Giardiasis (English Wikipedia)

"Nitazoxanide Prescribing Information" (PDF). Romark Pharmaceuticals. August 2013. pp. 1–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

archive.org

Guerrant, Richard L.; Walker, David H.; Weller, Peter F. (2011). Tropical infectious diseases : principles, pathogens and practice (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 623. ISBN 9781437737776. OCLC 722800379.

aruplab.com

ltd.aruplab.com

"Ova and Parasite Exam, Fecal (Immunocompromised or Travel History)". Archived from the original on 2014-10-29. Retrieved 2014-10-29.

cdc.gov

"Giardia. General information". CDC. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
"Giardia. Illness and symptoms". CDC. 26 February 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
"Giardiasis". cdc.gov. December 9, 2017. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
CDC (July 15, 2015). "Sources of Infection & Risk Factors". Parasites – Giardia. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017.
"Stool Specimens - Detection of Parasite Antigens". CDC. Archived from the original on 2017-06-17. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
"Parasites - Giardia, Prevention & Control". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
Julia E. Painter, PhD; Julia W. Gargano, PhD; Sarah A. Collier, MPH; Jonathan S. Yoder, MPH (2015). "Giardiasis Surveillance—United States, 2011–2012". MMWR Supplements. 64 (Suppl 3): 15–25. PMID 25928582. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
"Giardiasis Surveillance — United States, 2009–2010". www.cdc.gov.
"Giardia". Parasites. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. March 2011.
"Giardia: Treatment". United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 21 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Several drugs can be used to treat Giardia infection. Effective treatments include metronidazole, tinidazole, and nitazoxanide¹. Alternatives to these medications include paromomycin, quinacrine, and furazolidone^1,2.
Jonathan S. Yoder, MPH; Julia W. Gargano, PhD; Ryan M. Wallace, DVM; Michael J. Beach, PhD (2012). "Giardiasis Surveillance-United States, 2009-2010". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries. 61 (5). Centers of Disease Control and Prevention: 13–23. PMID 22951494. Retrieved 30 November 2017.

wonder.cdc.gov

"Table 2f. Annual reported cases of notifiable diseases, by region and reporting area - - United States and U.S. Territories, 2018". wonder.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2019-11-13.

