Geisha (English Wikipedia)

"新しいお仲間さん♪". ameblo.jp (in Japanese). 愛知県安城市置屋『一駒寮』の裏方人？. Retrieved 23 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
"節分お化け♪ お座敷編". ameblo.jp (in Japanese). Ikoma Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Dalby 2000, p. 204. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Dalby 2000 Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Scott 1955, p. 55. Scott, A.C. (1955). The Kabuki Theatre of Japan. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9780486406459. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Fujimoto 1917, p. 18. Fujimoto, Taizo (1917). The Story of the Geisha Girl. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4086-9684-2. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Seigle 1993, p. 171. Seigle, Cecelia Segawa (1993). Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1488-5.
Seigle 1993, p. 172–174. Seigle, Cecelia Segawa (1993). Yoshiwara: The Glittering World of the Japanese Courtesan. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1488-5.
Dalby 2000, p. 84. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Kalman 1989 Kalman, Bobbie (March 1989). Japan the Culture. Stevens Point, Wisconsin: Crabtree Publishing Company. ISBN 0-86505-206-9.
Dalby 2000, p. 258–259. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Tames 1993 Tames, Richard (September 1993). A Traveller's History of Japan. Brooklyn, NY: Interlink Books. ISBN 1-56656-138-8.
Iwasaki & Brown 2002, p. 132. Iwasaki, Mineko; Brown, Rande (2002). Geisha: A Life (1st ed.). New York, NY: Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-4432-3.
Dalby 2000, p. 106–109. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Iwasaki & Brown 2002 Iwasaki, Mineko; Brown, Rande (2002). Geisha: A Life (1st ed.). New York, NY: Atria Books. ISBN 978-0-7434-4432-3.
Ozeki 2005. Ozeki, R. (2005). Inside and other short fiction: Japanese women by Japanese women. Kodansha International. ISBN 4-7700-3006-1.
Booth 1995. Booth, Alan (1995). Looking for the Lost: Journeys Through a Vanishing Japan. Kodansha Globe Series. ISBN 1-56836-148-3.
Dalby 2000, p. 115. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.
Dalby 2000, p. 18–19. Dalby, Liza (2000). Geisha (3rd ed.). London: Vintage Random House. ISBN 0099286386.

at-tama.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Why we love TOKYO TAMA". Tokyo Tama. Tama Council for the Promotion of Tourism. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
"Hachioji Geisha". Tokyo Tama. Tama Council for the Promotion of Tourism. Retrieved 20 October 2020.

bangkokpost.com (Global: 1,117^th place; English: 740^th place)

"Keeping a tradition alive, from the outside in". Bangkok post. Post Publishing PCL. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2019.

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 1,869^th place)

"Origin Of A Geisha Essay".

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"The Niigata Geigi: Japan's 'other' geishas". 13 October 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Gallagher 2003, p. 96. Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Gallagher 2003, p. 97. Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Gallagher 2003 Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Downer 2006 Downer, Lesley (2006). "The City Geisha and Their Role in Modern Japan: Anomaly or Artistes". In Feldman, Martha; Gordon, Bonnie (eds.). The Courtesan's Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 223–242. ISBN 978-0-19-517029-0.
Gallagher 2003, p. 252. Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Dougill 2006, p. 182. Dougill, John (2006). Kyoto: a cultural history. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530137-4.
Gallagher 2003, p. 135. Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Prasso 2006 Prasso, Sheridan (2006). The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586483944.
Prasso 2006, p. 218. Prasso, Sheridan (2006). The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586483944.
Gallagher 2003, p. 159. Gallagher, John (2003). Geisha: A Unique World of Tradition, Elegance, and Art. Illustrated by Wayne Reynolds. London, England: PRC Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1856486972.
Matsugu 2006, p. 244. Matsugu, Miho (2006). "In the Service of the Nation: Geisha and Kawabata Yasunari's 'Snow Country'". In Feldman, Martha; Gordon, Bonnie (eds.). The Courtesan's Arts: Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517028-8.
Prasso 2006, p. 52. Prasso, Sheridan (2006). The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586483944.
Prasso 2006, p. 206. Prasso, Sheridan (2006). The Asian Mystique: Dragon Ladies, Geisha Girls, and Our Fantasies of the Exotic Orient. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. ISBN 9781586483944.

bostonphoenix.com (Global: low place; English: 7,360^th place)

