Genetically modified crops (English Wikipedia)

"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. 20 October 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019. The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

Pinholste G (25 October 2012). "AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" (PDF). American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

accessexcellence.org

Peters P. "Transforming Plants – Basic Genetic Engineering Techniques". Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.

acs.org

cen.acs.org

Bomgardner MM. "Widespread crop damage from dicamba herbicide fuels controversy - August 21, 2017 Issue - Vol. 95 Issue 33 - Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org.

agbioforum.org

Zilberman, David; Kaplan, Scott; Wesseler, Justus (17 February 2022). "The Loss from Underutilizing GM Technologies". AgBioForum. Illinois Missouri Biotechnology Alliance. S2CID 56129052.
Smale M, Zambrano P, Cartel M (2006). "Bales and balance: A review of the methods used to assess the economic impact of Bt cotton on farmers in developing economies" (PDF). AgBioForum. 9 (3): 195–212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
Carpenter J, Gianessi L (1999). "Herbicide tolerant soybeans: Why growers are adopting Roundup Ready varieties". AgBioForum. 2 (2): 65–72. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, Hallahan C, Nehring RF, Wechsler S, Grube A (2014). "Conservation Tillage, Herbicide Use, and Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States: The Case of Soybeans". AgBioForum. 15 (3). Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

agbioworld.org

"Economic Impact of Transgenic Crops in Developing Countries". Agbioworld.org. Retrieved 8 February 2011.

agfax.com

"Iowa Soybeans: Dicamba – How Many Hours Were Available to Spray in 2017?". AgFax. 19 September 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.

ama-assn.org

"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)". American Medical Association. January 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2019. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts." "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.

"Report 2 of the Council On Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.
"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012.

americanbar.org

Bashshur R (February 2013). "FDA and Regulation of GMOs". American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

apsnet.org

Nester E (2008). "Agrobacterium: The Natural Genetic Engineer (100 Years Later)". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.

archive.org

Colledge S, Conolly J (2007). The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe. Left Coast Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1598749885.
Martins VA (2008). "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems". Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.^{[permanent dead link]}
Carter C, Moschini GC, Sheldon I, eds. (2011). Genetically Modified Food and Global Welfare (Frontiers of Economics and Globalization). United Kingdom: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. p. 89. ISBN 978-0857247575.

arcticapples.com

"Apple-to-apple transformation". Okanagan Specialty Fruits. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
"Arctic apples FAQ". Arctic Apples. 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

argenbio.org

Some medical organizations, including the British Medical Association, advocate further caution based upon the precautionary principle:

"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement" (PDF). British Medical Association. March 2004. Retrieved 30 August 2019. In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently available.

When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.

biologists.org

dev.biologists.org

Koenig D, Bayer E, Kang J, Kuhlemeier C, Sinha N (September 2009). "Auxin patterns Solanum lycopersicum leaf morphogenesis". Development. 136 (17): 2997–3006. doi:10.1242/dev.033811. PMID 19666826.

bloomberg.com

Kasey J (8 September 2011). "Attack of the Superweed". Bloomberg Businessweek.

books.google.com

Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (1 March 2012). Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin. OUP Oxford. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-954906-1.

britishscienceassociation.org

Chard A (2011). "Growing a grass that loves bombs". The British Science Association. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.

businessinsider.com

Brodwin E (18 April 2016). "The next generation of GMO food is here, and it's technically not a GMO". Business Insider.

businessweek.com

"Monsanto Will Let Bio-Crop Patents Expire". BusinessWeek. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010.

cabdirect.org

Tilling T, Neeta L, Vikuolie M, Rajib D (2010). "Genetically modified (GM) crops lifeline for livestock-a review". Agricultural Reviews. 31 (4): 279–85.

cam.ac.uk

plantsci.cam.ac.uk

Hibberd J. "Molecular Physiology". Department of Plant Sciences. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2012.

cfr.org

Lynch D, Vogel D (5 April 2001). "The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

congress.gov

"National bioengineered food disclosure standard". 29 July 2016.

cornell.edu

nysaes.cornell.edu

Voiland M, McCandless L (February 1999). "Development Of The "Gene Gun" At Cornell". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.

ecommons.cornell.edu

Segelken R (14 May 1987). "Biologists Invent Gun for Shooting Cells with DNA Issue" (PDF). Cornell Chronicle. 18 (33): 3.

allianceforscience.cornell.edu

Conrow J (14 January 2021). "GM plant grows insect sex pheromones as alternative to crop pesticides". Alliance for Science. Retrieved 17 July 2021.

usda.mannlib.cornell.edu

"Acreage NASS" (PDF). National Agricultural Statistics Board annual report. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2010.