doi.org

Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, Probert C, Lamden K (October 2016). "Giardiasis" (PDF). BMJ. 355: i5369. doi:10.1136/bmj.i5369. PMID 27789441. S2CID 220092781.
Esch KJ, Petersen CA (January 2013). "Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (1): 58–85. doi:10.1128/CMR.00067-12. PMC 3553666. PMID 23297259.
Cotton JA, Beatty JK, Buret AG (August 2011). "Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections". International Journal for Parasitology. 41 (9): 925–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.002. PMID 21683702.
Einarsson E, Ma'ayeh S, Svärd SG (December 2016). "An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 34: 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.019. PMID 27501461.
Barry MA, Weatherhead JE, Hotez PJ, Woc-Colburn L (April 2013). "Childhood parasitic infections endemic to the United States". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (2): 471–85. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.011. PMID 23481112.
Robertson LJ, Hanevik K, Escobedo AA, Mørch K, Langeland N (February 2010). "Giardiasis--why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?". Trends in Parasitology. 26 (2): 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.11.010. PMID 20056486.
Pettoello Mantovani M, Guandalini S, Ecuba P, Corvino C, di Martino L (October 1989). "Lactose malabsorption in children with symptomatic Giardia lamblia infection: feasibility of yogurt supplementation". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 9 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1097/00005176-198910000-00006. PMID 2614615. S2CID 32254397.
Wolfe MS (September 1975). "Giardiasis". JAMA. 233 (13): 1362–5. doi:10.1001/jama.233.13.1362. PMID 1174208.
Vega-Franco L, Meza C, Romero JL, Alanis SE, Meijerink J (1987). "Breath hydrogen test in children with giardiasis". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 6 (3): 365–8. doi:10.1097/00005176-198705000-00010. PMID 3430245. S2CID 20733304.
Heyworth MF (2016). "Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts". Parasite. 23: 13. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016013. PMC 4794627. PMID 26984116. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
Lalle M, Hanevik K (2018-10-24). "Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1921–1933. doi:10.2147/idr.s141468. PMC 6207226. PMID 30498364.
Gardner TB, Hill DR (January 2001). "Treatment of giardiasis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (1): 114–28. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001. PMC 88965. PMID 11148005.
Carter ER, Nabarro LE, Hedley L, Chiodini PL (January 2018). "Nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a growing problem requiring rational solutions". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 24 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.028. PMID 28624613.
Buret AG (September 2008). "Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalius". Parasite. 15 (3): 261–5. doi:10.1051/parasite/2008153261. PMID 18814692.
Bartelt LA, Sartor RB (2015-05-26). "Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae". F1000Prime Reports. 7 (62): 62. doi:10.12703/P7-62. PMC 4447054. PMID 26097735.
Eckmann, Lars (May 2003). "Mucosal defences against Giardia". Parasite Immunology. 25 (5): 259–270. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00634.x. ISSN 0141-9838. PMID 12969444. S2CID 7155680.
Thompson, R. C. Andrew (July 2011). "Giardia infections". Oxford Medicine Online. doi:10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0052. ISBN 978-0-19-969782-3.
Eckmann, Lars; Laurent, Fabrice; Langford, T. Dianne; Hetsko, Michael L.; Smith, Jennifer R.; Kagnoff, Martin F.; Gillin, Frances D. (2000-02-01). "Nitric Oxide Production by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Competition for Arginine as Potential Determinants of Host Defense Against the Lumen-Dwelling PathogenGiardia lamblia". The Journal of Immunology. 164 (3): 1478–1487. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1478. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 10640765.
Li, Erqiu; Zhou, Ping; Singer, Steven M. (2005-12-19). "Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Necessary for Elimination of Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice". The Journal of Immunology. 176 (1): 516–521. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.516. ISSN 0022-1767. PMC 2585514. PMID 16365445.
Evans-Osses, Ingrid; Ansa-Addo, Ephraim A.; Inal, Jameel M.; Ramirez, Marcel I. (May 2010). "Involvement of lectin pathway activation in the complement killing of Giardia intestinalis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 395 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.025. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 20382117.
Tellez, Aleyda; Winiecka-krusnell, Jadwiga; Paniagua, Margarita; Linder, Ewert (May 2003). "Antibodies in Mother's Milk Protect Children Against Giardiasis". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 35 (5): 322–325. doi:10.1080/00365540310008041. ISSN 0036-5548. PMID 12875519. S2CID 12621232.
Singer, Steven M.; Nash, Theodore E. (2000-01-01). "T-Cell-Dependent Control of Acute Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice". Infection and Immunity. 68 (1): 170–175. doi:10.1128/iai.68.1.170-175.2000. ISSN 1098-5522. PMC 97117. PMID 10603384.
Scott, Kevin G.-E.; Yu, Linda C. H.; Buret, André G. (June 2004). "Role of CD8+ and CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Jejunal Mucosal Injury during Murine Giardiasis". Infection and Immunity. 72 (6): 3536–3542. doi:10.1128/iai.72.6.3536-3542.2004. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 415705. PMID 15155662.
Kalas MA; Alduaij A; Alkhatib AA (2021). "Incidental Diagnosis of Duodenal Giardiasis". Cureus. 13 (6): e15499. doi:10.7759/cureus.15499. PMC 8262110. PMID 34268030.
- "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0."
Rosenblatt JE, Sloan LM, Schneider SK (May–June 1993). "Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia in stool specimens". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 16 (4): 337–41. doi:10.1016/0732-8893(93)90086-M. PMID 8495591.
Moya-Camarena SY, Sotelo N, Valencia ME (March 2002). "Effects of asymptomatic Giardia intestinalis infection on carbohydrate absorption in well-nourished Mexican children". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 66 (3): 255–9. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.255. PMID 12139217.
Betancourt WQ, Rose JB (December 2004). "Drinking water treatment processes for removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia". Veterinary Parasitology. 126 (1–2): 219–34. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.002. PMID 15567586.
