Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Gelaohui" in English language version.
ma fu hsiang mongol an-liang.
they must strike while they had the chance of doing so with success. Moreover, on that day a partial eclipse of the sun took place, and according to immemorial custom, all officials — civil and military, great and small, Manchu and Chinese — were expected to go to their respective temples to worship. They were thus away from the shelter of their residences, which were, accordingly, less strongly guarded. Man and mansion, being separated, were both more easily attacked. The movement was led by the pupils of the large Military Academy, and its method was as follows : Some of the soldiers were told off to overcome the guard and shut the heavy gates of the city; the main body bombarded and secured the arsenal; the General (all Generals were Manchus) was slaughtered on the very steps of the Temple; and the attack on the inner city, which was occupied exclusively by the Manchus (the Tartars of "Robinson Crusoe"), was begun, the troops quartered outside the west suburb immediately joining the Revolutionary forces, in accordance with what was, doubtless, a pre-arranged plot. For many hours the Manchu troops offered effective resistance, but the odds against them were too great, for both their weapons and their methods were utterly obsolete. Then followed what must fill every civilised person with pain and disgust — viz., the virtual extermination of the Manchus. The fact that they lived in a city of their own afforded the opportunity, for escape was thus rendered impossible. Their city was set on fire, and multitudes of people were burned alive. For three whole days a deadly slaughter went on, men, women, and children being slain without mercy or discrimination. Even after that only women and girls were spared. No justification is here attempted of this ruthless massacre, nor can any be found. If the story of this slaughter goes down to history as one of its just retributions, that fact cannot excuse so much barbarity, still less the destruction of the lives of helpless women and children. Yet it cannot be forgotten that the Manchu rule of the past three centuries has been little else than a story of oppression. The entire Manchu population has been like a millstone about the neck of the Chinese nation. For they have been supported — and liberally supported — by the Government, and only military service from the men exacted in return. Living lives of comparative idleness, they have become thoroughly degenerate, the large majority being opium smokers. It is impossible to give the exact number of those killed, since it is impossible to know just how many did contrive to escape. The lowest possible estimate of the slain is 10,000, although a Pekin correspondent of the Times puts the figure as high as 20,000. Of this great number I have since heard it stated that many committed suicide by such methods as taking overdoses of opium, casting themselves into wells, and hanging, choosing this in prefer- ence to death at the hands of their enemies. Another thing which helped the assailants was the fact that many Manchus had supplies of gunpowder concealed in their houses, so that when the Manchu quarters were fired these exploded, causing innumerable deaths. Since so many perished, it is altogether remarkable to be able to relate that not one Christian or associate was harmed. The same gates and walls that made the escape of thousands of others impossible, kept them from danger. For hostilities began during the time of Sunday morning service, so that all those who had gone to the Christian church in the east suburb were away from the scene of bloodshed.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Our hosts were most courteous, and though we could not speak directly to them, we thoroughly- enjoyed ourselves. Four days' march to the south of Sian lies the small mountain village of Ling-tai-miao, which we intended to make our headquarters. We left the city by the western gate, which was opened at dawn. Even in the provincial capital antiquated stands of arms, spears, billhooks, and other strange instruments are still placed by the guard-house for the defence of the gates. Little did we think as we rode out that morning past the Governor's yamen, what terrible scenes were to be enacted there so shortly. On Sunday, October 22nd, the revolution burst on the inhabitants. The city gates were closed at noon, and fighting commenced at once with the capture of the arsenal. The slaughter of the Manchus followed immediately. Foreigners in the suburbs could get no certain news of what was happening. They did not even know whether the outbreak was anti- dynastic, anti-foreign, or anti- Christian. Their danger was much accentu- ated by their ignorance, for had the policy of the revolutionists been known unnecessary troubles might have been averted. Firing continued all that day and night. A Mrs. Beckman, Mr. Watney, and six Swedish children were murdered by the mob in the south suburb; but these, so far as I know, were the only foreigners who were killed in Shensi. Mr. Henne, as I have already mentioned, had a very narrow escape, but happily recovered. For three weeks previous to the outbreak the Manchu governor of the province was in a state of great anxiety, and did not sleep at all. lie hid the keys of the city gates, and at the outbreak of the troubles escaped, but was traced to a place called Ts'ao-t'an, where he was beheaded. The Manchu commander of the troops was spared owing to the regard in which he was held by his men. There were 3,000 trained troops at Sian-fu at the time of the outbreak, and the city was for some weeks completely isolated. The mountain passes were held by troops, and all communication stopped. On the Sunday of the outbreak — " The trouble broke out about 12 o'clock. The soldiers first took the arsenal, and served out arms and ammunition to every one who was willing to join them, the badge being white. Unfortunately, this was not sufficiently distinctive, for numbers of bad characters put a badge on, got arms, and used them only to rob and loot. The attack on the Manchu city began soon after, and continued until Wednesday morning, the object being to totally exterminate the JManchus — man, woman, and child. After Wednesday they ceased kiUing the women and girls, but continued to seek out the males. The position of the JManchus was hopeless from the first, for their quarter was not enclosed by a wall, and tliough every man is a soldier, they are soldiers of the old type, with very inferior weapons, so, although there were 5,000 Manchu men, they could do very little. Tiie Chinese fired their houses, and then killed all they could while they were escaping. Many climbed up the city wall, and dropped down on the other side, some to be maimed or killed by the fall, others to be killed subsequently, and some perhaps escaping. 1 have heard that a great many of the Manchus, especially the women, took their own lives. "At a low estimate probably 10,000 have been killed. The Chinese have received comparatively few injuries, which is not surprising in view of their superior weapons. There are many Manchus in hiding, and we know of the safety of all Manchu Christians."
