking the local church, tore the earrings off a statue of the BV Mary, saying (in Portuguese) "this garrucha doesn't need them any more". The parish priest, a learned man, explained that the word meant "old indian": Rona 1964, pp. 95–6. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
The Charrua language became extinct in the 19th century, as did the people, but Rona points out that, most unusually for an indigenous language, it contained the phoneme /rr/, as its very name testifies: Rona 1964, p. 96. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 93. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 93–4. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Slatta 1980a, p. 452. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Nichols 1941, p. 421. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Marrero et al 2007, pp. 160, 168–9. Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil". Human Heredity. 64 (3): 160–171. doi:10.1159/000102989. JSTOR 48506785. PMID 17536210. S2CID 36526388.
Rodríguez Molas 1964, pp. 81–2. Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social". Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies (in Spanish). 6 (1): 69–89. doi:10.2307/164930. JSTOR 164930.
Trifilo 1964, pp. 396–7. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Nichols 1941, pp. 420, 417. Nichols, Madaline W. (1941). "The Historic Gaucho". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 21 (3): 417–424. doi:10.2307/2507331. JSTOR 2507331.
Trifilo 1964, p. 398. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Rodríguez Molas 1964, p. 87. Rodríguez Molas, Ricardo (1964). "El Gaucho Rioplatense: Origen, Desarrollo y Marginalidad Social". Source: Journal of Inter-American Studies (in Spanish). 6 (1): 69–89. doi:10.2307/164930. JSTOR 164930.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 604. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Slatta 1980a, p. 454. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Trifilo 1964, p. 399. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Trifilo 1964, p. 401. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 600. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Slatta 1980a, pp. 450, 455, 459–461. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Salvatore 1994, pp. 197–201. Salvatore, Richard D. (1994). "Stories of Proletarianization in Rural Argentina, 1820 - 1860". Dispositio. 19 (46, Subaltern studies in the Americas). Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan: 197–216. JSTOR 41491513.
Rock 2000, p. 183. Rock, David (2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". Past & Present. 167 (May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. doi:10.1093/past/167.1.176. JSTOR 651257.
Salvatore 1994, pp. 202–213. Salvatore, Richard D. (1994). "Stories of Proletarianization in Rural Argentina, 1820 - 1860". Dispositio. 19 (46, Subaltern studies in the Americas). Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, University of Michigan: 197–216. JSTOR 41491513.
Slatta 1980a, p. 463. Slatta, Richard W. (1980a). "Rural Criminality and Social Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Buenos Aires Province". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 60 (3): 450–472. doi:10.2307/2513269. JSTOR 2513269.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 741. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 737–743. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, p. 743. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 620. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, p. 8. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 741, 742. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 750–1. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Chasteen 1991, p. 751. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, pp. 7–11, 15, 21–22. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 755–9. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590, 610. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Love 1996, p. 566. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 442–4. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
Goodrich 1998, pp. 148. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Miller 1979, p. 195. Miller, Elbert E. (1979). "The Frontier and the Development of Argentine Culture". Revista Geográfica. 90 (90). Pan American Institute of Geography and History: 183–198. JSTOR 40992369.