Exner M, Gornik V (July 2004). "[Parasitic zoonoses transmitted by drinking water. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis]". Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz. 47 (7): 698–704. doi:10.1007/s00103-004-0863-y. PMID 15254826.
Ongerth JE, Johnson RL, Macdonald SC, Frost F, Stibbs HH (December 1989). "Back-country water treatment to prevent giardiasis". American Journal of Public Health. 79 (12): 1633–7. doi:10.2105/ajph.79.12.1633. PMC 1349767. PMID 2817191.
McClung RP, Roth DM, Vigar M, Roberts VA, Kahler AM, Cooley LA, et al. (November 2017). "Waterborne Disease Outbreaks Associated With Environmental and Undetermined Exposures to Water - United States, 2013-2014". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 66 (44): 1222–1225. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6644a4. PMC 5679586. PMID 29120997.
Davids, Barbara J.; Liu, Ching M.; Hanson, Elaine M.; Le, Christine H. Y.; Ang, Jonathan; Hanevik, Kurt; Fischer, Marvin; Radunovic, Matej; Langeland, Nina; Ferella, Marcela; Svärd, Staffan G. (2019-04-08). "Identification of Conserved Candidate Vaccine Antigens in the Surface Proteome of Giardia lamblia". Infection and Immunity. 87 (6). doi:10.1128/iai.00219-19. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 6529650. PMID 30962402.
Serradell, Marianela C.; Rupil, Lucía L.; Martino, Román A.; Prucca, César G.; Carranza, Pedro G.; Saura, Alicia; Fernández, Elmer A.; Gargantini, Pablo R.; Tenaglia, Albano H.; Petiti, Juan P.; Tonelli, Renata R.; Reinoso-Vizcaino, Nicolás; Echenique, José; Berod, Luciana; Piaggio, Eliane (2019-01-21). "Efficient oral vaccination by bioengineering virus-like particles with protozoan surface proteins". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 361. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..361S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08265-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6341118. PMID 30664644.
Rupil, Lucía Lara; Serradell, Marianela Del Carmen; Luján, Hugo Daniel (January 2020). "Using Protozoan Surface Proteins for Effective Oral Vaccination". Trends in Parasitology. 36 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2019.07.004. ISSN 1471-5007. PMID 31362858. S2CID 198999660.
Palatnik-de-Sousa, CB; Nico, D (2020). "The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History". Frontiers in Immunology. 11: 204. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204. PMC 7068796. PMID 32210953.
Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauxe RV, et al. (February 2001). "Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea" (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (3): 331–51. doi:10.1086/318514. PMID 11170940. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2016.
Granados CE, Reveiz L, Uribe LG, Criollo CP (December 2012). "Drugs for treating giardiasis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12): CD007787. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007787.pub2. PMC 6532677. PMID 23235648.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, Singer SM (May 2010). Keiser J (ed.). "A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4 (5): e682. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000682. PMC 2867942. PMID 20485492.
Leitsch D (2015-07-07). "Giardia lamblia". Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 2 (3): 128–135. doi:10.1007/s40475-015-0051-1. PMC 4523694. PMID 26258002.
Lalle, Marco; Hanevik, Kurt (2018-10-24). "Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1921–1933. doi:10.2147/IDR.S141468. ISSN 1178-6973. PMC 6207226. PMID 30498364.
Farthing MJ (August 2006). "Treatment options for the eradication of intestinal protozoa". Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 3 (8): 436–45. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0557. PMID 16883348. S2CID 19657328.
Donowitz JR, Alam M, Kabir M, Ma JZ, Nazib F, Platts-Mills JA, et al. (September 2016). "A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort to Investigate the Effects of Early Life Giardiasis on Growth and All Cause Diarrhea". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 63 (6): 792–7. doi:10.1093/cid/ciw391. PMC 4996141. PMID 27313261.
Adam, Rodney D. (2001). "Biology of Giardia lamblia". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (3): 447–475. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 88984. PMID 11432808.
Dormond, Megan; Gutierrez, Ramiro L.; Porter, Chad K. (December 2016). "Giardia lamblia infection increases risk of chronic gastrointestinal disorders". Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines. 2 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s40794-016-0030-0. ISSN 2055-0936. PMC 5530925. PMID 28883961.
Stark D, van Hal S, Marriott D, Ellis J, Harkness J (January 2007). "Irritable bowel syndrome: a review on the role of intestinal protozoa and the importance of their detection and diagnosis". International Journal for Parasitology. 37 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.09.009. PMID 17070814.
Hanevik K, Wensaas KA, Rortveit G, Eide GE, Mørch K, Langeland N (November 2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (10): 1394–400. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu629. PMC 4207419. PMID 25115874.
Quote: "for unclear reasons, chronic sequelae, including post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue [..], malnutrition [..], cognitive impairment [..], and extra-intestinal manifestations (such as food allergy, urticaria, reactive arthritis, and inflammatory ocular manifestations), can develop and possibly persist beyond detectable parasite shedding". Quoted from: Bartelt LA, Sartor RB (2015). "Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae". F1000Prime Reports (Review). 7: 62. doi:10.12703/P7-62. PMC 4447054. PMID 26097735.
Grüttner, Jana; Rijn, Jorik M. van; Geiser, Petra; Florbrant, Alexandra; Webb, Dominic-Luc; Hellström, Per M.; Sundbom, Magnus; Sellin, Mikael E.; Svärd, Staffan G. (2023-05-04). "Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection". PLOS Pathogens. 19 (5): e1011372. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011372. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 10187934. PMID 37141303.
Buret, André G.; Cacciò, Simone M.; Favennec, Loïc; Svärd, Staffan (2020). "Update on Giardia: Highlights from the seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference". Parasite. 27: 49. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020047. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7425178. PMID 32788035.