Wieder, Tamara (17 October 2002). "Remaking a memoir". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.

brynmawr.edu (Global: 6,432^nd place; English: 4,146^th place)

serendip.brynmawr.edu

Collins, Sarah (24 December 2007). "Japanese Feminism". Serendip Studio. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Tiefenbrun 2003, p. 32. Tiefenbrun, S. (2003). "Copyright Infringement, Sex Trafficking, and the Fictional Life of a Geisha". Michigan Journal of Gender & Law. 10. doi:10.2139/ssrn.460747. SSRN 460747.
Rahayu, Emelda & Aisyah 2014, p. 151. Rahayu, Mundi; Emelda, Lia; Aisyah, Siti (2014). "Power Relation In Memoirs Of Geisha And The Dancer". Register Journal. 7 (2): 151. doi:10.18326/rgt.v7i2.213. ISSN 2503-040X.
Stanley 2013. Stanley, Amy (August 2013). "Enlightenment Geisha: The Sex Trade, Education, and Feminine Ideals in Early Meiji Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (3): 539–562. doi:10.1017/S0021911813000570. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 162791823.

enjoyniigata.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Furumachi Geigi". Enjoy Niigata.

geishahiroba.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

"＜岩手・釜石＞追悼最後の釜石芸者・艶子さん① 14歳で芸者 ..." January 23, 2016.

geishaofjapan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rise of the Geisha".
"Geisha dances". Geisha of Japan.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
"World War II and the American Occupation". Geisha of Japan: Women of tradition and art. Geisha of Japan. n.d. Retrieved 20 October 2020.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Demetriou, Danielle (30 December 2008). "Tourists warned to stop 'harassing' Kyoto's geisha". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
Demetriou, Danielle (16 July 2010). "Geishas serve beer instead of tea and conversation as downturn hits Japan". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11.
Hyslop, Leah (4 October 2010). "Liza Dalby, the blue-eyed geisha". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 18 July 2011.

gogonihon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Everything you've wanted to know about the history of geisha and maiko". 31 March 2018.

honolulumuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

shunga.honolulumuseum.org

Eichman, Shawn; Salel, Stephen. "Tongue in Cheek: Erotic Art of 19th Century Japan". The Honolulu Museum of Art. Archived from the original (Online exhibition) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; English: 958^th place)

money.howstuffworks.com

Layton, J. (8 December 2005). "Dressing as a Geisha". howstuffworks.com.

iamaileen.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Adalid, Aileen. "Understanding the Geisha of Japan: What They Truly Are, Where to See Them, and More!". iamaileen.com. Aileen Adalid. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2020. [first snapshot of this article listing Ibu as retired]
Adalid, Aileen (30 July 2016). "Up Close & Personal with Kimicho, an American Geisha in Tokyo, Japan". iamaileen. Aileen Adalid. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

ichicoma.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"一駒寮". ichicoma.com (in Japanese). Ichikoma Okiya. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2020.

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

"A Week in the Life of: Koaki, Apprentice Geisha – Schooled in the arts of pleasure". The Independent. London. 8 August 1998.

intojapan.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Maiko Dance". Into Japan. Into Japan Specialist Tours. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.

japan-zone.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History of geisha". Japan Zone. Retrieved 18 June 2010.

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407^th place; English: 286^th place)

Gilhooly, Rob (23 July 2011). "Romanian woman thrives as geisha". The Japan Times. Tokyo. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

jiemian.com (Global: 5,576^th place; English: low place)

m.jiemian.com

"Aren't Japanese geishas really prostitutes?".

kikaku-sembei.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"第三十回深川の花街・巽芸者の街". 25 July 2018.

kyoto-np.co.jp (Global: 3,991^st place; English: low place)

"Open-Air Tea Ceremony with the Scent of Plum Blossoms: Plum Blossom Festival at Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine". Kyoto Shimbun. 25 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2018.

kyoto.travel (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Baika-sai (Plum Festival)". Kyoto Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

livedoor.jp (Global: 2,399^th place; English: low place)

blog.livedoor.jp

Yugawara Geiko. "「新花」の「樹里」さん" ["Juri" of "Shinka"]. Yugawara Onsen Fukiya Young Girl's Blog (in Japanese). Yugawara Onsen. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

lizadalby.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Dalby, Liza. "newgeishanotes". lizadalby.com. Liza Dalby. Retrieved 30 May 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
Dalby, Liza. "Do They or Don't They". lizadalby.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2010. The question always comes up...just how 'available' is a geisha? ... There is no simple answer.