Solberg 1974, p. 122. Solberg, Carl (1974). "Farm Workers and the Myth of Export-Led Development in Argentina". The Americas. 31 (2). Cambridge University Press: 121–138. doi:10.2307/980634. JSTOR 980634. S2CID 147074152.
Walker 1970, p. 103. Walker, John (1970). "Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham: Gaucho Apologist and Costumbrist of the Pampa". Hispania. 53 (1): 102–107. doi:10.2307/338719. JSTOR 338719.
Trifilo 1964, p. 403. Trifilo, S. Samuel (1964). "The Gaucho: His Changing Image". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (4): 395–403. doi:10.2307/3636040. JSTOR 3636040.
Christison 1882, pp. 38, 43–4, 45–6. San Jorge lies just south of the Río Negro Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.
Goebel 2010, pp. 197–8. Goebel, Michael (2010). "Gauchos, Gringos and Gallegos: the assimilation of Italian and Spanish immigrants in the making of modern Uruguay 1880-1930". Past & Present. 208 (208). Oxford University Press: 191–229. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtp037. JSTOR 40783317.
Rock 2000, pp. 176, 190, 196, 198, 199, 201. Rock, David (2000). "State-Building and Political Systems in Nineteenth-Century Argentina and Uruguay". Past & Present. 167 (May). Oxford University Press: 176–202. doi:10.1093/past/167.1.176. JSTOR 651257.
Love 1996, pp. 565–7. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
Chasteen 1991, pp. 748, 749 n.26. Chasteen, John Charles (1991). "Background to Civil War: The Process of Land Tenure in Brazil's Southern Borderland, 1801-1893". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 71 (4): 737–760. doi:10.2307/2515762. JSTOR 2515762.
DeLaney 1996, p. 435. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 434–6, 440–1, 447–8, 455–8. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 444, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454–5, 456–8, 445–6. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
Goodrich 1998, p. 153. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Olea Franco 1990, p. 322. Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). "Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (in Spanish). 38 (1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783. JSTOR 40298997.
Olea Franco 1990, pp. 312–3. Olea Franco, Rafael (1990). "Lugones y el mito gauchesco. Un capítulo de historia cultural argentina". Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica (in Spanish). 38 (1). El Colegio de México: 307–331. doi:10.24201/nrfh.v38i1.783. JSTOR 40298997.
See also DeLaney 1996, pp. 445–6; Goodrich 1998, pp. 147–166. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Rein 2021, p. 341. Rein, Raanan (2021). "Review: El gaucho indómito. De Martín Fierro a Perón, el emblema imposible de una nación desgarrada by Ezequiel Adamovsky". Iberoamericana. 76: 341–343. JSTOR 27091932.
Oliven 2000, pp. 128–131, 133, 135–6, 140–2. Oliven, Ruben George (2000). ""The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World": Intellectuals and Gaúcho Traditionalism in Brazil". American Ethnologist. 21 (1). Wiley for the American Anthropological Association: 128–146. doi:10.1525/ae.2000.27.1.128. JSTOR 647129.
Christison 1882, p. 39. Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.
Slatta 1986, pp. 101, 104. Slatta, Richard W. (1986). "The Demise of the Gaucho and the Rise of Equestrian Sport in Argentina". Journal of Sport History. 13 (2, Special Issue: Hispanic American Sports). University of Illinois Press: 97–110. JSTOR 43611541.
Slatta 1986, pp. 100–2, 104–5. Slatta, Richard W. (1986). "The Demise of the Gaucho and the Rise of Equestrian Sport in Argentina". Journal of Sport History. 13 (2, Special Issue: Hispanic American Sports). University of Illinois Press: 97–110. JSTOR 43611541.
Slatta 1986, p. 107. Slatta, Richard W. (1986). "The Demise of the Gaucho and the Rise of Equestrian Sport in Argentina". Journal of Sport History. 13 (2, Special Issue: Hispanic American Sports). University of Illinois Press: 97–110. JSTOR 43611541.
Slatta, Auld & Melrose 2004. Slatta, Richard W.; Auld, Ku'ulani; Melrose, Maile (2004). "Cradle of Hawaiʻi's Paniolo". Montana: The Magazine of Western History. 54 (2). Montana Historical Society: 2–19. JSTOR 4520605.