dx.doi.org

Eckmann, Lars (May 2003). "Mucosal defences against Giardia". Parasite Immunology. 25 (5): 259–270. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00634.x. ISSN 0141-9838. PMID 12969444. S2CID 7155680.
Thompson, R. C. Andrew (July 2011). "Giardia infections". Oxford Medicine Online. doi:10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0052. ISBN 978-0-19-969782-3.
Tellez, Aleyda; Winiecka-krusnell, Jadwiga; Paniagua, Margarita; Linder, Ewert (May 2003). "Antibodies in Mother's Milk Protect Children Against Giardiasis". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 35 (5): 322–325. doi:10.1080/00365540310008041. ISSN 0036-5548. PMID 12875519. S2CID 12621232.

epa.gov

water.epa.gov

"Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water". United States Environment Protection Agency. 2013-02-20. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2011

europa.eu

ecdc.europa.eu

"Giardiasis- Annual Epidemiological Report 2016". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 30 November 2017.

fda.gov

accessdata.fda.gov

"Metronidazole Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Pfizer. June 2015. pp. 6–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
"Tinidazole Prescribing Informatiuon" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Mission Pharma. May 2007. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Serradell, Marianela C.; Rupil, Lucía L.; Martino, Román A.; Prucca, César G.; Carranza, Pedro G.; Saura, Alicia; Fernández, Elmer A.; Gargantini, Pablo R.; Tenaglia, Albano H.; Petiti, Juan P.; Tonelli, Renata R.; Reinoso-Vizcaino, Nicolás; Echenique, José; Berod, Luciana; Piaggio, Eliane (2019-01-21). "Efficient oral vaccination by bioengineering virus-like particles with protozoan surface proteins". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 361. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..361S. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08265-9. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6341118. PMID 30664644.

ichrc.org

"Chapter 7.5.4 Continuing Diarrhoea | ICHRC". www.ichrc.org. Archived from the original on 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-09.

idsociety.org

Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, Thielman NM, Slutsker L, Tauxe RV, et al. (February 2001). "Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea" (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 32 (3): 331–51. doi:10.1086/318514. PMID 11170940. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2016.

lstmed.ac.uk

archive.lstmed.ac.uk

Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, Probert C, Lamden K (October 2016). "Giardiasis" (PDF). BMJ. 355: i5369. doi:10.1136/bmj.i5369. PMID 27789441. S2CID 220092781.

medscape.com

emedicine.medscape.com

Muhkerjee, Sandeep. "Giardiasis". Medscape Reference. Archived from the original on 17 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
Giardiasis at eMedicine