doi.org

Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (February 2018). "Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3113. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3113P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21284-2. PMC 5814441. PMID 29449686. The introduction of an EU directive to shift GM approvals from the EU commission to the member states was immediately accepted by 19 of the 28 members who opted to ban GM crops in their countries.
Klümper W, Qaim M (2014). "A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111629. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1629K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629. PMC 4218791. PMID 25365303.
Perry ED, Ciliberto F, Hennessy DA, Moschini G (August 2016). "Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans". Science Advances. 2 (8): e1600850. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0850P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600850. PMC 5020710. PMID 27652335.
Smyth, Stuart J. (April 2020). "The human health benefits from GM crops". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 18 (4): 887–888. doi:10.1111/pbi.13261. PMC 7061863. PMID 31544299.
Gruère, G.; Sengupta, D. (2011). "Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: An Evidence-based Assessment". Journal of Development Studies. 47 (2): 316–337. doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.492863. PMID 21506303. S2CID 20145281.
Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
Ronald P (May 2011). "Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
But see also:
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast:
Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food ... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
National Academies Of Sciences; Division on Earth Life Studies Engineering; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–41. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
Marris C (July 2001). "Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 545–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142. PMC 1083956. PMID 11463731.
Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–24. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060.
Chen ZJ (February 2010). "Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (2): 57–71. Bibcode:2010TPS....15...57C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.003. PMC 2821985. PMID 20080432.
Hoisington D, Khairallah M, Reeves T, Ribaut JM, Skovmand B, Taba S, Warburton M (May 1999). "Plant genetic resources: what can they contribute toward increased crop productivity?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (11): 5937–43. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.5937H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937. PMC 34209. PMID 10339521.
Predieri S (2001). "Mutation induction and tissue culture in improving fruits". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 64 (2/3): 185–210. doi:10.1023/A:1010623203554. S2CID 37850239.
Duncan R (1996). "Tissue Culture-Induced Variation and Crop Improvement". Advances in Agronomy Volume 58. Vol. 58. pp. 201–40. doi:10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60256-4. ISBN 9780120007585.
Roberts RJ (April 2005). "How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 5905–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC 1087929. PMID 15840723.
Weiss B, Richardson CC (April 1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (4): 1021–8. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC 224649. PMID 5340583.
Lederberg J (October 1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 32 (4): 403–30. doi:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID 13003535.
Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. 2 (12): 2143–50. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC 555426. PMID 16453482.
Clough SJ, Bent AF (December 1998). "Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 16 (6): 735–43. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x. PMID 10069079. S2CID 410286.
Jiang W, Zhou H, Bi H, Fromm M, Yang B, Weeks DP (November 2013). "Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in Arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (20): e188. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt780. PMC 3814374. PMID 23999092.
Lemaux PG (2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 771–812. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840. PMID 18284373.
Bevan MW, Flavell RB, Chilton MD (1983). "A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformation. 1983". Biotechnology. 24 (5922): 367–70. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..184B. doi:10.1038/304184a0. PMID 1422041. S2CID 28713537.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Bruening G, Lyons JM (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". California Agriculture. 54 (4): 6–7. doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Shrawat AK, Lörz H (November 2006). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereals: a promising approach crossing barriers". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 4 (6): 575–603. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00209.x. PMID 17309731.
Catchpole GS, Beckmann M, Enot DP, Mondhe M, Zywicki B, Taylor J, et al. (October 2005). "Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (40): 14458–62. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214458C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503955102. PMC 1242293. PMID 16186495.
Koornneef M, Meinke D (March 2010). "The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant". The Plant Journal. 61 (6): 909–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04086.x. PMID 20409266.
Banjara M, Zhu L, Shen G, Payton P, Zhang H (1 January 2012). "Expression of an Arabidopsis sodium/proton antiporter gene (AtNHX1) in peanut to improve salt tolerance". Plant Biotechnology Reports. 6: 59–67. doi:10.1007/s11816-011-0200-5. S2CID 12025029.
Walmsley AM, Arntzen CJ (April 2000). "Plants for delivery of edible vaccines". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 11 (2): 126–9. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00070-7. PMID 10753769.
Podevin N, du Jardin P (2012). "Possible consequences of the overlap between the CaMV 35S promoter regions in plant transformation vectors used and the viral gene VI in transgenic plants". GM Crops & Food. 3 (4): 296–300. doi:10.4161/gmcr.21406. PMID 22892689.
Price GD, Badger MR, Woodger FJ, Long BM (2008). "Advances in understanding the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating-mechanism (CCM): functional components, Ci transporters, diversity, genetic regulation and prospects for engineering into plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (7): 1441–61. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm112. PMID 17578868.
Gonzalez N, De Bodt S, Sulpice R, Jikumaru Y, Chae E, Dhondt S, et al. (July 2010). "Increased leaf size: different means to an end". Plant Physiology. 153 (3): 1261–79. doi:10.1104/pp.110.156018. PMC 2899902. PMID 20460583.
Koenig D, Bayer E, Kang J, Kuhlemeier C, Sinha N (September 2009). "Auxin patterns Solanum lycopersicum leaf morphogenesis". Development. 136 (17): 2997–3006. doi:10.1242/dev.033811. PMID 19666826.
Sakoda K, Yamori W, Shimada T, Sugano SS, Hara-Nishimura I, Tanaka Y (October 2020). "Higher Stomatal Density Improves Photosynthetic Induction and Biomass Production in Arabidopsis Under Fluctuating Light". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 589603. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.589603. PMC 7641607. PMID 33193542.
Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E (2006). "Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants: International regulations for genetically modified organisms should be altered to exempt cisgenesis". EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 750–53. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769. PMC 1525145. PMID 16880817.
Wang Y, Cheng X, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Gao C, Qiu JL (September 2014). "Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (9): 947–51. doi:10.1038/nbt.2969. PMID 25038773. S2CID 205280231.
Waltz E (April 2016). "Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation". Nature. 532 (7599): 293. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..293W. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19754. PMID 27111611.
Sun X, Mumm RH (2015). "Optimized breeding strategies for multiple trait integration: III. Parameters for success in version testing". Molecular Breeding. 35 (10): 201. doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0397-z. PMC 4605974. PMID 26491398.
Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodríguez-Cerezo E (2012). "Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: A meta-analysis". The Journal of Agricultural Science. 151: 7–33. doi:10.1017/S0021859612000111. S2CID 85891950.
Finger R, El Benni N, Kaphengst T, Evans C, Herbert S, Lehmann B, Morse S, Stupak N (2011). "A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops" (PDF). Sustainability. 3 (12): 743–62. doi:10.3390/su3050743.
Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, et al. (October 2010). "Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers". Science. 330 (6001): 222–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..222H. doi:10.1126/science.1190242. PMID 20929774. S2CID 238816.
Falck-Zepeda JB, Traxler G, Nelson RG (2000). "Surplus Distribution from the Introduction of a Biotechnology Innovation". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 82 (2): 360–69. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00031. JSTOR 1244657. S2CID 153595694.
Van Eenennaam, Alison L.; De Figueiredo Silva, Felipe; Trott, Josephine F.; Zilberman, David (16 February 2021). "Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 9 (1). Annual Reviews: 453–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052. ISSN 2165-8102. PMID 33186503. S2CID 226948372.
Chen, Wenkang; Chen, Lu; Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Ning; Guo, Jianghua; Wang, Min; Ji, Shenghui; Zhao, Xiangyu; Yin, Pengfei; Cai, Lichun; Xu, Jing; Zhang, Lili; Han, Yingjia; Xiao, Yingni; Xu, Gen; Wang, Yuebin; Wang, Shuhui; Wu, Sheng; Yang, Fang; Jackson, David; Cheng, Jinkui; Chen, Saihua; Sun, Chuanqing; Qin, Feng; Tian, Feng; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Li, Jiansheng; Yan, Jianbing; Yang, Xiaohong (25 March 2022). "Convergent selection of a WD40 protein that enhances grain yield in maize and rice". Science. 375 (6587): eabg7985. doi:10.1126/science.abg7985. PMID 35324310. S2CID 247677363.
Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Leonelli L, Gabilly ST, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Long SP (November 2016). "Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection". Science. 354 (6314): 857–861. Bibcode:2016Sci...354..857K. doi:10.1126/science.aai8878. PMID 27856901.
Karki S, Rizal G, Quick WP (October 2013). "Improvement of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inserting the C4 pathway". Rice. 6 (1): 28. Bibcode:2013Rice....6...28K. doi:10.1186/1939-8433-6-28. PMC 4883725. PMID 24280149.
Evans JR (August 2013). "Improving photosynthesis". Plant Physiology. 162 (4): 1780–93. doi:10.1104/pp.113.219006. PMC 3729760. PMID 23812345.
Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Nayar A (2011). "Grants aim to fight malnutrition". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2011.233.
Sayre R, Beeching JR, Cahoon EB, Egesi C, Fauquet C, Fellman J, et al. (2011). "The BioCassava plus program: biofortification of cassava for sub-Saharan Africa". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 62: 251–72. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103751. PMID 21526968.
Eisenstein M (September 2013). "Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell". Nature. 501 (7468): S7–9. Bibcode:2013Natur.501S...7E. doi:10.1038/501S7a. PMID 24067764. S2CID 4464117.
Green, Jerry M (20 January 2014). "Current state of herbicides in herbicide-resistant crops". Pest Management Science. 70 (9): 1351–1357. doi:10.1002/ps.3727. ISSN 1526-498X. PMID 24446395.
Heck GR, Armstrong CL, Astwood JD, Behr CF, Bookout JT, Brown SM, et al. (1 January 2005). "Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event". Crop Sci. 45 (1): 329–39. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.0329. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 22 August 2009.
Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E (August 2006). "Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (35): 13010–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313010F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603638103. PMC 1559744. PMID 16916934.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Voloudakis, Andreas E.; Kaldis, Athanasios; Patil, Basavaprabhu L. (29 September 2022). "RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses". Annual Review of Virology. 9 (1): 521–548. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-073708. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 36173698.
Prabin Kumar Sharma; Manalisha Saharia; Richa Srivstava; Sanjeev Kumar; Lingaraj Sahoo (21 November 2018). "Tailoring Microalgae for Efficient Biofuel Production". Frontiers in Marine Science. 5. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00382.
Smith RA, Cass CL, Mazaheri M, Sekhon RS, Heckwolf M, Kaeppler H, de Leon N, Mansfield SD, Kaeppler SM, Sedbrook JC, Karlen SD, Ralph J (2017). "Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2017BB.....10..109S. doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1. PMC 5414125. PMID 28469705.
Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- van Beilen JB, Poirier Y (May 2008). "Production of renewable polymers from crop plants". The Plant Journal. 54 (4): 684–701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03431.x. PMID 18476872.
- Meagher RB (April 2000). "Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 3 (2): 153–62. Bibcode:2000COPB....3..153M. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00054-0. PMID 10712958.
- Kwon CT, Heo J, Lemmon ZH, Capua Y, Hutton SF, Van Eck J, Park SJ, Lippman ZB (February 2020). "Rapid customization of Solanaceae fruit crops for urban agriculture". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (2): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0361-2. PMID 31873217. S2CID 209464229.
- Ueta R, Abe C, Watanabe T, Sugano SS, Ishihara R, Ezura H, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (March 2017). "Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 507. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..507U. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4. PMC 5428692. PMID 28360425.
  - Alice Klein (11 April 2017). "Gene editing opens doors to seedless fruit with no need for bees". New Scientist.
  - Jinkerson, Robert E.; Poveda-Huertes, Daniel; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Cho, Anna; Ochoa-Fernandez, Rocio; Keeling, Patrick J.; Xiang, Tingting; Andersen-Ranberg, Johan (5 March 2024). "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll c in a dinoflagellate and heterologous production in planta". Current Biology. 34 (3): 594–605.e4. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.594J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38157859.
  - Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2013.
  - Roush RT (1997). "Bt-transgenic crops: just another pretty insecticide or a chance for a new start in the resistance management?". Pestic. Sci. 51 (3): 328–34. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199711)51:3<328::AID-PS650>3.0.CO;2-B.
  - Dong HZ, Li WJ (2007). "Variability of Endotoxin Expression in Bt Transgenic Cotton". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 193 (1): 21–29. Bibcode:2007JAgCS.193...21D. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2006.00240.x.
  - Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field". Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651.
  - Siegfried BD, Hellmich RL (2012). "Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States". GM Crops & Food. 3 (3): 184–93. doi:10.4161/gmcr.20715. PMID 22688691.
  - Devos Y, Meihls LN, Kiss J, Hibbard BE (April 2013). "Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations". Transgenic Research. 22 (2): 269–99. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9657-4. PMID 23011587. S2CID 10821353.
  - Culpepper AS, Grey TL, Vencill WK, Kichler JM, Webster TM, Brown SM, et al. (2006). "Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia". Weed Science. 54 (4): 620–26. doi:10.1614/ws-06-001r.1. S2CID 56236569.
  - Brookes, Graham (2 July 2020). "Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions". GM Crops & Food. 11 (3): 140–153. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1715156. ISSN 2164-5698. PMC 7518743. PMID 32008444.
  - Kovak, Emma; Blaustein-Rejto, Dan; Qaim, Matin (8 February 2022). "Genetically modified crops support climate change mitigation". Trends in Plant Science. 27 (7): 627–629. Bibcode:2022TPS....27..627K. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 35148945.
  - Martey, Edward; Etwire, Prince M.; Kuwornu, John K. M. (1 May 2020). "Economic impacts of smallholder farmers' adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties". Land Use Policy. 94: 104524. Bibcode:2020LUPol..9404524M. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104524. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 213380155.
  - Lemaux PG (19 February 2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 771–812. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840. PMID 18284373.
  - Azadi H, Samiee A, Mahmoudi H, Jouzi Z, Khachak PR, De Maeyer P, Witlox F (2016). "Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 434–46. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.990413. hdl:1854/LU-7022459. PMID 25566797. S2CID 46117952.
  - Qiu J (16 August 2013). "Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 87415065.
  - Satheeshkumar, P. K.; Narayanan, Anoop (2017), Abdulhameed, Sabu; Pradeep, N.S.; Sugathan, Shiburaj (eds.), "Biopiracy", Bioresources and Bioprocess in Biotechnology: Volume 1: Status and Strategies for Exploration, Singapore: Springer, pp. 185–204, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3573-9_9, ISBN 978-981-10-3573-9, retrieved 20 October 2023
  - Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (6): 290–8. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMC 2408621. PMID 18515776.
  - Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423.
  - Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  - Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594.

easac.eu

European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) (27 June 2013). "Planting the future: opportunities and challenges for using crop genetic improvement technologies for sustainable agriculture". EASAC Policy Report: 21.