nationalgeographic.com

Fuller 2014; Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys"; Slatta 1990, p. 31. Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). "For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). "Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos". The Aston Martin Magazine. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300045291. OCLC 1029032712.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Marrero et al 2007, pp. 160, 168–9. Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil". Human Heredity. 64 (3): 160–171. doi:10.1159/000102989. JSTOR 48506785. PMID 17536210. S2CID 36526388.

periodicas.edu.uy

Nahum 1968, p. 66, 77. Nahum, Benjamín (1968). "La estancia alambrada" (PDF). In Rama, Ángel (ed.). Enciclopedia Uruguaya: Historia Ilustrada de la Civilización Uruguaya (in Spanish). Vol. 24. Montevideo: Editores Reunidos y Editorial Arca. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
Nahum 1968, pp. 62, 74–79. Nahum, Benjamín (1968). "La estancia alambrada" (PDF). In Rama, Ángel (ed.). Enciclopedia Uruguaya: Historia Ilustrada de la Civilización Uruguaya (in Spanish). Vol. 24. Montevideo: Editores Reunidos y Editorial Arca. Retrieved 12 March 2022.

priberam.org

dicionario.priberam.org

Dicionário Online Priberam de Português, "gaúcho". "gaúcho". Dicionário Online Priberam de Português (in Portuguese). Priberam. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18.

pucrs.br

revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br

Slatta 1980b, p. 195. This refers to the Campanha, the ranching region of Rio Grande do Sul. Slatta, Richard W. (1980b). "Gaúcho and gaucho: comparative sócio-economic and demographic change in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires Province, 1869-1920". Estudos Ibero-Americanos. 6 (2): 191–202. doi:10.15448/1980-864X.1980.2.30624.

raco.cat

Bornholdt 2010, p. 29. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Bornholdt 2010, pp. 27–29. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Bornholdt 2010, pp. 26–27, 29–31. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.

rae.es

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DLE, "gaucho, gaucha". "gaucho, gaucha". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 2021-03-25.

researchgate.net

Bastia & vom Hau 2014, pp. 2–3. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
Bastia & vom Hau 2014, p. 4. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.

scielo.org.ar

Adamovsky 2014, p. 63. Some Argentine provincials said "gaucho" was just a Buenos Aires expression Adamovsky, Ezequiel (2014). "La cuarta función del criollismo y las luchas por la definición del origen y el color del ethnos argentino (desde las primeras novelas gauchescas hasta c. 1940)" (PDF). Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani" (in Spanish). 41 (2): 50–92. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
Adamovsky 2014, p. 51. Adamovsky, Ezequiel (2014). "La cuarta función del criollismo y las luchas por la definición del origen y el color del ethnos argentino (desde las primeras novelas gauchescas hasta c. 1940)" (PDF). Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana "Dr. Emilio Ravignani" (in Spanish). 41 (2): 50–92. Retrieved 2 March 2022.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The work has been reviewed by Adelman (1993), Collier (1988), Lynch (1984), and Reber (1984). Adelman, Jeremy (May 1993). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 25 (2). Cambridge University Press: 401–402. doi:10.1017/S0022216X0000482X. JSTOR 158174. S2CID 143302774. Collier, Simon (May 1988). "Review". Journal of Latin American Studies. 20 (1). Cambridge University Press: 208–210. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00002613. JSTOR 157342. S2CID 146275386. Lynch, John (August 1984). "Review". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 64 (3). Duke University Press: 586–587. doi:10.2307/2514963. JSTOR 2514963. Reber, Vera Blinn (July 1984). "Review". The Americas. 41 (1). Cambridge University Press: 140–141. doi:10.2307/1006958. JSTOR 1006958. S2CID 148011979.
Rona 1964, p. 37. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 37–8. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 91. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 88, 92, 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 88. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 89–90. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Two examples are: (1) An 1813 copla mocking the besiegers of Montevideo

Cuando Tía Candelaria
mellizos para,
lograrán los garruchos,
tomar la plaza.

When Auntie Candelaria
drops twins
Then will the garruchos
take this town.