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Minetti C, Chalmers RM, Beeching NJ, Probert C, Lamden K (October 2016). "Giardiasis" (PDF). BMJ. 355: i5369. doi:10.1136/bmj.i5369. PMID 27789441. S2CID 220092781.
Esch KJ, Petersen CA (January 2013). "Transmission and epidemiology of zoonotic protozoal diseases of companion animals". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 26 (1): 58–85. doi:10.1128/CMR.00067-12. PMC 3553666. PMID 23297259.
Cotton JA, Beatty JK, Buret AG (August 2011). "Host parasite interactions and pathophysiology in Giardia infections". International Journal for Parasitology. 41 (9): 925–33. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.002. PMID 21683702.
Einarsson E, Ma'ayeh S, Svärd SG (December 2016). "An up-date on Giardia and giardiasis". Current Opinion in Microbiology. 34: 47–52. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.07.019. PMID 27501461.
Barry MA, Weatherhead JE, Hotez PJ, Woc-Colburn L (April 2013). "Childhood parasitic infections endemic to the United States". Pediatric Clinics of North America. 60 (2): 471–85. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.011. PMID 23481112.
Robertson LJ, Hanevik K, Escobedo AA, Mørch K, Langeland N (February 2010). "Giardiasis--why do the symptoms sometimes never stop?". Trends in Parasitology. 26 (2): 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.11.010. PMID 20056486.
Pettoello Mantovani M, Guandalini S, Ecuba P, Corvino C, di Martino L (October 1989). "Lactose malabsorption in children with symptomatic Giardia lamblia infection: feasibility of yogurt supplementation". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 9 (3): 295–300. doi:10.1097/00005176-198910000-00006. PMID 2614615. S2CID 32254397.
Wolfe MS (September 1975). "Giardiasis". JAMA. 233 (13): 1362–5. doi:10.1001/jama.233.13.1362. PMID 1174208.
Vega-Franco L, Meza C, Romero JL, Alanis SE, Meijerink J (1987). "Breath hydrogen test in children with giardiasis". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 6 (3): 365–8. doi:10.1097/00005176-198705000-00010. PMID 3430245. S2CID 20733304.
Heyworth MF (2016). "Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages and hosts". Parasite. 23: 13. doi:10.1051/parasite/2016013. PMC 4794627. PMID 26984116. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
Lalle M, Hanevik K (2018-10-24). "Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1921–1933. doi:10.2147/idr.s141468. PMC 6207226. PMID 30498364.
Gardner TB, Hill DR (January 2001). "Treatment of giardiasis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (1): 114–28. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.114-128.2001. PMC 88965. PMID 11148005.
Carter ER, Nabarro LE, Hedley L, Chiodini PL (January 2018). "Nitroimidazole-refractory giardiasis: a growing problem requiring rational solutions". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 24 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.028. PMID 28624613.
Buret AG (September 2008). "Pathophysiology of enteric infections with Giardia duodenalius". Parasite. 15 (3): 261–5. doi:10.1051/parasite/2008153261. PMID 18814692.
Bartelt LA, Sartor RB (2015-05-26). "Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae". F1000Prime Reports. 7 (62): 62. doi:10.12703/P7-62. PMC 4447054. PMID 26097735.
Eckmann, Lars (May 2003). "Mucosal defences against Giardia". Parasite Immunology. 25 (5): 259–270. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2003.00634.x. ISSN 0141-9838. PMID 12969444. S2CID 7155680.
Eckmann, Lars; Laurent, Fabrice; Langford, T. Dianne; Hetsko, Michael L.; Smith, Jennifer R.; Kagnoff, Martin F.; Gillin, Frances D. (2000-02-01). "Nitric Oxide Production by Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Competition for Arginine as Potential Determinants of Host Defense Against the Lumen-Dwelling PathogenGiardia lamblia". The Journal of Immunology. 164 (3): 1478–1487. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1478. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 10640765.
Li, Erqiu; Zhou, Ping; Singer, Steven M. (2005-12-19). "Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Necessary for Elimination of Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice". The Journal of Immunology. 176 (1): 516–521. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.516. ISSN 0022-1767. PMC 2585514. PMID 16365445.
Evans-Osses, Ingrid; Ansa-Addo, Ephraim A.; Inal, Jameel M.; Ramirez, Marcel I. (May 2010). "Involvement of lectin pathway activation in the complement killing of Giardia intestinalis". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 395 (3): 382–386. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.025. ISSN 0006-291X. PMID 20382117.