economist.com

"Genetically modified crops - Field research". Economist. 8 November 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

epa.gov

yosemite.epa.gov

"EPA Announces Final Decision to Register Enlist Duo, Herbicide Containing 2, 4-D and Glyphosate/Risk assessment ensures protection of human health, including infants, children". EPA Press Release. 15 October 2014.

www2.epa.gov

"EPA Documents: Registration of Enlist Duo". 18 September 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2015.

ethz.ch

research-collection.ethz.ch

Finger R, El Benni N, Kaphengst T, Evans C, Herbert S, Lehmann B, Morse S, Stupak N (2011). "A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops" (PDF). Sustainability. 3 (12): 743–62. doi:10.3390/su3050743.

euractiv.com

"EU GMO ban was illegal, WTO rules". Euractiv.com. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2010.

europa.eu

ec.europa.eu

European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010). A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) (PDF). Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. doi:10.2777/97784. ISBN 978-92-79-16344-9. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"Genetically Modified Organisms". Food Safety. European Commission. 17 October 2016.

fao.org

"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).

fda.gov

"FDA concludes Arctic Apples and Innate Potatoes are safe for consumption". United States Food and Drug Administration. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015.

federalregister.gov

"J.R. Simplot Co.; Availability of Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Potato Genetically Engineered for Low Acrylamide Potential and Reduced Black Spot Bruise". Federal Register. 3 May 2013.

foodstandards.gov.au

"A1274 - Food derived from disease-resistant banana line QCAV-4 | Food Standards Australia New Zealand". www.foodstandards.gov.au. Retrieved 21 February 2024.

forbes.com

Langreth R, Herper M (31 December 2009). "The Planet Versus Monsanto". Forbes.
Cavallaro M (26 June 2009). "The Seeds Of A Monsanto Short Play". Forbes.

gaiapresse.ca

But see also:
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast:
Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food ... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423.

geneticliteracyproject.org

Best S (24 October 2017). "'Supercharged' GMO rice could increase yields 50 percent with improved photosynthesis".

globes.co.il

Weinreb G, Yeshayahou K (2 May 2012). "FDA approves Protalix Gaucher treatment". Globes. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.

gmo-compass.org

"Australia continues to test drought-resistant GM wheat". GMO Compass. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Staff (14 May 2011). "USA: USDA allows large-scale GM eucalyptus trial". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
www.gmo-compass.org. "Lucerne - GMO Database". www.gmo-compass.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
"USA :Cultivation of GM Plants in 2009, Maize, soybean, cotton: 88 percent genetically modified". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
"Spain, Bt maize prevails". GMO Compass. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
"GM plants in the EU in 2009 Field area for Bt maize decreases". GMO Compass. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.

gmo-safety.eu

Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2013.

gpo.gov

permanent.access.gpo.gov

Bren L (November–December 2003). "Genetic engineering: the future of foods?". FDA Consumer. 37 (6). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 28–34. PMID 14986586.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- Azadi H, Samiee A, Mahmoudi H, Jouzi Z, Khachak PR, De Maeyer P, Witlox F (2016). "Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 434–46. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.990413. hdl:1854/LU-7022459. PMID 25566797. S2CID 46117952.

harc-hspa.com

Wenslaff TF, Osgood RB (October 2000). "Production Of UH Sunup Transgenic Papaya Seed In Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Agriculture Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (February 2018). "Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3113. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3113P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21284-2. PMC 5814441. PMID 29449686. The introduction of an EU directive to shift GM approvals from the EU commission to the member states was immediately accepted by 19 of the 28 members who opted to ban GM crops in their countries.
Klümper W, Qaim M (2014). "A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111629. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1629K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629. PMC 4218791. PMID 25365303.
Perry ED, Ciliberto F, Hennessy DA, Moschini G (August 2016). "Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans". Science Advances. 2 (8): e1600850. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0850P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600850. PMC 5020710. PMID 27652335.
But see also:
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast:
Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food ... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
Chen ZJ (February 2010). "Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (2): 57–71. Bibcode:2010TPS....15...57C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.003. PMC 2821985. PMID 20080432.
Hoisington D, Khairallah M, Reeves T, Ribaut JM, Skovmand B, Taba S, Warburton M (May 1999). "Plant genetic resources: what can they contribute toward increased crop productivity?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (11): 5937–43. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.5937H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937. PMC 34209. PMID 10339521.
Roberts RJ (April 2005). "How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 5905–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC 1087929. PMID 15840723.
Weiss B, Richardson CC (April 1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (4): 1021–8. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC 224649. PMID 5340583.
Bevan MW, Flavell RB, Chilton MD (1983). "A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformation. 1983". Biotechnology. 24 (5922): 367–70. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..184B. doi:10.1038/304184a0. PMID 1422041. S2CID 28713537.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Catchpole GS, Beckmann M, Enot DP, Mondhe M, Zywicki B, Taylor J, et al. (October 2005). "Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (40): 14458–62. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214458C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503955102. PMC 1242293. PMID 16186495.
Waltz E (April 2016). "Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation". Nature. 532 (7599): 293. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..293W. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19754. PMID 27111611.
Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, et al. (October 2010). "Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers". Science. 330 (6001): 222–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..222H. doi:10.1126/science.1190242. PMID 20929774. S2CID 238816.
Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Leonelli L, Gabilly ST, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Long SP (November 2016). "Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection". Science. 354 (6314): 857–861. Bibcode:2016Sci...354..857K. doi:10.1126/science.aai8878. PMID 27856901.
Karki S, Rizal G, Quick WP (October 2013). "Improvement of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inserting the C4 pathway". Rice. 6 (1): 28. Bibcode:2013Rice....6...28K. doi:10.1186/1939-8433-6-28. PMC 4883725. PMID 24280149.
Eisenstein M (September 2013). "Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell". Nature. 501 (7468): S7–9. Bibcode:2013Natur.501S...7E. doi:10.1038/501S7a. PMID 24067764. S2CID 4464117.
Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E (August 2006). "Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (35): 13010–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313010F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603638103. PMC 1559744. PMID 16916934.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Smith RA, Cass CL, Mazaheri M, Sekhon RS, Heckwolf M, Kaeppler H, de Leon N, Mansfield SD, Kaeppler SM, Sedbrook JC, Karlen SD, Ralph J (2017). "Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2017BB.....10..109S. doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1. PMC 5414125. PMID 28469705.
Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- Meagher RB (April 2000). "Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 3 (2): 153–62. Bibcode:2000COPB....3..153M. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00054-0. PMID 10712958.
- Ueta R, Abe C, Watanabe T, Sugano SS, Ishihara R, Ezura H, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (March 2017). "Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 507. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..507U. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4. PMC 5428692. PMID 28360425.
  - Alice Klein (11 April 2017). "Gene editing opens doors to seedless fruit with no need for bees". New Scientist.
  - Jinkerson, Robert E.; Poveda-Huertes, Daniel; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Cho, Anna; Ochoa-Fernandez, Rocio; Keeling, Patrick J.; Xiang, Tingting; Andersen-Ranberg, Johan (5 March 2024). "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll c in a dinoflagellate and heterologous production in planta". Current Biology. 34 (3): 594–605.e4. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.594J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38157859.
  - Dong HZ, Li WJ (2007). "Variability of Endotoxin Expression in Bt Transgenic Cotton". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 193 (1): 21–29. Bibcode:2007JAgCS.193...21D. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.2006.00240.x.
  - Kovak, Emma; Blaustein-Rejto, Dan; Qaim, Matin (8 February 2022). "Genetically modified crops support climate change mitigation". Trends in Plant Science. 27 (7): 627–629. Bibcode:2022TPS....27..627K. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 35148945.
  - Martey, Edward; Etwire, Prince M.; Kuwornu, John K. M. (1 May 2020). "Economic impacts of smallholder farmers' adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties". Land Use Policy. 94: 104524. Bibcode:2020LUPol..9404524M. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104524. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 213380155.
  - Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423.

hawaiipapaya.com

"The Rainbow Papaya Story". Hawaii Papaya Industry Association. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.

horizonpress.com

Martins VA (2008). "Genomic Insights into Oil Biodegradation in Marine Systems". Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-17-2.^{[permanent dead link]}

hpj.com

"Roundup Ready soybean trait patent nears expiration in 2014". Hpj.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2016.

iastate.edu

lib.dr.iastate.edu

Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, et al. (October 2010). "Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers". Science. 330 (6001): 222–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..222H. doi:10.1126/science.1190242. PMID 20929774. S2CID 238816.
Siegfried BD, Hellmich RL (2012). "Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States". GM Crops & Food. 3 (3): 184–93. doi:10.4161/gmcr.20715. PMID 22688691.

ictsd.org

"GMO Update: US-EU Biotech Dispute; EU Regulations; Thailand". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2010.

ilsi.org

Paarlburg RD (January 2011). Maize in Africa, Anticipating Regulatory Hurdles (PDF). International Life Sciences Institute (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014.

independent.co.uk

Gabbatiss J (4 December 2017). "Scientists aim to develop drought-resistant crops using genetic engineering". Independent.

interestingengineering.com

Williams, Matthew S. "Making a Greenhouse on Another World: Where Can We Paraterraform in Our Solar System?". Interesting Engineering.

irishtimes.com

Strange A (20 September 2011). "Scientists engineer plants to eat toxic pollution". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 September 2011.

irri.org

"About Golden Rice". International Rice Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.

isaaa.org

"ISAAA 2013 Annual Report". ISAAA Brief 46-2013. 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2014. Executive Summary, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops
"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)". American Medical Association. January 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2019. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts." "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.

