General American English (English Wikipedia)

Vaux, Bert; Jøhndal, Marius L. (2009). "Do you pronounce "cot" and "caught" the same?" Cambridge Online Survey of World Englishes. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Lass, Roger (1990). "Early Mainland Residues in Southern Hiberno-English". Irish University Review. 20 (1): 137–148. JSTOR 25484343.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.

lingref.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008). Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2011.

linguisticsociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

journals.linguisticsociety.org

Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2; Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006), pp. 175–177. Duncan, Daniel (February 10, 2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study". In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America (published June 21, 2016). doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653. Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 187–208. ISBN 978-3-11-016746-7.
Duncan (2016), pp. 1–2. Duncan, Daniel (February 10, 2016). "'Tense' /æ/ is still lax: A phonotactics study". In Hansson, Gunnar Ólafur; Farris-Trimble, Ashley; McMullin, Kevin; Pulleyblank, Douglas (eds.). Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Meeting on Phonology. Annual Meetings on Phonology. Vol. 3. Washington, D.C.: Linguistic Society of America (published June 21, 2016). doi:10.3765/amp.v3i0.3653.

livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

Wolchover, Natalie (2012). "Why Do Americans and Brits Have Different Accents?" LiveScience. Purch.

m-w.com (Global: 9,363^rd place; English: low place)

"Want – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". M-w.com. Retrieved May 29, 2013.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

"Talking the Tawk". The New Yorker. Condé Nast. 2005.
Seabrook (2005). Seabrook, John (May 19, 2005). "The Academy: Talking the Tawk". The New Yorker. Retrieved May 14, 2008.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Clopper, Cynthia G.; Levi, Susannah V.; Pisoni, David B. (2006). "Perceptual similarity of regional dialects of American English". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 119 (1): 566–574. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..119..566C. doi:10.1121/1.2141171. PMC 3319012. PMID 16454310. See also: map.
Zhou et al. (2008). Zhou, Xinhui; Espy-Wilson, Carol Y.; Boyce, Suzanne; Tiede, Mark; Holland, Christy; Choe, Ann (2008). "A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of "retroflex" and "bunched" American English /r/". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 123 (6): 4466–4481. Bibcode:2008ASAJ..123.4466Z. doi:10.1121/1.2902168. PMC 2680662. PMID 18537397.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Clopper, Cynthia G.; Levi, Susannah V.; Pisoni, David B. (2006). "Perceptual similarity of regional dialects of American English". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 119 (1): 566–574. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..119..566C. doi:10.1121/1.2141171. PMC 3319012. PMID 16454310. See also: map.
Zhou et al. (2008). Zhou, Xinhui; Espy-Wilson, Carol Y.; Boyce, Suzanne; Tiede, Mark; Holland, Christy; Choe, Ann (2008). "A magnetic resonance imaging-based articulatory and acoustic study of "retroflex" and "bunched" American English /r/". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 123 (6): 4466–4481. Bibcode:2008ASAJ..123.4466Z. doi:10.1121/1.2902168. PMC 2680662. PMID 18537397.

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

Gross, Terry (January 24, 2005). "A Fake Newsman's Fake Newsman: Stephen Colbert". Fresh Air. National Public Radio. Retrieved July 11, 2007.

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

Fought, John G. (2005). "Do You Speak American? | Sea to Shining Sea | American Varieties | Rful Southern". PBS. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016.

redlog.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

dialect.redlog.net

Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "flourish Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Boberg (2008), p. 145. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Boberg (2008), pp. 130, 136–137. Boberg, Charles (2008). "Regional phonetic differentiation in Standard Canadian English". Journal of English Linguistics. 36 (2): 129–154. doi:10.1177/0075424208316648. S2CID 146478485.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.

soundcomparisons.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2015). "Accents of English from Around the World". Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2016. See under "Std US + 'up-speak'"

theatlantic.com (Global: 322^nd place; English: 198^th place)

Fallows, James (June 8, 2015). "That Weirdo Announcer-Voice Accent: Where It Came From and Why It Went Away". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 11, 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

thenewsburner.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tsentserensky, Steve (October 20, 2011). "You Know What The Midwest Is?". The News Burner. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

ucsd.edu (Global: 2,146^th place; English: 1,364^th place)

pages.ucsd.edu

Seyfarth, Scott; Garellek, Marc (2015). "Coda glottalization in American English". In ICPhS. University of California, San Diego, p. 1.