Tellez, Aleyda; Winiecka-krusnell, Jadwiga; Paniagua, Margarita; Linder, Ewert (May 2003). "Antibodies in Mother's Milk Protect Children Against Giardiasis". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 35 (5): 322–325. doi:10.1080/00365540310008041. ISSN 0036-5548. PMID 12875519. S2CID 12621232.
Singer, Steven M.; Nash, Theodore E. (2000-01-01). "T-Cell-Dependent Control of Acute Giardia lamblia Infections in Mice". Infection and Immunity. 68 (1): 170–175. doi:10.1128/iai.68.1.170-175.2000. ISSN 1098-5522. PMC 97117. PMID 10603384.
Scott, Kevin G.-E.; Yu, Linda C. H.; Buret, André G. (June 2004). "Role of CD8+ and CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Jejunal Mucosal Injury during Murine Giardiasis". Infection and Immunity. 72 (6): 3536–3542. doi:10.1128/iai.72.6.3536-3542.2004. ISSN 0019-9567. PMC 415705. PMID 15155662.
Kalas MA; Alduaij A; Alkhatib AA (2021). "Incidental Diagnosis of Duodenal Giardiasis". Cureus. 13 (6): e15499. doi:10.7759/cureus.15499. PMC 8262110. PMID 34268030.
- "This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0."
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Hooshyar H, Rostamkhani P, Arbabi M, Delavari M (2019). "Giardia lamblia infection: review of current diagnostic strategies". Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench. 12 (1): 3–12. PMC 6441489. PMID 30949313.
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Palatnik-de-Sousa, CB; Nico, D (2020). "The Delay in the Licensing of Protozoal Vaccines: A Comparative History". Frontiers in Immunology. 11: 204. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00204. PMC 7068796. PMID 32210953.
Granados CE, Reveiz L, Uribe LG, Criollo CP (December 2012). "Drugs for treating giardiasis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (12): CD007787. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007787.pub2. PMC 6532677. PMID 23235648.
Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, Singer SM (May 2010). Keiser J (ed.). "A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of albendazole compared with metronidazole as treatments for infections with Giardia duodenalis". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4 (5): e682. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000682. PMC 2867942. PMID 20485492.
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Lalle, Marco; Hanevik, Kurt (2018-10-24). "Treatment-refractory giardiasis: challenges and solutions". Infection and Drug Resistance. 11: 1921–1933. doi:10.2147/IDR.S141468. ISSN 1178-6973. PMC 6207226. PMID 30498364.
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Adam, Rodney D. (2001). "Biology of Giardia lamblia". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 14 (3): 447–475. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.3.447-475.2001. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 88984. PMID 11432808.
Dormond, Megan; Gutierrez, Ramiro L.; Porter, Chad K. (December 2016). "Giardia lamblia infection increases risk of chronic gastrointestinal disorders". Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines. 2 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s40794-016-0030-0. ISSN 2055-0936. PMC 5530925. PMID 28883961.
Hanevik K, Wensaas KA, Rortveit G, Eide GE, Mørch K, Langeland N (November 2014). "Irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years after giardia infection: a controlled prospective cohort study". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (10): 1394–400. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu629. PMC 4207419. PMID 25115874.
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Grüttner, Jana; Rijn, Jorik M. van; Geiser, Petra; Florbrant, Alexandra; Webb, Dominic-Luc; Hellström, Per M.; Sundbom, Magnus; Sellin, Mikael E.; Svärd, Staffan G. (2023-05-04). "Trophozoite fitness dictates the intestinal epithelial cell response to Giardia intestinalis infection". PLOS Pathogens. 19 (5): e1011372. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1011372. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 10187934. PMID 37141303.
Buret, André G.; Cacciò, Simone M.; Favennec, Loïc; Svärd, Staffan (2020). "Update on Giardia: Highlights from the seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference". Parasite. 27: 49. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020047. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7425178. PMID 32788035.

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