"Report 2 of the Council On Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.
James C (1996). "Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995" (PDF). The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
James C (1997). "Global Status of Transgenic Crops in 1997" (PDF). ISAAA Briefs No. 5: 31.
James C (2011). "ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011". ISAAA Briefs. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). Retrieved 2 June 2012.
James C (2014). "Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014". ISAAA Brief (49).
"Bt Brinjal in India - Pocket K - ISAAA.org". www.isaaa.org.
"Biotechnology with Salinity for Coping in Problem Soils". International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA).
ISAAA. "ISAAA Brief 55-2019: Executive Summary". www.isaaa.org. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
"Gene list: aad1". ISAAA GM Approval Database. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
"Singapore Biodiesel Company Develops GM Jatropha- Crop Biotech Update". www.isaaa.org.
"GM Crops List | GM Approval Database- ISAAA.org". www.isaaa.org. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
"Infographics: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 | ISAAA.org". www.isaaa.org. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
"Facts and trends - India" (PDF). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.
"Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014 | ISAAA.org". www.isaaa.org. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
"Facts and trends-Mexico" (PDF). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.
"Facts and trends- China" (PDF). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.
"Facts and trends - Colombia" (PDF). International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications.
"Growing Crops on Mars Possible With Gene Editing". Crop Biotech Update.
"Executive Summary". ISAAA 2012 Annual Report.
James C (2007). "Executive Summary". G lobal Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Briefs. Vol. 37. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). ISBN 978-1-892456-42-7. OCLC 262649526. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.

iupui.edu

scholarworks.iupui.edu

"Genetically Engineered Foods - Plant Virus Resistance" (PDF). Cornell Cooperative Extension. Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

jstor.org

Falck-Zepeda JB, Traxler G, Nelson RG (2000). "Surplus Distribution from the Introduction of a Biotechnology Innovation". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 82 (2): 360–69. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00031. JSTOR 1244657. S2CID 153595694.

lancs.ac.uk

csec.lancs.ac.uk

Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001). "Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe". Commission of European Communities. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

lifesciencesfoundation.org

"Timelines: 1987: Next The gene gun". lifesciencesfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013.

loc.gov

"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion". Library of Congress. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.
"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms". Library of Congress. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2019.

massey.ac.nz

Gianessi LP, Silvers CS, Sankula S, Carpenter JE (June 2002). Plant biotechnology: current and potential impact for improving pest management in US agriculture: an analysis of 40 case studies (PDF). Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.

mewburn.com

Fisher, Isobel (22 June 2023). "One giant leap for plant-kind: engineering plants for Mars". www.mewburn.com.

mhhe.com

Kipp E (February 2000). "Genetically Altered Papayas Save the Harvest". Botany Global Issues Map. Archived from the original on 13 December 2004.

midwestwinepress.com

Ganchiff M (24 August 2013). "New Herbicide Resistant Crops Being Considered By USDA". Midwest Wine Press.

monsanto.com

"Roundup Ready Soybean Patent Expiration". Monsanto.
"Monsanto ~ Licensing". Monsanto.com. 3 November 2008.
APPDMZ\ccvivr. "Monsanto - Pink Bollworm Resistance to GM Cotton in India".
"The Real Deal: Explaining Monsanto's Refuge-in-the-Bag Concept". www.monsanto.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2015.

motherjones.com

Philpott T (3 February 2016). "WTF Happened to Golden Rice?". Mother Jones. Retrieved 24 March 2016.

nap.edu

National Academies Of Sciences; Division on Earth Life Studies Engineering; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
United States Institute of Medicine and National Research Council (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press. ISBN 9780309092098. See pp11ff on need for better standards and tools to evaluate GM food.

nasa.gov

"NASA - Designer Plants on Mars - NASA".

nature.com

blogs.nature.com

Maxmen A (2 May 2012). "First plant-made drug on the market". Nature, Biology & Biotechnology, Industry. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.

nature.com

Qiu J (16 August 2013). "Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 87415065.

newatlas.com

Coxworth, Ben (7 March 2024). "Algae-gene-boosted crop plants grow better by using more light". New Atlas. Retrieved 13 March 2024.

news.google.com

"Genetically Altered Potato Ok'd For Crops". Lawrence Journal. 6 May 1995.
"Genetically Altered Potato Ok'd For Crops]". Lawrence Journal-World. 6 May 1995.