Ma An-liang, the famous leader of the Kansu Mahomedans, who thus found himself at the head of the province, together with Sheng Yiin, ex- Viceroy of the North West and one of the Manchu die-hards, despatched Moslem troops across the border into Shensi to fight the revolutionary forces of the Ko Lao Hui, but were eventually induced by the wise statesmanship of Yuan Shih-k'ai to withdraw them and accept the republic in name. Had Yuan Shih-k'ai not been at the head of affairs at that time, and had the Manchus been able to rally them- selves to the Mahomedans of the North West, the settlement of 19 1 2 might have been much delayed. The result of the Revolution was therefore to give the Mahomedans what they had failed to obtain by rebellion in the past, namely complete autonomy and control of the province under General Ma An-liang, who moved into Lanchou from his residence near Hochou. There was a republican Tutu at the same time, but he seems to have been a mere figure-head. General Ma's management of the affairs of the province during those critical times appears to have been admirable, and Kansu was spared many of the troubles which were afflicting the rest of China during that period. Early in 1914, however, Yuan Shih-k'ai, who was then engaged in centralising his power by replacing the republican Tutus by his own nominees, sent one of his Northern Generals to Lanchou as Governor, accompanied by a bodyguard of a couple of thousand good Northern soldiers. To avoid friction the latter travelled up to Kansu as Commissioner for the Kokonor, his appointment as Governor only being announced by telegraph when he was within a few days of the capital. For some months there was a period of great tension between the Mahomedans and the new Governor, but the latter was a true Northern soldier, strong and reliable, and the Mahomedans, under wise leadership, eventually accepted the situation, and General Ma retired again to Hochou. With the disappearance of the White Wolf rebels and the surrender of the nominal government by the Mahomedans to Yuan Shih-k'ai's Governor, peace returned to the province. During the anti-monarchical rebellion of 19 16 there was a renewal of unrest, especially after Shensi had joined the rebels, and influence was brought to bear on the Governor from various quarters, urging him to resign or secede from Peking. But a declaration of independence was success- fully staved off until Yuan Shih-k'ai's death relieved the situation, perhaps largely owing to the attitude of Ma An-liang, who prepared his troops for action, and let the republicans know that if anyone was to succeed the Governor it would be himself, and that he and his Mahomedans would stick by Yuan to the last.