upenn.edu (Global: 784^th place; English: 498^th place)

ling.upenn.edu

Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (1997). "A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English" and "Map 1". Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania. "The North Midland: Approximates the initial position|Absence of any marked features"; "On Map 1, there is no single defining feature of the North Midland given. In fact, the most characteristic sign of North Midland membership on this map is the small black dot that indicates a speaker with none of the defining features given"; "Map 1 shows Western New England as a residual area, surrounded by the marked patterns of Eastern New England, New York City, and the Inland North. [...] No clear pattern of sound change emerges from western New England in the Kurath and McDavid materials or in our present limited data."
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
Dinkin, Aaron (2017). "Escaping the TRAP: Losing the Northern Cities Shift in Real Time (with Anja Thiel)". Talk presented at NWAV 46, Madison, Wisc., November 2017.

repository.upenn.edu

Freuhwald, Josef T. (November 11, 2007). "The Spread of Raising: Opacity, lexicalization, and diffusion". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Fruehwald, Josef (2013). "The Phonological Influence on Phonetic Change". Publicly Accessible University of Pennsylvania Dissertations. p. 48. Archived August 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015). "Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York". University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics. 21 (2).

utoronto.ca (Global: 1,483^rd place; English: 930^th place)

tspace.library.utoronto.ca

Murphy, Patrick Joseph (2019). "Listening to Writers and Riders: Partial Contrast and the Perception of Canadian Raising" (PDF). University of Toronto PhD Dissertation: 116–117. Retrieved January 17, 2024.

uwm.edu (Global: 7,774^th place; English: 4,678^th place)

www4.uwm.edu

Vaux, Bert; Golder, Scott (2003). "Do you pronounce 'cot' and 'çaught' the same?" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "How do you pronounce Mary / merry / marry?" The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "the first vowel in "miracle"". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Baker, Mielke & Archangeli (2008). Baker, Adam; Mielke, Jeff; Archangeli, Diana (2008). "More velar than /g/: Consonant Coarticulation as a Cause of Diphthongization" (PDF). In Chang, Charles B.; Haynie, Hannah J. (eds.). Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. pp. 60–68. ISBN 978-1-57473-423-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2011.
Labov (2007), p. 359. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
Labov (2007), p. 373. Labov, William (2007). "Transmission and Diffusion" (PDF). Language. 83 (2): 344–387. doi:10.1353/lan.2007.0082. JSTOR 40070845. S2CID 6255506. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 8, 2005.
"want. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Bartleby.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved May 29, 2013.
Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder (2003). "flourish Archived 2015-07-11 at the Wayback Machine". The Harvard Dialect Survey. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.
Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2015). "Accents of English from Around the World". Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2016. See under "Std US + 'up-speak'"
Fruehwald, Josef (2013). "The Phonological Influence on Phonetic Change". Publicly Accessible University of Pennsylvania Dissertations. p. 48. Archived August 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016). "Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
Hunt, Spencer (2012). "Dissecting Ohio's Dialects". The Columbus Dispatch. GateHouse Media, Inc. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021.
Fought, John G. (2005). "Do You Speak American? | Sea to Shining Sea | American Varieties | Rful Southern". PBS. Archived from the original on December 8, 2016.
Safer, Morley (August 13, 2006). "The Colbert Report: Morley Safer Profiles Comedy Central's 'Fake' Newsman". 60 Minutes. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2006.
Tsentserensky, Steve (October 20, 2011). "You Know What The Midwest Is?". The News Burner. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.

weebly.com (Global: 1,207^th place; English: 919^th place)

msusociolinguistics.weebly.com

Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016). "Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021. Retrieved October 21, 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Ennser-Kananen, Halonen & Saarinen (2021), p. 334. Ennser-Kananen, Johanna; Halonen, Mia; Saarinen, Taina (2021). ""Come join us and lose your accent!" Accent modification courses as hierarchization of international students". Journal of International Students. 11 (2): 322–340. doi:10.32674/jis.v11i2.1640. eISSN 2166-3750. ISSN 2162-3104.

General American English (English Wikipedia)

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theatlantic.com (Global: 322nd place; English: 198th place)

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search.worldcat.org

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

atlasobscura.com (Global: 2,066^th place; English: 1,258^th place)

bartleby.com (Global: 1,965^th place; English: 1,869^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

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cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

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infoplease.com (Global: 3,121^st place; English: 3,035^th place)

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livescience.com (Global: 1,726^th place; English: 1,417^th place)

m-w.com (Global: 9,363^rd place; English: low place)

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

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ucsd.edu (Global: 2,146^th place; English: 1,364^th place)

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