newscientist.com

MacKenzie D (18 June 1994). "Transgenic tobacco is European first". New Scientist.
"One Per Cent: Grow your own living lights". New Scientist. 4 May 2013.
MacKenzie D (2 August 2008). "How the humble potato could feed the world". New Scientist. pp. 30–33.
"Rice and maize yields boosted up to 10 per cent by CRISPR gene editing". New Scientist. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
MacKenzie D (18 June 1994). "Transgenic tobacco is European first". New Scientist.
Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- Ueta R, Abe C, Watanabe T, Sugano SS, Ishihara R, Ezura H, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (March 2017). "Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 507. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..507U. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4. PMC 5428692. PMID 28360425.
  - Alice Klein (11 April 2017). "Gene editing opens doors to seedless fruit with no need for bees". New Scientist.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (February 2018). "Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3113. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3113P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21284-2. PMC 5814441. PMID 29449686. The introduction of an EU directive to shift GM approvals from the EU commission to the member states was immediately accepted by 19 of the 28 members who opted to ban GM crops in their countries.
Klümper W, Qaim M (2014). "A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111629. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1629K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629. PMC 4218791. PMID 25365303.
Perry ED, Ciliberto F, Hennessy DA, Moschini G (August 2016). "Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans". Science Advances. 2 (8): e1600850. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0850P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600850. PMC 5020710. PMID 27652335.
Smyth, Stuart J. (April 2020). "The human health benefits from GM crops". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 18 (4): 887–888. doi:10.1111/pbi.13261. PMC 7061863. PMID 31544299.
Gruère, G.; Sengupta, D. (2011). "Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: An Evidence-based Assessment". Journal of Development Studies. 47 (2): 316–337. doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.492863. PMID 21506303. S2CID 20145281.
Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
Ronald P (May 2011). "Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
But see also:
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast:
Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food ... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
National Academies Of Sciences; Division on Earth Life Studies Engineering; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016). Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. doi:10.17226/23395. ISBN 978-0-309-43738-7. PMID 28230933. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops: On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.
Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–41. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
Marris C (July 2001). "Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 545–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142. PMC 1083956. PMID 11463731.
Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–24. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060.
Chen ZJ (February 2010). "Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (2): 57–71. Bibcode:2010TPS....15...57C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.003. PMC 2821985. PMID 20080432.
Hoisington D, Khairallah M, Reeves T, Ribaut JM, Skovmand B, Taba S, Warburton M (May 1999). "Plant genetic resources: what can they contribute toward increased crop productivity?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (11): 5937–43. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.5937H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937. PMC 34209. PMID 10339521.
Roberts RJ (April 2005). "How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 5905–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC 1087929. PMID 15840723.
Weiss B, Richardson CC (April 1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (4): 1021–8. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC 224649. PMID 5340583.
Lederberg J (October 1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 32 (4): 403–30. doi:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID 13003535.
Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. 2 (12): 2143–50. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC 555426. PMID 16453482.
Clough SJ, Bent AF (December 1998). "Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 16 (6): 735–43. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x. PMID 10069079. S2CID 410286.
Jiang W, Zhou H, Bi H, Fromm M, Yang B, Weeks DP (November 2013). "Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in Arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (20): e188. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt780. PMC 3814374. PMID 23999092.
Lemaux PG (2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 771–812. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840. PMID 18284373.
Bevan MW, Flavell RB, Chilton MD (1983). "A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformation. 1983". Biotechnology. 24 (5922): 367–70. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..184B. doi:10.1038/304184a0. PMID 1422041. S2CID 28713537.
Shrawat AK, Lörz H (November 2006). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of cereals: a promising approach crossing barriers". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 4 (6): 575–603. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2006.00209.x. PMID 17309731.
Maghari BM, Ardekani AM (July 2011). "Genetically modified foods and social concerns". Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology. 3 (3): 109–17. PMC 3558185. PMID 23408723.
Catchpole GS, Beckmann M, Enot DP, Mondhe M, Zywicki B, Taylor J, et al. (October 2005). "Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (40): 14458–62. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214458C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503955102. PMC 1242293. PMID 16186495.
Koornneef M, Meinke D (March 2010). "The development of Arabidopsis as a model plant". The Plant Journal. 61 (6): 909–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04086.x. PMID 20409266.
Walmsley AM, Arntzen CJ (April 2000). "Plants for delivery of edible vaccines". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 11 (2): 126–9. doi:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00070-7. PMID 10753769.
Podevin N, du Jardin P (2012). "Possible consequences of the overlap between the CaMV 35S promoter regions in plant transformation vectors used and the viral gene VI in transgenic plants". GM Crops & Food. 3 (4): 296–300. doi:10.4161/gmcr.21406. PMID 22892689.
Price GD, Badger MR, Woodger FJ, Long BM (2008). "Advances in understanding the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating-mechanism (CCM): functional components, Ci transporters, diversity, genetic regulation and prospects for engineering into plants". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (7): 1441–61. doi:10.1093/jxb/erm112. PMID 17578868.
Gonzalez N, De Bodt S, Sulpice R, Jikumaru Y, Chae E, Dhondt S, et al. (July 2010). "Increased leaf size: different means to an end". Plant Physiology. 153 (3): 1261–79. doi:10.1104/pp.110.156018. PMC 2899902. PMID 20460583.
Koenig D, Bayer E, Kang J, Kuhlemeier C, Sinha N (September 2009). "Auxin patterns Solanum lycopersicum leaf morphogenesis". Development. 136 (17): 2997–3006. doi:10.1242/dev.033811. PMID 19666826.
Sakoda K, Yamori W, Shimada T, Sugano SS, Hara-Nishimura I, Tanaka Y (October 2020). "Higher Stomatal Density Improves Photosynthetic Induction and Biomass Production in Arabidopsis Under Fluctuating Light". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 589603. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.589603. PMC 7641607. PMID 33193542.
Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E (2006). "Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants: International regulations for genetically modified organisms should be altered to exempt cisgenesis". EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 750–53. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769. PMC 1525145. PMID 16880817.
Wang Y, Cheng X, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Gao C, Qiu JL (September 2014). "Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (9): 947–51. doi:10.1038/nbt.2969. PMID 25038773. S2CID 205280231.
Waltz E (April 2016). "Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation". Nature. 532 (7599): 293. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..293W. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19754. PMID 27111611.
Sun X, Mumm RH (2015). "Optimized breeding strategies for multiple trait integration: III. Parameters for success in version testing". Molecular Breeding. 35 (10): 201. doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0397-z. PMC 4605974. PMID 26491398.
Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, et al. (October 2010). "Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers". Science. 330 (6001): 222–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..222H. doi:10.1126/science.1190242. PMID 20929774. S2CID 238816.
Van Eenennaam, Alison L.; De Figueiredo Silva, Felipe; Trott, Josephine F.; Zilberman, David (16 February 2021). "Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 9 (1). Annual Reviews: 453–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052. ISSN 2165-8102. PMID 33186503. S2CID 226948372.
Chen, Wenkang; Chen, Lu; Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Ning; Guo, Jianghua; Wang, Min; Ji, Shenghui; Zhao, Xiangyu; Yin, Pengfei; Cai, Lichun; Xu, Jing; Zhang, Lili; Han, Yingjia; Xiao, Yingni; Xu, Gen; Wang, Yuebin; Wang, Shuhui; Wu, Sheng; Yang, Fang; Jackson, David; Cheng, Jinkui; Chen, Saihua; Sun, Chuanqing; Qin, Feng; Tian, Feng; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Li, Jiansheng; Yan, Jianbing; Yang, Xiaohong (25 March 2022). "Convergent selection of a WD40 protein that enhances grain yield in maize and rice". Science. 375 (6587): eabg7985. doi:10.1126/science.abg7985. PMID 35324310. S2CID 247677363.
Kromdijk J, Głowacka K, Leonelli L, Gabilly ST, Iwai M, Niyogi KK, Long SP (November 2016). "Improving photosynthesis and crop productivity by accelerating recovery from photoprotection". Science. 354 (6314): 857–861. Bibcode:2016Sci...354..857K. doi:10.1126/science.aai8878. PMID 27856901.
Karki S, Rizal G, Quick WP (October 2013). "Improvement of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inserting the C4 pathway". Rice. 6 (1): 28. Bibcode:2013Rice....6...28K. doi:10.1186/1939-8433-6-28. PMC 4883725. PMID 24280149.
Evans JR (August 2013). "Improving photosynthesis". Plant Physiology. 162 (4): 1780–93. doi:10.1104/pp.113.219006. PMC 3729760. PMID 23812345.
Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
Sayre R, Beeching JR, Cahoon EB, Egesi C, Fauquet C, Fellman J, et al. (2011). "The BioCassava plus program: biofortification of cassava for sub-Saharan Africa". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 62: 251–72. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103751. PMID 21526968.
Eisenstein M (September 2013). "Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell". Nature. 501 (7468): S7–9. Bibcode:2013Natur.501S...7E. doi:10.1038/501S7a. PMID 24067764. S2CID 4464117.
Green, Jerry M (20 January 2014). "Current state of herbicides in herbicide-resistant crops". Pest Management Science. 70 (9): 1351–1357. doi:10.1002/ps.3727. ISSN 1526-498X. PMID 24446395.
Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E (August 2006). "Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (35): 13010–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313010F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603638103. PMC 1559744. PMID 16916934.
Voloudakis, Andreas E.; Kaldis, Athanasios; Patil, Basavaprabhu L. (29 September 2022). "RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses". Annual Review of Virology. 9 (1): 521–548. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-073708. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 36173698.
Smith RA, Cass CL, Mazaheri M, Sekhon RS, Heckwolf M, Kaeppler H, de Leon N, Mansfield SD, Kaeppler SM, Sedbrook JC, Karlen SD, Ralph J (2017). "Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2017BB.....10..109S. doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1. PMC 5414125. PMID 28469705.
Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- van Beilen JB, Poirier Y (May 2008). "Production of renewable polymers from crop plants". The Plant Journal. 54 (4): 684–701. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03431.x. PMID 18476872.
- Meagher RB (April 2000). "Phytoremediation of toxic elemental and organic pollutants". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 3 (2): 153–62. Bibcode:2000COPB....3..153M. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00054-0. PMID 10712958.
- Kwon CT, Heo J, Lemmon ZH, Capua Y, Hutton SF, Van Eck J, Park SJ, Lippman ZB (February 2020). "Rapid customization of Solanaceae fruit crops for urban agriculture". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (2): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0361-2. PMID 31873217. S2CID 209464229.
- Ueta R, Abe C, Watanabe T, Sugano SS, Ishihara R, Ezura H, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (March 2017). "Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 507. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..507U. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4. PMC 5428692. PMID 28360425.
  - Alice Klein (11 April 2017). "Gene editing opens doors to seedless fruit with no need for bees". New Scientist.
  - Jinkerson, Robert E.; Poveda-Huertes, Daniel; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Cho, Anna; Ochoa-Fernandez, Rocio; Keeling, Patrick J.; Xiang, Tingting; Andersen-Ranberg, Johan (5 March 2024). "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll c in a dinoflagellate and heterologous production in planta". Current Biology. 34 (3): 594–605.e4. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.594J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38157859.
  - Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2013.
  - Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field". Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651.
  - Siegfried BD, Hellmich RL (2012). "Understanding successful resistance management: the European corn borer and Bt corn in the United States". GM Crops & Food. 3 (3): 184–93. doi:10.4161/gmcr.20715. PMID 22688691.
  - Devos Y, Meihls LN, Kiss J, Hibbard BE (April 2013). "Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations". Transgenic Research. 22 (2): 269–99. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9657-4. PMID 23011587. S2CID 10821353.
  - Brookes, Graham (2 July 2020). "Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions". GM Crops & Food. 11 (3): 140–153. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1715156. ISSN 2164-5698. PMC 7518743. PMID 32008444.
  - Kovak, Emma; Blaustein-Rejto, Dan; Qaim, Matin (8 February 2022). "Genetically modified crops support climate change mitigation". Trends in Plant Science. 27 (7): 627–629. Bibcode:2022TPS....27..627K. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 35148945.
  - Bren L (November–December 2003). "Genetic engineering: the future of foods?". FDA Consumer. 37 (6). U.S. Food and Drug Administration: 28–34. PMID 14986586.
  - Lemaux PG (19 February 2008). "Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I)". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 59: 771–812. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103840. PMID 18284373.
  - Azadi H, Samiee A, Mahmoudi H, Jouzi Z, Khachak PR, De Maeyer P, Witlox F (2016). "Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 434–46. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.990413. hdl:1854/LU-7022459. PMID 25566797. S2CID 46117952.
  - Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (6): 290–8. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMC 2408621. PMID 18515776.
  - Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423.
  - Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Pellegrino E, Bedini S, Nuti M, Ercoli L (February 2018). "Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 3113. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.3113P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21284-2. PMC 5814441. PMID 29449686. The introduction of an EU directive to shift GM approvals from the EU commission to the member states was immediately accepted by 19 of the 28 members who opted to ban GM crops in their countries.
  - Klümper W, Qaim M (2014). "A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops". PLOS ONE. 9 (11): e111629. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k1629K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111629. PMC 4218791. PMID 25365303.
  - Perry ED, Ciliberto F, Hennessy DA, Moschini G (August 2016). "Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U.S. maize and soybeans". Science Advances. 2 (8): e1600850. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E0850P. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600850. PMC 5020710. PMID 27652335.
  - Smyth, Stuart J. (April 2020). "The human health benefits from GM crops". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 18 (4): 887–888. doi:10.1111/pbi.13261. PMC 7061863. PMID 31544299.
  - Ronald P (May 2011). "Plant genetics, sustainable agriculture and global food security". Genetics. 188 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.128553. PMC 3120150. PMID 21546547. There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).
  - Marris C (July 2001). "Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths. Stakeholders in the GMO debate often describe public opinion as irrational. But do they really understand the public?". EMBO Reports. 2 (7): 545–8. doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142. PMC 1083956. PMID 11463731.
  - Chen ZJ (February 2010). "Molecular mechanisms of polyploidy and hybrid vigor". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (2): 57–71. Bibcode:2010TPS....15...57C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.003. PMC 2821985. PMID 20080432.
  - Hoisington D, Khairallah M, Reeves T, Ribaut JM, Skovmand B, Taba S, Warburton M (May 1999). "Plant genetic resources: what can they contribute toward increased crop productivity?". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 96 (11): 5937–43. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96.5937H. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.11.5937. PMC 34209. PMID 10339521.
  - Roberts RJ (April 2005). "How restriction enzymes became the workhorses of molecular biology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 5905–8. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.5905R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0500923102. PMC 1087929. PMID 15840723.
  - Weiss B, Richardson CC (April 1967). "Enzymatic breakage and joining of deoxyribonucleic acid, I. Repair of single-strand breaks in DNA by an enzyme system from Escherichia coli infected with T4 bacteriophage". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 57 (4): 1021–8. Bibcode:1967PNAS...57.1021W. doi:10.1073/pnas.57.4.1021. PMC 224649. PMID 5340583.
  - Zambryski P, Joos H, Genetello C, Leemans J, Montagu MV, Schell J (1983). "Ti plasmid vector for the introduction of DNA into plant cells without alteration of their normal regeneration capacity". The EMBO Journal. 2 (12): 2143–50. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01715.x. PMC 555426. PMID 16453482.
  - Jiang W, Zhou H, Bi H, Fromm M, Yang B, Weeks DP (November 2013). "Demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9/sgRNA-mediated targeted gene modification in Arabidopsis, tobacco, sorghum and rice". Nucleic Acids Research. 41 (20): e188. doi:10.1093/nar/gkt780. PMC 3814374. PMID 23999092.
  - Maghari BM, Ardekani AM (July 2011). "Genetically modified foods and social concerns". Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology. 3 (3): 109–17. PMC 3558185. PMID 23408723.
  - Catchpole GS, Beckmann M, Enot DP, Mondhe M, Zywicki B, Taylor J, et al. (October 2005). "Hierarchical metabolomics demonstrates substantial compositional similarity between genetically modified and conventional potato crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (40): 14458–62. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10214458C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503955102. PMC 1242293. PMID 16186495.
  - Gonzalez N, De Bodt S, Sulpice R, Jikumaru Y, Chae E, Dhondt S, et al. (July 2010). "Increased leaf size: different means to an end". Plant Physiology. 153 (3): 1261–79. doi:10.1104/pp.110.156018. PMC 2899902. PMID 20460583.
  - Sakoda K, Yamori W, Shimada T, Sugano SS, Hara-Nishimura I, Tanaka Y (October 2020). "Higher Stomatal Density Improves Photosynthetic Induction and Biomass Production in Arabidopsis Under Fluctuating Light". Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 589603. doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.589603. PMC 7641607. PMID 33193542.
  - Schouten HJ, Krens FA, Jacobsen E (2006). "Cisgenic plants are similar to traditionally bred plants: International regulations for genetically modified organisms should be altered to exempt cisgenesis". EMBO Reports. 7 (8): 750–53. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400769. PMC 1525145. PMID 16880817.
  - Sun X, Mumm RH (2015). "Optimized breeding strategies for multiple trait integration: III. Parameters for success in version testing". Molecular Breeding. 35 (10): 201. doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0397-z. PMC 4605974. PMID 26491398.
  - Karki S, Rizal G, Quick WP (October 2013). "Improvement of photosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by inserting the C4 pathway". Rice. 6 (1): 28. Bibcode:2013Rice....6...28K. doi:10.1186/1939-8433-6-28. PMC 4883725. PMID 24280149.
  - Evans JR (August 2013). "Improving photosynthesis". Plant Physiology. 162 (4): 1780–93. doi:10.1104/pp.113.219006. PMC 3729760. PMID 23812345.
  - Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O (January 2014). "Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop". The Plant Journal. 77 (2): 198–208. doi:10.1111/tpj.12378. PMC 4253037. PMID 24308505.
  - Funke T, Han H, Healy-Fried ML, Fischer M, Schönbrunn E (August 2006). "Molecular basis for the herbicide resistance of Roundup Ready crops". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (35): 13010–5. Bibcode:2006PNAS..10313010F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0603638103. PMC 1559744. PMID 16916934.
  - Smith RA, Cass CL, Mazaheri M, Sekhon RS, Heckwolf M, Kaeppler H, de Leon N, Mansfield SD, Kaeppler SM, Sedbrook JC, Karlen SD, Ralph J (2017). "Suppression of CINNAMOYL-CoA REDUCTASE increases the level of monolignol ferulates incorporated into maize lignins". Biotechnology for Biofuels. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2017BB.....10..109S. doi:10.1186/s13068-017-0793-1. PMC 5414125. PMID 28469705.
  - Ueta R, Abe C, Watanabe T, Sugano SS, Ishihara R, Ezura H, Osakabe Y, Osakabe K (March 2017). "Rapid breeding of parthenocarpic tomato plants using CRISPR/Cas9". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 507. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7..507U. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00501-4. PMC 5428692. PMID 28360425.
    - Alice Klein (11 April 2017). "Gene editing opens doors to seedless fruit with no need for bees". New Scientist.
    - Brookes, Graham (2 July 2020). "Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions". GM Crops & Food. 11 (3): 140–153. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1715156. ISSN 2164-5698. PMC 7518743. PMID 32008444.
    - Key S, Ma JK, Drake PM (June 2008). "Genetically modified plants and human health". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 101 (6): 290–8. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.070372. PMC 2408621. PMID 18515776.
    profiles.nlm.nih.gov
    - Lederberg J (October 1952). "Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 32 (4): 403–30. doi:10.1152/physrev.1952.32.4.403. PMID 13003535.