The most serious crisis was internal, for in March and April 1869, at the same time as the victory at Tung-chih-yuan, two alarming mutinies occurred in the best forces under Tso's command. In late March, after Liu Sung-shan had cut through northern Shensi and approached the Kansu-Ninghsia border, a mutiny took place at Sui-te (about seventy-five miles north-east of Yenan), where he had left behind 4,500 troops to guard a supply depot. Several hundred troops, including those who later confessed to being members of the Elder Brothers Society (Ko-lao hui), robbed the grain depot and took control of Sui-te city. Among the mutineers were as many as four company officers, also said to be Elder Brother members.66 The revolt was quickly suppressed after Liu himself hurried back to Sui-te in early April, but meanwhile, an apparently unrelated mutiny had broken out in I-chün in central Shensi, eight miles north of Sian, involving the murder of a t'ung-ling commander. Again the several hundred rebellious soldiers included members of the Elder Brothers Society. Four company officers and a battalion officer who joined them were also said to be members. The mutineers were captured, however, by Tso's loyal forces. Tso personally executed five of the ringleaders. He believed that the Elder Brothers Society had originated in Szechwan and Kweichow but had affected the Hunan Army through surrender Taipings who were natives of these two provinces, or through 'disbanded mercenaries' (san-yung) of other provinces who had come to Shensi for adventure. He hoped that such 'venomous and devilishly elusive creatures' were very few among his forces/67 However, the Elder Brothers Society was long to persist in Tso's armies, as an underground mutual aid group performing both legal and illegal deeds. Interrupted by the mutinies and their aftermath, operations against Chin-chi-pao were not resumed until mid-August. Liu Sung-shan, advancing from northern Shensi, reached the vicinity of Ling-chou in early September. Ma Hua-lung probably had no illusions about his own power as compared with Tso's. He wrote to Tso and negotiated for peace, but his overture was firmly rejected.68 In November, Ling-chou was occupied by Liu Sung-shan; Tso's forces in the south, having captured such cities as Ku-yuan, moved continuously northward,
... (1850–64) was crushed and after major peasant uprisings in Yunnan and Sichuan resulted in small farmers adding opium poppies to their crop rotation.
A second incident included the Society for Restoring Ancient Ways ( Fuguhui ) in the border area of Hubei and Sichuan Provinces, where the Elder – Brother Society and the White Lotus sect were active . When local officials ordered ...
Although Hui elders we spoke to declared that opium smoking and growing were forbidden by their religion, ... wrote at length of the difficulties of governing a vast area of mixed Han and indigenes, who were equally proud and obstinate.
I am very grateful to Feng Yi for helping me edit this chapter. ... Hou Hongrui is from the ... in mountainous areas used to plant opium, and some elderly villagers, especially when they got sick, smoked opium without getting addicted.
Hsi An Fu This is in Shensi and is where the late Empress Dowager took refuge in 1900. While in Hankow at the C. I. M., Mr. and Mrs. Shorrock and Miss Mary ar-rived from there, and we "bailed them out" incessantly on the dramatic doings there. So many wondered why foreign-ers were killed only there, and why so few in the late uprising. In 1891 there was a fierce dreadful society called the "Ko Lao Hui." They had a double slo-gan, "Down with the Manchus and ex-terminate every foreigners!" They stir-red up riots all through the Yang Zu Valley, circulated vile stories about for-eigners, and vile publications, and wrote our word for Lord with the pig radical. That society is still strong in Shensi. Hearing of the hostilities at the South, they at once bore a hand and attacked the family of the Beckmans (Swedish). They killed the mothers, four girls and two boys, part of them pupils in Mrs. Beckman's school, from several different families, and a young Swedish gentle-man, a teacher. Only the father and baby escaped. At once this society was reined up. "You have exceeded orders! We are only aiming at Manchus this time :" so they desisted. These were killed Oct. 22, 1911. In Jan., 1912, a valiant rescue party of about nine young foreign men, including college profess-ors, business men and one missionary's son, made a difficult forty days' trip round through the distant stations of Shensi, to rescue all the missionaries and escort them to Pekin. Dr. Robertson, Dr. Young, English; Mrs. Young, M. D., American, and the Shorrocks, Scotch, insisted on staying at their posts, though this course was strongly disap-proved of. The Chinese Red Cross Society The Chinese Red Cross Society came to the doctors and said, "May we do this work under your direction and we pay the bills?" Extra buildings were hired and soon 600 wounded soldiers were being cared for. These three doc-tors had not a single "qualified" assist-ant! The hearts of the bitter Ko Lao Hui soldiers were now won, and the Chinese overflowed with gratitude. There were about 20,000 Manchus there at the start. It was a great Manchu center, with many fine palaces, rich with great chests of treasures. Early in November came the awful massacre of 15,000 Man-chus. Two thousand escaped and 3,000 unhappy survivors remain. The Man-chus had no use for the missionaries, but discovered, in their time of need, where to look for