mai-ko.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Geisha Research: Stats, Facts and why Women are More interested in Geisha than Men".

murana.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

Топкова, Анна (19 January 2012). "Гейша" [Geisha]. Женский журнал Мурана [Murana Women's Magazine] (in Russian). No. 15. Retrieved 23 June 2020.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

murayama-kenzo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"「小金」姐さん、第一回「熱海の人間国宝」に". Kenzo. March 7, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-07.

newspaperarchive.com (Global: 1,148^th place; English: 513^th place)

"Goodby to Geisha Girl, She's on Her Way Out". The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Ogden, Utah. 27 September 1959. p. 4. Retrieved 16 October 2019.

niigata-cci.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Niigata Furumachi Geigi｜新潟商工会議所". 14 January 2018.

ninemsn.com.au (Global: 4,532^nd place; English: 2,570^th place)

news.ninemsn.com.au

"Melbourne woman becomes a geisha". 9 News. Ninemsn Pty Ltd. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Taubman, Howard (June 12, 1968). "Geisha Tradition Is Bowing Out in Japan; Geishas Fighting Losing Battle Against New Trends in Japan". The New York Times. p. 49. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
Weisman, Steven R. (10 June 1989). "Ex-Geisha Accuses Uno Of a Dangerous Liaison". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 June 2020.

osakaprints.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Fiorillo, J. "Osaka Prints: Glossary". geiko: "Arts child", originally dancing girls who were too young to be called geisha but too old (more than twenty years of age) to be called odoriko. "Geiko" was the pronunciation used in the Kamigata region. Some geiko operated as illegal prostitutes. By the 19th century the term became synonymous with geisha.

photius.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Coutsoukis, Photius (10 November 2004). "Japan Performing Arts". Countries of the World. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Coutsoukis, Photius (10 November 2004). "Japan Dance". Countries of the World. Retrieved 2 June 2009.

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

reuters.com

Lies, Elaine (23 April 2008). "Modern-day geisha triumphs in closed, traditional world". Reuters. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
Fujioka, Chisa (3 December 2007). "World's oldest geisha looks to future to preserve past". Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2021.

uk.reuters.com

Oh, Hyun (10 August 2012). "The Apprentice: Memoirs of a Chinese geisha wannabe in Japan". Reuters. Thomson Reuters Corporation. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

screenrant.com (Global: 160^th place; English: 112^th place)

Cotter, Padraig (28 November 2024). "Who Played Ghost In The Shell's Terrifying Robot Geisha". Screen Rants. Retrieved 12 December 2024.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Stanley 2013. Stanley, Amy (August 2013). "Enlightenment Geisha: The Sex Trade, Education, and Feminine Ideals in Early Meiji Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (3): 539–562. doi:10.1017/S0021911813000570. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 162791823.

sitakke.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

"「芸妓さんは恋愛禁止？」知識ゼロの筆者が"札幌の花柳界"を見学してきた話前編".

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

"Geisha beer garden opens in Kyoto". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 July 2010.

so-bien.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"辰巳芸者とは - きもの用語大全".

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

papers.ssrn.com

Tiefenbrun 2003, p. 32. Tiefenbrun, S. (2003). "Copyright Infringement, Sex Trafficking, and the Fictional Life of a Geisha". Michigan Journal of Gender & Law. 10. doi:10.2139/ssrn.460747. SSRN 460747.

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

Demetriou, Danielle (30 December 2008). "Tourists warned to stop 'harassing' Kyoto's geisha". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
Demetriou, Danielle (16 July 2010). "Geishas serve beer instead of tea and conversation as downturn hits Japan". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11.
Hyslop, Leah (4 October 2010). "Liza Dalby, the blue-eyed geisha". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved 18 July 2011.

theage.com.au (Global: 451^st place; English: 240^th place)

theage.com.au

McCurry, J. (11 December 2005). "Career geisha outgrow the stereotype". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 21 June 2010.

tributes.theage.com.au

"FIONA CAROLINE GRAHAM". The Age. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-05-25. Retrieved 25 May 2025.