npr.org

"Monsanto GMO Ignites Big Seed War". NPR.
Charles, Dan (29 October 2020). "As Biotech crops lose their power, scientist push for new restrictions". NPR.

nytimes.com

Pollack A (13 April 2010). "Study Says Overuse Threatens Gains From Modified Crops". The New York Times.
"The history of maize cultivation in southern Mexico dates back 9,000 years". The New York Times. 25 May 2010.
Pollack A (7 November 2014). "U.S.D.A. Approves Modified Potato. Next Up: French Fry Fans". The New York Times.
Pollack A (13 February 2015). "Gene-Altered Apples Get U.S. Approval". The New York Times.
Pollack A (15 November 2013). "In a Bean, a Boon to Biotech". The New York Times.
Ronald P, McWilliams J (14 May 2010). "Genetically Engineered Distortions". The New York Times.
Pollack A (27 November 2007). "Round 2 for Biotech Beets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Pollack A (21 May 2012). "An Entrepreneur Bankrolls a Genetically Engineered Salmon". The New York Times.

orgprints.org

Paull J (June 2015). "The threat of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to organic agriculture: A case study update" (PDF). Agriculture & Food. 3: 56–63.

pewinternet.org

Funk C, Rainie L (29 January 2015). "Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points.

pgeconomics.co.uk

Brookes G, Barfoot P. GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996-2010 (PDF). PG Economics Ltd.

pioneer.com

"Agronomy Library – Pioneer Hi-Bred Agronomy Library". Pioneer.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

popsci.com

Boyle R (24 January 2011). "How To Genetically Modify a Seed, Step By Step". Popular Science.

potatopro.com

"The History and Future of GM Potatoes". PotatoPro Newsletter. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012.

pps.net

Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.

princeofwales.gov.uk

HRH Charles, Prince of Wales (8 June 1998). The Seeds of Disaster (Speech). Prince of Wales. Retrieved 13 October 2021.

purdue.edu

extension.purdue.edu

Johnson WG, Hallett SG, Legleiter TR, Whitford F, Weller SC, Bordelon BP, et al. (November 2012). "2,4-D- and Dicamba-tolerant Crops – Some Facts to Consider" (PDF). Purdue University Extension. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

extension.entm.purdue.edu

"Pest & Crop Newsletter". extension.entm.purdue.edu. Purdue Cooperative Extension Service. Retrieved 1 October 2017.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"Bombarded - Define Bombarded at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.com.

researchgate.net

Liang C (2016). "Genetically modified crops with drought tolerance: achievements, challenges, and perspectives.". Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants. Vol. 2. Cham.: Springer. pp. 531–547.
"(PDF) Crop growth and viability of seeds on Mars and Moon soil simulants". ResearchGate.

reuters.com

"UPDATE 3-U.S. farmers get approval to plant GMO alfalfa". Reuters. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

rothamsted.ac.uk

"Crop plants – "green factories" for fish oils". Rothamsted Research. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.

scidev.net

Sawahel W (22 July 2009). "Genetic change could make crops thrive on salty soils". SciDev.Net.

science.org

Chen, Wenkang; Chen, Lu; Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Ning; Guo, Jianghua; Wang, Min; Ji, Shenghui; Zhao, Xiangyu; Yin, Pengfei; Cai, Lichun; Xu, Jing; Zhang, Lili; Han, Yingjia; Xiao, Yingni; Xu, Gen; Wang, Yuebin; Wang, Shuhui; Wu, Sheng; Yang, Fang; Jackson, David; Cheng, Jinkui; Chen, Saihua; Sun, Chuanqing; Qin, Feng; Tian, Feng; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Li, Jiansheng; Yan, Jianbing; Yang, Xiaohong (25 March 2022). "Convergent selection of a WD40 protein that enhances grain yield in maize and rice". Science. 375 (6587): eabg7985. doi:10.1126/science.abg7985. PMID 35324310. S2CID 247677363.

sciencedaily.com

Langston J (22 November 2016). "New grasses neutralize toxic pollution from bombs, explosives, and munitions". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 30 November 2016.

sciencedirect.com

Martey, Edward; Etwire, Prince M.; Kuwornu, John K. M. (1 May 2020). "Economic impacts of smallholder farmers' adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties". Land Use Policy. 94: 104524. Bibcode:2020LUPol..9404524M. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104524. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 213380155.

scijournals.org

crop.scijournals.org

Heck GR, Armstrong CL, Astwood JD, Behr CF, Bookout JT, Brown SM, et al. (1 January 2005). "Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event". Crop Sci. 45 (1): 329–39. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.0329. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 22 August 2009.

seattletimes.com

Karnowski S (7 October 2010). "'Good neighbor' corn fights borers at home, nearby". Seattle Times. Retrieved 6 June 2024.

seedquest.com

"SeedQuest - Central information website for the global seed industry". www.seedquest.com.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Gruère, G.; Sengupta, D. (2011). "Bt Cotton and Farmer Suicides in India: An Evidence-based Assessment". Journal of Development Studies. 47 (2): 316–337. doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.492863. PMID 21506303. S2CID 20145281.
Nicolia A, Manzo A, Veronesi F, Rosellini D (March 2014). "An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 34 (1): 77–88. doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595. PMID 24041244. S2CID 9836802. We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly connected with the use of GM crops.

The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.
But see also:
Domingo JL, Giné Bordonaba J (May 2011). "A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" (PDF). Environment International. 37 (4): 734–42. Bibcode:2011EnInt..37..734D. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003. PMID 21296423. In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another story.
And contrast:
Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594. Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.
and
Yang YT, Chen B (April 2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 96 (6): 1851–5. Bibcode:2016JSFA...96.1851Y. doi:10.1002/jsfa.7523. PMID 26536836. It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA (citing Domingo and Bordonaba, 2011). Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food ... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date.

Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.
Haslberger AG (July 2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (7): 739–41. doi:10.1038/nbt0703-739. PMID 12833088. S2CID 2533628. These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.
Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–24. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060.
Predieri S (2001). "Mutation induction and tissue culture in improving fruits". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 64 (2/3): 185–210. doi:10.1023/A:1010623203554. S2CID 37850239.
Clough SJ, Bent AF (December 1998). "Floral dip: a simplified method for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana". The Plant Journal. 16 (6): 735–43. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00343.x. PMID 10069079. S2CID 410286.
Bevan MW, Flavell RB, Chilton MD (1983). "A chimaeric antibiotic resistance gene as a selectable marker for plant cell transformation. 1983". Biotechnology. 24 (5922): 367–70. Bibcode:1983Natur.304..184B. doi:10.1038/304184a0. PMID 1422041. S2CID 28713537.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Banjara M, Zhu L, Shen G, Payton P, Zhang H (1 January 2012). "Expression of an Arabidopsis sodium/proton antiporter gene (AtNHX1) in peanut to improve salt tolerance". Plant Biotechnology Reports. 6: 59–67. doi:10.1007/s11816-011-0200-5. S2CID 12025029.
Wang Y, Cheng X, Shan Q, Zhang Y, Liu J, Gao C, Qiu JL (September 2014). "Simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew". Nature Biotechnology. 32 (9): 947–51. doi:10.1038/nbt.2969. PMID 25038773. S2CID 205280231.
Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodríguez-Cerezo E (2012). "Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: A meta-analysis". The Journal of Agricultural Science. 151: 7–33. doi:10.1017/S0021859612000111. S2CID 85891950.
Hutchison WD, Burkness EC, Mitchell PD, Moon RD, Leslie TW, Fleischer SJ, et al. (October 2010). "Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers". Science. 330 (6001): 222–5. Bibcode:2010Sci...330..222H. doi:10.1126/science.1190242. PMID 20929774. S2CID 238816.
Falck-Zepeda JB, Traxler G, Nelson RG (2000). "Surplus Distribution from the Introduction of a Biotechnology Innovation". American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 82 (2): 360–69. doi:10.1111/0002-9092.00031. JSTOR 1244657. S2CID 153595694.
Van Eenennaam, Alison L.; De Figueiredo Silva, Felipe; Trott, Josephine F.; Zilberman, David (16 February 2021). "Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 9 (1). Annual Reviews: 453–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052. ISSN 2165-8102. PMID 33186503. S2CID 226948372.
Zilberman, David; Kaplan, Scott; Wesseler, Justus (17 February 2022). "The Loss from Underutilizing GM Technologies". AgBioForum. Illinois Missouri Biotechnology Alliance. S2CID 56129052.
Gurian-Sherman, Douglas (April 2009). Failure To Yield - Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. S2CID 6332194.
Chen, Wenkang; Chen, Lu; Zhang, Xuan; Yang, Ning; Guo, Jianghua; Wang, Min; Ji, Shenghui; Zhao, Xiangyu; Yin, Pengfei; Cai, Lichun; Xu, Jing; Zhang, Lili; Han, Yingjia; Xiao, Yingni; Xu, Gen; Wang, Yuebin; Wang, Shuhui; Wu, Sheng; Yang, Fang; Jackson, David; Cheng, Jinkui; Chen, Saihua; Sun, Chuanqing; Qin, Feng; Tian, Feng; Fernie, Alisdair R.; Li, Jiansheng; Yan, Jianbing; Yang, Xiaohong (25 March 2022). "Convergent selection of a WD40 protein that enhances grain yield in maize and rice". Science. 375 (6587): eabg7985. doi:10.1126/science.abg7985. PMID 35324310. S2CID 247677363.
Eisenstein M (September 2013). "Plant breeding: Discovery in a dry spell". Nature. 501 (7468): S7–9. Bibcode:2013Natur.501S...7E. doi:10.1038/501S7a. PMID 24067764. S2CID 4464117.
Vaeck M, Reynaerts A, Höfte H, Jansens S, De Beuckeleer M, Dean C, et al. (1987). "Transgenic plants protected from insect attack". Nature. 328 (6125): 33–37. Bibcode:1987Natur.328...33V. doi:10.1038/328033a0. S2CID 4310501.
Wilkerson CG, Mansfield SD, Lu F, Withers S, Park JY, Karlen SD, Gonzales-Vigil E, Padmakshan D, Unda F, Rencoret J, Ralph J (April 2014). "Monolignol ferulate transferase introduces chemically labile linkages into the lignin backbone". Science. 344 (6179): 90–3. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...90W. doi:10.1126/science.1250161. hdl:10261/95743. PMID 24700858. S2CID 25429319.
- Hal Hodson (3 April 2014). "Redesigned crops could produce far more fuel". New Scientist.
- Kwon CT, Heo J, Lemmon ZH, Capua Y, Hutton SF, Van Eck J, Park SJ, Lippman ZB (February 2020). "Rapid customization of Solanaceae fruit crops for urban agriculture". Nature Biotechnology. 38 (2): 182–188. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0361-2. PMID 31873217. S2CID 209464229.
- Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2013.
- Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field". Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651.
- Devos Y, Meihls LN, Kiss J, Hibbard BE (April 2013). "Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations". Transgenic Research. 22 (2): 269–99. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9657-4. PMID 23011587. S2CID 10821353.
- Culpepper AS, Grey TL, Vencill WK, Kichler JM, Webster TM, Brown SM, et al. (2006). "Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia". Weed Science. 54 (4): 620–26. doi:10.1614/ws-06-001r.1. S2CID 56236569.
- Martey, Edward; Etwire, Prince M.; Kuwornu, John K. M. (1 May 2020). "Economic impacts of smallholder farmers' adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties". Land Use Policy. 94: 104524. Bibcode:2020LUPol..9404524M. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104524. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 213380155.
- Azadi H, Samiee A, Mahmoudi H, Jouzi Z, Khachak PR, De Maeyer P, Witlox F (2016). "Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 434–46. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.990413. hdl:1854/LU-7022459. PMID 25566797. S2CID 46117952.
- Qiu J (16 August 2013). "Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 87415065.
- Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- Panchin AY, Tuzhikov AI (March 2017). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 37 (2): 213–217. doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684. PMID 26767435. S2CID 11786594.

sfgate.com

Lochhead C (30 April 2012). "Genetically modified crops' results raise concern". The San Francisco Chronicle.

smithsonianmag.com

Schultz C (25 September 2014). "The USDA Approved a New GM Crop to Deal With Problems Created by the Old GM Crops". The Smithsonian.com.

syngenta.com

"Syngenta US | Corn and Soybean Seed – Garst, Golden Harvest, NK, Agrisure". Syngenta.com.

technologyreview.com

Talbot D (19 July 2014). "Beijing Researchers Use Gene Editing to Create Disease-Resistant Wheat | MIT Technology Review". Technologyreview.com. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
Regalado A (30 July 2015). "Monsanto Roundup Ready Soybean Patent Expiration Ushers in Generic GMOs | MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
"Advanced genetic tools could help boost crop yields and feed billions more people". Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
Daniel C (1 March 2003). "Corn That Clones Itself". Technology Review.

theconversation.com

Thompson S (24 January 2017). "How GM crops can help us to feed a fast-growing world". The Conversation.

theguardian.com

McKie R (9 September 2001). "GM corn set to stop man spreading his seed". the Guardian.
Devlin H (17 November 2016). "Plants modified to boost photosynthesis produce greater yields, study shows". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
Jha A (14 August 2012). "Julian Ma: I'm growing antibodies in tobacco plants to help prevent HIV". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Carrington D (19 January 2012). "GM microbe breakthrough paves way for large-scale seaweed farming for biofuels". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
"GM potato to be grown in Europe". The Guardian. Associated Press. 3 March 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

time.com

Sifferlin A (3 October 2015). "Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs". Time. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
"All the GMOs Approved In the U.S." Time. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

tufts.edu

Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

ucanr.org

Bruening G, Lyons JM (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". California Agriculture. 54 (4): 6–7. doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

ucbiotech.org

"How Many Foods Are Genetically Engineered?". University of California. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

ucsusa.org

Gurian-Sherman, Douglas (April 2009). Failure To Yield - Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops (PDF). Union of Concerned Scientists. S2CID 6332194.

ucv.cl

ejbiotechnology.ucv.cl

Wang GY (2009). "Genetic Engineering for Maize Improvement in China". Electronic Journal of Biotechnology. Retrieved 1 December 2015.

ugent.be

biblio.ugent.be

Azadi H, Samiee A, Mahmoudi H, Jouzi Z, Khachak PR, De Maeyer P, Witlox F (2016). "Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 36 (3): 434–46. doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.990413. hdl:1854/LU-7022459. PMID 25566797. S2CID 46117952.

unl.edu

digitalcommons.unl.edu

Devos Y, Meihls LN, Kiss J, Hibbard BE (April 2013). "Resistance evolution to the first generation of genetically modified Diabrotica-active Bt-maize events by western corn rootworm: management and monitoring considerations". Transgenic Research. 22 (2): 269–99. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9657-4. PMID 23011587. S2CID 10821353.

usda.gov

ers.usda.gov

Fernandez-Cornejo J, Wechsler S, Livingston M, Mitchell L (February 2014). "Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States (summary)" (PDF). Economic Research Service USDA. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Fernandez-Cornejo J (1 July 2009). Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S. Data Sets. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 53942168. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
"Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S." USDA, Economic Research Service. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
"USDA ERS - Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S." www.ers.usda.gov.
Fernandez-Cornejo J (5 July 2012). "Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S. – Recent Trends". USDA Economic Research Service. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

ars.usda.gov

Naranjo S (22 April 2008). "The Present and Future Role of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Cotton in IPM" (PDF). USDA.gov. United States department of agriculture. Retrieved 3 December 2015.

vib.be

"Wout Boerjan Lab". VIB (Flemish Institute for Biotechnology) Gent. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.

vt.edu

isb.vt.edu

"Information Systems for Biotechnology News Report".
Peterson MA, Shan G, Walsh TA, Wright TR (May 2011). "Utility of Aryloxyalkanoate Dioxygenase Transgenes for Development of New Herbicide Resistant Crop Technologies" (PDF). Information Systems for Biotechnology.

web.archive.org

"AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (online summary)". American Medical Association. January 2001. Retrieved 30 August 2019. A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts." "Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional counterparts.