their best friends, Mrs. Shorrock provided about 300 needy Manchu ladies with good, long, warm winter dresses. A Dramatic Incident One of the leading figures in this chapter of history was Sheng Yun, a Manchu, once governor of Shensi, later military commandant of two provinces. His palace was destroyed. Mr. Shor-rock walked through the ruins, and said all that was left of his treasures was the scattered lists of the former contents of the great chests which had been looted. He must have done some good in his career, for they took his family to a safe place, put a guard over them and later returned them to him in safety. Sheng Yung decided to take Mo-hammedan troops, arch on Hsi-An-fu and avenge the Manchus, by the most condign and dreadful punishment, lit-erally wiping out the city. He advanced to within fifteen miles of the doomed place. His guns could be heard by the waiting and terrified inhabitants. At that point Yuan Shih Ka, at Peking had made peace and stopped fighting, but Sheng Yun knew nothing of it. Here was Mr. Shorrock's opportunity. He offered to send the news to the furious man. The revolutionaries were only too glad. He sent an English letter, a Chin-ese translation and the dispatches which proved the authenticity of the news. Sheng Yun raged. He reviled Yuan for going over to the Chinese, and giving up the Manchu cause. He fell upon the courier and had him cut to pieces! People wished they could get word to the General of the Mohammedan troops. There were employments more popular than the courier service at that juncture! Somebody bound letter and translation and dispatches on to an arrow and shot it into the General's camp. He read, reflected and did not march on Hsi-An-Fu! The revolutionary leaders are said to be much ashamed of the Hsi-An-Fu massacre. One of them said, "Truly the affair was managed unrighteously," That may have referred to the fact that when the Manchus laid down their arms and knelt to surrender, the Chinese shot them kneeling! It seems to have been the one place where the nearly or quite lost their self-control. When the Shorrocks left, a few weeks since, for furlough, the Chinese paid their fair to Hankow, about a month's journey before the railways were built, and they were received enroute, with great distinction, by officials of rank, and feasted and sent on their way. So that door is open, too. Truly, "My thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways."
suffered great losses in the stalemated battles in the region.56 By mid-December, the Manchu Kansu Army overran Chien-chou and Li-chuan, and was heading for Shien-yang At this critical moment, the Manchu emperor had declared his abdication, but Shen Yun kept it secret from his army, and continued the attack on Shien – yang with full force . When advised of the abdication of the emperor, by a telegram from Chang Feng – yi, Ma An – liang asked Shen Yun : " Now that the emperor has abdicated, for whom shall we fight ? Do you intend to succeed the emperor ?
took up arms on the monarchist side and participated in the nearly successful counter – offensive of the Kansu armies.13 Tung Fu – hsiang founded the Kansu Moslem military clique, His successors were his subordinates and their sons : gentry families from in and around Ho – chou where trade, seminaries, pilgrimage tombs and a cros8 section of different Moslem groups made it the natural institutional capital of the community as a whole . Thus Ma An – liang, the leading figure in Kansu from 1912 to his death in November 1919, had led four ying to the relief of Sining in 1895 . In 1910 we find him promoted from the Barkul military command, perhaps the key cavalry posting in the empire, to that of Ninghsia . 14 During the revolution, Ma An – liang was ordered against the rebels in Kansu, but Ninghsia itself soon came under attack and its recovery was the last considerable military victory of the monarchy Under the last two imperial viceroys, Sheng – yun and Chang – keng, the Tung Fu – hsiang clique enjoyed good relations with the authorities, particularly with Sheng – yun who reemerged during the revolution to become its adviser and ... By combining the hereditary succession typical of a Sufi order with personal military power, Ma Anliang dominated Hezhou politics and thus Gansu Muslim politics . He allied himself with Qing officials such as Shengyun, with whom he ...
Sheng Yun, a Manchu, and Chang Geng, a life bondservant of the Qing house, agreed that an attack had to be undertaken swiftly, so Ma was ... Chang needed the Hui, and that meant trusting the loyalty of Ma Anliang and Ma Fuxiang .
... will enter the Ministry of Commerce which will be A Peking telegram also states that Sheng Yun, the reorganized ... where is alleged to be coTsen Chun – hsuan . operating with General Ma An – liang in stirring up The " Peking Jih ...
General Ma An – liang to take his Muhammadan requesting that the disbandment be postponed troops to Fenghsiangfu and ... also that all latter reached Sianfu by forced marches from asking for information regarding the statements local ...
That degradation of H. E. Sheng Yun, Governor of Shensi, A Peking correspondent, writing about the recent was delayed some three hours . A telegram was received on Feb. 18th in Japanese adventurers should be serving with to ihe post ...
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)On October 24th, ancient Singan, the capital of the northwestern province of Shensi, the original capital of China, where the empress dowager, Tse Hsi
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