(2) An incident in 1817 in the town of São Borja, in the tri-border area. An angry marauder, sacking the local church, tore the earrings off a statue of the BV Mary, saying (in Portuguese) "this garrucha doesn't need them any more". The parish priest, a learned man, explained that the word meant "old indian": Rona 1964, pp. 95–6. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
The Charrua language became extinct in the 19th century, as did the people, but Rona points out that, most unusually for an indigenous language, it contained the phoneme /rr/, as its very name testifies: Rona 1964, p. 96. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 93. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, p. 95. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Rona 1964, pp. 93–4. Rona, José Pedro (1964). "Gaucho: cruce fonético de español y portugués". Revista de Antropologia (in Spanish). 12 (1/2): 87–98. doi:10.11606/2179-0892.ra.1964.110738. JSTOR 41615766. S2CID 142035253.
Marrero et al 2007, pp. 160, 168–9. Marrero, Andrea Rita; Bravi, Claudio; Stuart, Steven; Long, Jeffrey C.; das Neves Leite, Fábio Pereira; Kommers, Tricia; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Junho Pena, Sergio Danilo; Ruiz-Linares, Andres; Salzano, Francisco Mauro; Bortolini, Maria Cátira (2007). "Pre- and Post-Columbian Gene and Cultural Continuity: The Case of the Gaucho from Southern Brazil". Human Heredity. 64 (3): 160–171. doi:10.1159/000102989. JSTOR 48506785. PMID 17536210. S2CID 36526388.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 604. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 600. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, p. 620. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, p. 8. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Monsma & Dorneles Fernandes 2013, pp. 7–11, 15, 21–22. Monsma, Karl; Dorneles Fernandes, Valéria (2013). "Fragile Liberty: The Enslavement of Free People in the Borderlands of Brazil and Uruguay, 1846-1866". Luso-Brazilian Review. 50 (1 Special Issue: Brazilian Slavery and its Legacies): 7–25. doi:10.1353/lbr.2013.0003. JSTOR 43905251. S2CID 144798394.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Duncan Baretta & Markoff 1978, pp. 590, 610. Duncan Baretta, Silvio R.; Markoff, John (1978). "Civilization and Barbarism: Cattle Frontiers in Latin America". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 20 (4): 587–620. doi:10.1017/S0010417500012561. JSTOR 178563. S2CID 145421588.
Love 1996, p. 566. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
Bastia & vom Hau 2014, pp. 2–3. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 442–4. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
Bastia & vom Hau 2014, p. 4. Bastia, Tanja; vom Hau, Matthias (2014). "Migration, Race and Nationhood in Argentina". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 40 (3): 475–492. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.782153. S2CID 145438008. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
Solberg 1974, p. 122. Solberg, Carl (1974). "Farm Workers and the Myth of Export-Led Development in Argentina". The Americas. 31 (2). Cambridge University Press: 121–138. doi:10.2307/980634. JSTOR 980634. S2CID 147074152.
Love 1996, pp. 565–7. Love, Joseph L. (1996). "Review: Heroes on Horseback. A Life and Times of the Last Gaucho Caudillos by John Charles Chasteen". The Americas. 52 (4). Cambridge University Press: 565–567. doi:10.2307/1008485. JSTOR 1008485. S2CID 151866994.
DeLaney 1996, p. 435. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 434–6, 440–1, 447–8, 455–8. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
DeLaney 1996, pp. 444, 446, 448, 451, 452, 454–5, 456–8, 445–6. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372.
See also DeLaney 1996, pp. 445–6; Goodrich 1998, pp. 147–166. DeLaney, Jeane (1996). "Making Sense of Modernity: Changing Attitudes toward the Immigrant and the Gaucho in Turn-Of-The-Century Argentina". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 38 (3). Cambridge University Press: 434–459. doi:10.1017/S0010417500020016. JSTOR 179228. S2CID 143293372. Goodrich, Diana Sorensen (1998). "La construcción de los mitos nacionales en la Argentina del centenario". Revista de Crítica Literaria Latinoamericana (in Spanish). 24 (47): 147–166. doi:10.2307/4530971. JSTOR 4530971.
Plesch 2013, p. 351. Plesch, Melanie (2013). "Demonizing and redeeming the gaucho: social conflict, xenophobia and the invention of Argentine national music". Patterns of Prejudice. 47 (4–5): 337–358. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2013.845425. S2CID 145799015.

sisomosamericanos.cl

Lacoste 2003, p. 142. (Wikipedia translation) Lacoste, Pablo (2003). "La crisis argentina y la prosperidad chilena: una mirada desde Sarmiento, Hernández y Borges". Si Somos Americanos. 5 (4): 137–149. Retrieved 7 March 2022.

