For an excellent book on these early years see: Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC138568.
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Davis, Henry Blaine Jr. (1998). Generals in Khaki. Pentland Press, Inc. pp. 149–150. ISBN1571970886. OCLC40298151.