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

"Discover the Unknown World of Male Geishas". 5 January 2018.
"Geisha: The Truth Beyond The Fantasies". 25 August 2016.

thepaper.cn (Global: 766^th place; English: 1,762^nd place)

m.thepaper.cn

"游客拍照太"放肆"，京都祇园发布禁拍令".

thepeakmagazine.com.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Tradition gets update, with Japanese geisha going online to meet global audience". Peak Magazine. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2024.

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

Szcepanski, Kallie. "Japanese Geisha: A History of Conversation, Performance and Artistry". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
"Japanese Geisha A History of Conversation, Performance and Artistry".

toki.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Life of a Geisha". toki.tokyo. Toki Tokyo. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
"THE HISTORY OF GEISHA IN JAPANESE CULTURE". 30 January 2021.

tokyo-geisha.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"花柳界の歴史（江戸時代～幕末)".

tokyo-np.co.jp (Global: 1,226^th place; English: low place)

"東京新聞:外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」:社会(TOKYO Web)". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」 [Foreign geisha denied independence - Association talk of 'unexpected events']. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2016.

travelbite.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Geisha gardens in Kyoto". Travelbite.co.uk. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2018.

tumblr.com (Global: 1,119^th place; English: 796^th place)

"Answers to questions about Mizuage".

unseen-japan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kikuya: The Cast-Out Dancer Who Invented the Geisha".

washingtontimes.com (Global: 1,359^th place; English: 789^th place)

Jones, N. (20 April 2007). "Japan's geisha hit by poor economy". The Washington Times. Even the older sisters who became geisha as teenagers, they are [now] over 80 but still train every day [...] They hit the bottom a couple of years ago, but now more [university] students are interested in becoming geisha.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Eichman, Shawn; Salel, Stephen. "Tongue in Cheek: Erotic Art of 19th Century Japan". The Honolulu Museum of Art. Archived from the original (Online exhibition) on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
Dalby, Liza. "Do They or Don't They". lizadalby.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2010. The question always comes up...just how 'available' is a geisha? ... There is no simple answer.
"Maiko Dance". Into Japan. Into Japan Specialist Tours. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
"Baika-sai (Plum Festival)". Kyoto Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
"Open-Air Tea Ceremony with the Scent of Plum Blossoms: Plum Blossom Festival at Kitano Tenman-gu Shrine". Kyoto Shimbun. 25 February 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
"Geisha gardens in Kyoto". Travelbite.co.uk. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
"一駒寮". ichicoma.com (in Japanese). Ichikoma Okiya. 2008. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
"節分お化け♪ お座敷編". ameblo.jp (in Japanese). Ikoma Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
Adalid, Aileen. "Understanding the Geisha of Japan: What They Truly Are, Where to See Them, and More!". iamaileen.com. Aileen Adalid. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2020. [first snapshot of this article listing Ibu as retired]
Oh, Hyun (10 August 2012). "The Apprentice: Memoirs of a Chinese geisha wannabe in Japan". Reuters. Thomson Reuters Corporation. Archived from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
"Melbourne woman becomes a geisha". 9 News. Ninemsn Pty Ltd. 8 January 2008. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
"東京新聞:外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」:社会(TOKYO Web)". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
外国人芸者独立はダメ浅草の組合「想定外」 [Foreign geisha denied independence - Association talk of 'unexpected events']. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). Japan. 7 June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
"FIONA CAROLINE GRAHAM". The Age. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-05-25. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
Wieder, Tamara (17 October 2002). "Remaking a memoir". Boston Phoenix. Archived from the original on 6 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
Collins, Sarah (24 December 2007). "Japanese Feminism". Serendip Studio. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Crihfield 1976, p. 42–43. Crihfield, Liza (1976). The institution of geisha in modern Japanese society (book). University Microfilms International. OCLC 695191203.
Crihfield 1976, p. 30. Crihfield, Liza (1976). The institution of geisha in modern Japanese society (book). University Microfilms International. OCLC 695191203.
Dalby 2008, p. 74. Dalby, Liza (2008). Geisha: 25th Anniversary Edition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520257894. OCLC 260152400.
Rahayu, Emelda & Aisyah 2014, p. 151. Rahayu, Mundi; Emelda, Lia; Aisyah, Siti (2014). "Power Relation In Memoirs Of Geisha And The Dancer". Register Journal. 7 (2): 151. doi:10.18326/rgt.v7i2.213. ISSN 2503-040X.
Stanley 2013. Stanley, Amy (August 2013). "Enlightenment Geisha: The Sex Trade, Education, and Feminine Ideals in Early Meiji Japan". The Journal of Asian Studies. 72 (3): 539–562. doi:10.1017/S0021911813000570. ISSN 0021-9118. S2CID 162791823.
Dalby 2008, p. 6, 19, 82. Dalby, Liza (2008). Geisha: 25th Anniversary Edition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520257894. OCLC 260152400.

yahoo.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

headlines.yahoo.co.jp

Buzzfeed Japan. "トップ芸妓が語る仕事の流儀と淡い恋「いまから思うと好きやったんかな？」". headlines.yahoo.co.jp (in Japanese). Yahoo Japan. Retrieved 20 March 2020.