soton.ac.uk

eprints.soton.ac.uk

Escandón 2019, pp. 20, 29. Escandón, Alfredo (2019). Linguistic practices and the linguistic landscape along the U.S.-Mexico border: Translanguaging in Tijuana (PDF) (PhD diss.). University of Southampton. Retrieved 13 August 2022.

todo-argentina.net

Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro 2004; Trinidad, "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". Ruiza, Miguel; Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004). "Biografia de Leopoldo Lugones". Biografías y Vidas. La enciclopedia biográfica en línea (in Spanish). Barcelona. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Trinidad, Zunilda. "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". todo-argentina.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-01-23.

unm.edu

digitalrepository.unm.edu

Paullada 1961, p. 151. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Paullada 1961, p. 155. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Paullada 1961, p. 152. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Paullada 1961, p. 153. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Paullada 1961, pp. 153–4. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.
Paullada 1961, p. 160. Paullada, Stephen (1961). "Some Observations on the word Gaucho". New Mexico Quarterly. 31 (2). Retrieved 8 August 2022.

usp.br

dlm.fflch.usp.br

Arrigucci 1999. Arrigucci, Davi Jr. (1999). "De la fama y de la infamia: Borges en el contexto literario latinoamericano" (PDF). Cuadernos de Recienvenido (in Spanish). 10. São Paulo: Departamento de Letras Modernas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo: 19–55. ISSN 1413-8255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-21.

web.archive.org

DLE, "gaucho, gaucha". "gaucho, gaucha". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. Archived from the original on 2021-03-25.
Dicionário Online Priberam de Português, "gaúcho". "gaúcho". Dicionário Online Priberam de Português (in Portuguese). Priberam. Archived from the original on 2021-02-18.
Ruiza, Fernández & Tamaro 2004; Trinidad, "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". Ruiza, Miguel; Fernández, Tomás; Tamaro, Elena (2004). "Biografia de Leopoldo Lugones". Biografías y Vidas. La enciclopedia biográfica en línea (in Spanish). Barcelona. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Trinidad, Zunilda. "Ricardo Rojas (1882–1957)". todo-argentina.net (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2020-01-23.
Arrigucci 1999. Arrigucci, Davi Jr. (1999). "De la fama y de la infamia: Borges en el contexto literario latinoamericano" (PDF). Cuadernos de Recienvenido (in Spanish). 10. São Paulo: Departamento de Letras Modernas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo: 19–55. ISSN 1413-8255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-21.

worldcat.org

Fuller 2014; Holmes, "Nomad Cowboys"; Slatta 1990, p. 31. Fuller, Alexandra (26 November 2014). "For Patagonian Ranchers, a Family Gathering Means Barbecue and Rodeo". National Geographic. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 2021-03-23. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Holmes, Lauren (n.d.). "Nomad Cowboys: A Glimpse into the Life of the Chilean Gauchos". The Aston Martin Magazine. Photography by Helen Cathcart. Aston Martin. Archived from the original on 2021-03-24. Retrieved 2021-02-01. Slatta, Richard W. (1990). Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300045291. OCLC 1029032712.
Bornholdt 2010, p. 29. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Bornholdt 2010, pp. 27–29. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Bornholdt 2010, pp. 26–27, 29–31. Bornholdt, Luciano Campelo (2010). "What is a Gaúcho? intersections between state, identities and domination in southern Brazil". (Con)textos: Revista d'Antropologia i Investigació Social. 4: 23–41. ISSN 2013-0864. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Arrigucci 1999. Arrigucci, Davi Jr. (1999). "De la fama y de la infamia: Borges en el contexto literario latinoamericano" (PDF). Cuadernos de Recienvenido (in Spanish). 10. São Paulo: Departamento de Letras Modernas, Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo: 19–55. ISSN 1413-8255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-12-21.

zenodo.org

Christison 1882, pp. 38, 43–4, 45–6. San Jorge lies just south of the Río Negro Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.
Christison 1882, p. 39. Christison, David (1882). "The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 11. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 34–52. doi:10.2307/2841497. JSTOR 2841497.