Gini coefficient (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Gini coefficient" in English language version.

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arxiv.org

Halffman, Willem; Leydesdorff, Loet (2010). "Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities". Minerva. 48 (1): 55–72. arXiv:1001.2921. doi:10.1007/s11024-010-9141-3. PMC 2850525. PMID 20401157.
Fauber, Ben (2024), Gini Coefficient as a Unified Metric for Evaluating Many-versus-Many Similarity in Vector Spaces., vol. abs/2411.07983, arXiv:2411.07983

bbc.com

"Who, What, Why: What is the Gini coefficient?". BBC News. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2022.

berkeley.edu

ias7.berkeley.edu

Atkinson, Anthony B. (1999). "The contributions of Amartya Sen to Welfare Economics" (PDF). The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 101 (2): 173–190. doi:10.1111/1467-9442.00151. JSTOR 3440691. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014.

emlab.berkeley.edu

Kopczuk, Wojciech; Saez, Emmanuel; Song, Jae (2010). "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data Since 1937" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 125 (1): 91–128. doi:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.91. JSTOR 40506278. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013.

books.google.com

Thomas, Vinod; Wang, Yan; Fan, Xibo (2001). Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education. World Bank Publications.

cbo.gov

Congressional Budget Office: Trends in the Distribution of Household Income Between 1979 and 2007. October 2011. see pp. i–x, with definitions on ii–iii

census.gov

"Current Population Survey (CPS) – Definitions and Explanations". US Census Bureau.
"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010 (see Table A-2)" (PDF). Census Bureau, Dept of Commerce, United States. September 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2011.

core-econ.org

"5. Measuring inequality: Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients – Working in Excel". www.core-econ.org. Retrieved 26 April 2023.

corporatefinanceinstitute.com

"Hoover Index". Corporate Finance Institute. Retrieved 28 April 2024.

credit-suisse.com

"Global wealth databook 2019" (PDF). Credit Suisse. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2019.