"Report 2 of the Council On Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature.
Funk C, Rainie L (29 January 2015). "Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019. The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage points.
Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001). "Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe". Commission of European Communities. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
Bashshur R (February 2013). "FDA and Regulation of GMOs". American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
Lynch D, Vogel D (5 April 2001). "The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
Nester E (2008). "Agrobacterium: The Natural Genetic Engineer (100 Years Later)". Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Peters P. "Transforming Plants – Basic Genetic Engineering Techniques". Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
Voiland M, McCandless L (February 1999). "Development Of The "Gene Gun" At Cornell". Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
"Timelines: 1987: Next The gene gun". lifesciencesfoundation.org. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013.
Maxmen A (2 May 2012). "First plant-made drug on the market". Nature, Biology & Biotechnology, Industry. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Hibberd J. "Molecular Physiology". Department of Plant Sciences. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Smale M, Zambrano P, Cartel M (2006). "Bales and balance: A review of the methods used to assess the economic impact of Bt cotton on farmers in developing economies" (PDF). AgBioForum. 9 (3): 195–212. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
"Monsanto Will Let Bio-Crop Patents Expire". BusinessWeek. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2010.
"Agronomy Library – Pioneer Hi-Bred Agronomy Library". Pioneer.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
"Apple-to-apple transformation". Okanagan Specialty Fruits. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
"FDA concludes Arctic Apples and Innate Potatoes are safe for consumption". United States Food and Drug Administration. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015.
"Advanced genetic tools could help boost crop yields and feed billions more people". Archived from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
"Crop plants – "green factories" for fish oils". Rothamsted Research. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
"About Golden Rice". International Rice Research Institute. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
Paarlburg RD (January 2011). Maize in Africa, Anticipating Regulatory Hurdles (PDF). International Life Sciences Institute (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014.
"Australia continues to test drought-resistant GM wheat". GMO Compass. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Staff (14 May 2011). "USA: USDA allows large-scale GM eucalyptus trial". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
Carpenter J, Gianessi L (1999). "Herbicide tolerant soybeans: Why growers are adopting Roundup Ready varieties". AgBioForum. 2 (2): 65–72. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Heck GR, Armstrong CL, Astwood JD, Behr CF, Bookout JT, Brown SM, et al. (1 January 2005). "Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event". Crop Sci. 45 (1): 329–39. doi:10.2135/cropsci2005.0329. Archived from the original (Free full text) on 22 August 2009.
Gianessi LP, Silvers CS, Sankula S, Carpenter JE (June 2002). Plant biotechnology: current and potential impact for improving pest management in US agriculture: an analysis of 40 case studies (PDF). Washington, DC: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.
"EPA Documents: Registration of Enlist Duo". 18 September 2014. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2015.
Kipp E (February 2000). "Genetically Altered Papayas Save the Harvest". Botany Global Issues Map. Archived from the original on 13 December 2004.
"The Rainbow Papaya Story". Hawaii Papaya Industry Association. 2006. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2014.
Wenslaff TF, Osgood RB (October 2000). "Production Of UH Sunup Transgenic Papaya Seed In Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Agriculture Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012.
Weinreb G, Yeshayahou K (2 May 2012). "FDA approves Protalix Gaucher treatment". Globes. Archived from the original on 29 May 2013.
"Wout Boerjan Lab". VIB (Flemish Institute for Biotechnology) Gent. 2013. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
"The History and Future of GM Potatoes". PotatoPro Newsletter. 10 March 2010. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
Chard A (2011). "Growing a grass that loves bombs". The British Science Association. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
www.gmo-compass.org. "Lucerne - GMO Database". www.gmo-compass.org. Archived from the original on 2 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, Wechsler S, Livingston M, Mitchell L (February 2014). "Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States (summary)" (PDF). Economic Research Service USDA. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y, Dennehy TJ, Morin S, Sisterson MS, Roush RT, et al. (August 2003). "Insect resistance to transgenic Bt crops: lessons from the laboratory and field" (PDF). Journal of Economic Entomology. 96 (4): 1031–8. doi:10.1603/0022-0493-96.4.1031. PMID 14503572. S2CID 31944651. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2013.
"The Real Deal: Explaining Monsanto's Refuge-in-the-Bag Concept". www.monsanto.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
Fernandez-Cornejo J, Hallahan C, Nehring RF, Wechsler S, Grube A (2014). "Conservation Tillage, Herbicide Use, and Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States: The Case of Soybeans". AgBioForum. 15 (3). Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Fernandez-Cornejo J (1 July 2009). Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S. Data Sets. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 53942168. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
James C (2007). "Executive Summary". G lobal Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Briefs. Vol. 37. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). ISBN 978-1-892456-42-7. OCLC 262649526. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
"Roundup Ready soybean trait patent nears expiration in 2014". Hpj.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
"USA :Cultivation of GM Plants in 2009, Maize, soybean, cotton: 88 percent genetically modified". GMO Compass. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
"Spain, Bt maize prevails". GMO Compass. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
"GM plants in the EU in 2009 Field area for Bt maize decreases". GMO Compass. 29 March 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
"EU GMO ban was illegal, WTO rules". Euractiv.com. 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
"GMO Update: US-EU Biotech Dispute; EU Regulations; Thailand". International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. Archived from the original on 4 March 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" (PDF). American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2012.
Krimsky S (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment" (PDF). Science, Technology, & Human Values. 40 (6): 883–914. doi:10.1177/0162243915598381. S2CID 40855100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

who.int

"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods". World Health Organization. Retrieved 30 August 2019. Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM foods.

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Green, Jerry M (20 January 2014). "Current state of herbicides in herbicide-resistant crops". Pest Management Science. 70 (9): 1351–1357. doi:10.1002/ps.3727. ISSN 1526-498X. PMID 24446395.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Halford NG (2012). Genetically modified crops. World Scientific (Firm) (2nd ed.). London: Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1848168381. OCLC 785724094.
Van Eenennaam, Alison L.; De Figueiredo Silva, Felipe; Trott, Josephine F.; Zilberman, David (16 February 2021). "Genetic Engineering of Livestock: The Opportunity Cost of Regulatory Delay". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 9 (1). Annual Reviews: 453–478. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023052. ISSN 2165-8102. PMID 33186503. S2CID 226948372.
Green, Jerry M (20 January 2014). "Current state of herbicides in herbicide-resistant crops". Pest Management Science. 70 (9): 1351–1357. doi:10.1002/ps.3727. ISSN 1526-498X. PMID 24446395.
Voloudakis, Andreas E.; Kaldis, Athanasios; Patil, Basavaprabhu L. (29 September 2022). "RNA-Based Vaccination of Plants for Control of Viruses". Annual Review of Virology. 9 (1): 521–548. doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-073708. ISSN 2327-056X. PMID 36173698.
Jinkerson, Robert E.; Poveda-Huertes, Daniel; Cooney, Elizabeth C.; Cho, Anna; Ochoa-Fernandez, Rocio; Keeling, Patrick J.; Xiang, Tingting; Andersen-Ranberg, Johan (5 March 2024). "Biosynthesis of chlorophyll c in a dinoflagellate and heterologous production in planta". Current Biology. 34 (3): 594–605.e4. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E.594J. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38157859.
Pollack A (27 November 2007). "Round 2 for Biotech Beets". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
"GM potato to be grown in Europe". The Guardian. Associated Press. 3 March 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
Brookes, Graham (2 July 2020). "Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions". GM Crops & Food. 11 (3): 140–153. doi:10.1080/21645698.2020.1715156. ISSN 2164-5698. PMC 7518743. PMID 32008444.
Kovak, Emma; Blaustein-Rejto, Dan; Qaim, Matin (8 February 2022). "Genetically modified crops support climate change mitigation". Trends in Plant Science. 27 (7): 627–629. Bibcode:2022TPS....27..627K. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.01.004. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 35148945.
Martey, Edward; Etwire, Prince M.; Kuwornu, John K. M. (1 May 2020). "Economic impacts of smallholder farmers' adoption of drought-tolerant maize varieties". Land Use Policy. 94: 104524. Bibcode:2020LUPol..9404524M. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104524. ISSN 0264-8377. S2CID 213380155.
Fernandez-Cornejo J (1 July 2009). Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S. Data Sets. Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. OCLC 53942168. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
James C (2007). "Executive Summary". G lobal Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2007. ISAAA Briefs. Vol. 37. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA). ISBN 978-1-892456-42-7. OCLC 262649526. Archived from the original on 6 June 2008. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
Qiu J (16 August 2013). "Genetically modified crops pass benefits to weeds". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.13517. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 87415065.

wsj.com

Tennille T (13 February 2015). "First Genetically Modified Apple Approved for Sale in U.S." Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Kilman S. "Modified Beet Gets New Life". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 15 February 2016.

yoelinbar.net

Scott SE, Inbar Y, Rozin P (May 2016). "Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" (PDF). Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (3): 315–24. doi:10.1177/1745691615621275. PMID 27217243. S2CID 261060.