Geisha (English Wikipedia)

ameba.jp (Global: 3,890th place; English: low place)

stat.ameba.jp

ameblo.jp (Global: 321st place; English: 3,434th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

at-tama.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

bangkokpost.com (Global: 1,117th place; English: 740th place)

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books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

bostonphoenix.com (Global: low place; English: 7,360th place)

brynmawr.edu (Global: 6,432nd place; English: 4,146th place)

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doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

enjoyniigata.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

geishahiroba.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

geishaofjapan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

gogonihon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

honolulumuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354th place; English: 958th place)

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ichicoma.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46th place; English: 29th place)

intojapan.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

japan-zone.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407th place; English: 286th place)

jiemian.com (Global: 5,576th place; English: low place)

m.jiemian.com

kikaku-sembei.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

kyoto-np.co.jp (Global: 3,991st place; English: low place)

kyoto.travel (Global: low place; English: low place)

livedoor.jp (Global: 2,399th place; English: low place)

blog.livedoor.jp

lizadalby.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

mai-ko.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

murana.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

murayama-kenzo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newspaperarchive.com (Global: 1,148th place; English: 513th place)

niigata-cci.or.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

ninemsn.com.au (Global: 4,532nd place; English: 2,570th place)

news.ninemsn.com.au

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

osakaprints.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

photius.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

reuters.com (Global: 38th place; English: 30th place)

reuters.com

uk.reuters.com

screenrant.com (Global: 160th place; English: 112th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sitakke.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154th place; English: 94th place)

so-bien.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907th place; English: 529th place)

papers.ssrn.com

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40th place; English: 27th place)

theage.com.au (Global: 451st place; English: 240th place)

theage.com.au

tributes.theage.com.au

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243rd place; English: 3,023rd place)

thepaper.cn (Global: 766th place; English: 1,762nd place)

m.thepaper.cn

thepeakmagazine.com.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170th place; English: 1,937th place)

toki.tokyo (Global: low place; English: low place)

tokyo-geisha.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

tokyo-np.co.jp (Global: 1,226th place; English: low place)

travelbite.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

tumblr.com (Global: 1,119th place; English: 796th place)

unseen-japan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

washingtontimes.com (Global: 1,359th place; English: 789th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

yahoo.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

headlines.yahoo.co.jp

ameba.jp (Global: 3,890^th place; English: low place)

ameblo.jp (Global: 321^st place; English: 3,434^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bangkokpost.com (Global: 1,117^th place; English: 740^th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 1,869^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

bostonphoenix.com (Global: low place; English: 7,360^th place)

brynmawr.edu (Global: 6,432^nd place; English: 4,146^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

howstuffworks.com (Global: 1,354^th place; English: 958^th place)

independent.co.uk (Global: 46^th place; English: 29^th place)

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407^th place; English: 286^th place)

jiemian.com (Global: 5,576^th place; English: low place)

kyoto-np.co.jp (Global: 3,991^st place; English: low place)

livedoor.jp (Global: 2,399^th place; English: low place)

newspaperarchive.com (Global: 1,148^th place; English: 513^th place)

ninemsn.com.au (Global: 4,532^nd place; English: 2,570^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

screenrant.com (Global: 160^th place; English: 112^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

theage.com.au (Global: 451^st place; English: 240^th place)

theculturetrip.com (Global: 4,243^rd place; English: 3,023^rd place)

thepaper.cn (Global: 766^th place; English: 1,762^nd place)

thoughtco.com (Global: 2,170^th place; English: 1,937^th place)

tokyo-np.co.jp (Global: 1,226^th place; English: low place)

tumblr.com (Global: 1,119^th place; English: 796^th place)

washingtontimes.com (Global: 1,359^th place; English: 789^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)