doi.org

Blomquist, N. (1981). "A comparison of distributions of annual and lifetime income: Sweden around 1970". Review of Income and Wealth. 27 (3): 243–264. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1981.tb00227.x. S2CID 154519005.
Dorfman, Robert. “A Formula for the Gini Coefficient.” The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 61, no. 1, 1979, pp. 146–49. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/1924845. Accessed 2 Jan. 2023.
McDonald, James B; Jensen, Bartell C. (December 1979). "An Analysis of Some Properties of Alternative Measures of Income Inequality Based on the Gamma Distribution Function". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 74 (368): 856–860. doi:10.1080/01621459.1979.10481042.
Giles (2004). Giles, David (2004). "Calculating a Standard Error for the Gini Coefficient: Some Further Results" (PDF). Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. 66 (3): 425–433. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.202.6462. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2004.00086.x. S2CID 16972099. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2004.
Jasso, Guillermina (1979). "On Gini's Mean Difference and Gini's Index of Concentration". American Sociological Review. 44 (5): 867–870. doi:10.2307/2094535. JSTOR 2094535.
Allison, Paul D. (1979). "Reply to Jasso". American Sociological Review. 44 (5): 870–872. doi:10.2307/2094536. JSTOR 2094536.
Firebaugh, Glenn (1999). "Empirics of World Income Inequality". American Journal of Sociology. 104 (6): 1597–1630. doi:10.1086/210218. S2CID 154973184.. See also ——— (2003). "Inequality: What it is and how it is measured". The New Geography of Global Income Inequality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01067-3.
Kakwani, N. C. (April 1977). "Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis". Econometrica. 45 (3): 719–728. doi:10.2307/1911684. JSTOR 1911684.
Wang, Chen; Caminada, Koen; Goudswaard, Kees (2012). "The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes: A decomposition across countries". International Social Security Review. 65 (3): 27–48. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2012.01435.x. hdl:1887/3207160. S2CID 154029963.
Sadras, V. O.; Bongiovanni, R. (2004). "Use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to assess yield inequality within paddocks". Field Crops Research. 90 (2–3): 303–310. Bibcode:2004FCrRe..90..303S. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.04.003.
Thomas, Vinod; Wang, Yan; Fan, Xibo (January 2001). Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education (PDF). Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.608.6919. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-2525. hdl:10986/19738. S2CID 6069811. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013.
Weymark, John (2003). "Generalized Gini Indices of Equality of Opportunity". Journal of Economic Inequality. 1 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1023/A:1023923807503. S2CID 133596675.
Atkinson, Anthony B. (1999). "The contributions of Amartya Sen to Welfare Economics" (PDF). The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 101 (2): 173–190. doi:10.1111/1467-9442.00151. JSTOR 3440691. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014.
Roemer, John E.; et al. (March 2003). "To what extent do fiscal regimes equalize opportunities for income acquisition among citizens?". Journal of Public Economics. 87 (3–4): 539–565. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.414.6220. doi:10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00145-1.
Shorrocks, Anthony (December 1978). "Income inequality and income mobility". Journal of Economic Theory. 19 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(78)90101-1.
Maasoumi, Esfandiar; Zandvakili, Sourushe (1986). "A class of generalized measures of mobility with applications". Economics Letters. 22 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(86)90150-3.
Kopczuk, Wojciech; Saez, Emmanuel; Song, Jae (2010). "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data Since 1937" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 125 (1): 91–128. doi:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.91. JSTOR 40506278. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013.
Chen, Wen-Hao (March 2009). "Cross-national Differences in Income Mobility: Evidence from Canada, the United States, Great Britain and Germany". Review of Income and Wealth. 55 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.2008.00307.x. S2CID 62886186.
De Maio, Fernando G. (2007). "Income inequality measures". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 61 (10): 849–852. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.052969. PMC 2652960. PMID 17873219.
Stephany, Fabian (1 December 2017). "Who are Your Joneses? Socio-Specific Income Inequality and Trust". Social Indicators Research. 134 (3): 877–898. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1460-9. ISSN 1573-0921. PMC 5684274. PMID 29187771.
Domeij, David; Flodén, Martin (2010). "Inequality Trends in Sweden 1978–2004". Review of Economic Dynamics. 13 (1): 179–208. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.629.9417. doi:10.1016/j.red.2009.10.005.
Deltas, George (February 2003). "The Small-Sample Bias of the Gini Coefficient: Results and Implications for Empirical Research". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (1): 226–234. doi:10.1162/rest.2003.85.1.226. JSTOR 3211637. S2CID 57572560.
Deininger, Klaus; Squire, Lyn (1996). "A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality" (PDF). World Bank Economic Review. 10 (3): 565–591. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.314.5610. doi:10.1093/wber/10.3.565. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2007.
Schneider, Friedrich; Buehn, Andreas; Montenegro, Claudio E. (2010). "New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World". International Economic Journal. 24 (4): 443–461. doi:10.1080/10168737.2010.525974. hdl:10986/4929. S2CID 56060172.
Rosser, J. Barkley Jr.; Rosser, Marina V.; Ahmed, Ehsan (March 2000). "Income Inequality and the Informal Economy in Transition Economies". Journal of Comparative Economics. 28 (1): 156–171. doi:10.1006/jcec.2000.1645. S2CID 49552052.
Hand, David J.; Till, Robert J. (2001). "A Simple Generalisation of the Area Under the ROC Curve for Multiple Class Classification Problems" (PDF). Machine Learning. 45 (2): 171–186. doi:10.1023/A:1010920819831. S2CID 43144161. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2013.
Eliazar, Iddo I.; Sokolov, Igor M. (2010). "Measuring statistical heterogeneity: The Pietra index". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 389 (1): 117–125. Bibcode:2010PhyA..389..117E. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.08.006.
Lee, Wen-Chung (1999). "Probabilistic Analysis of Global Performances of Diagnostic Tests: Interpreting the Lorenz Curve-Based Summary Measures" (PDF). Statistics in Medicine. 18 (4): 455–471. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990228)18:4<455::AID-SIM44>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10070686. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Peet, Robert K. (1974). "The Measurement of Species Diversity". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 285–307. Bibcode:1974AnRES...5..285P. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001441. JSTOR 2096890. S2CID 83517584.
Wittebolle, Lieven; Marzorati, Massimo; et al. (2009). "Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress". Nature. 458 (7238): 623–626. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..623W. doi:10.1038/nature07840. PMID 19270679. S2CID 4419280.
Asada, Yukiko (2005). "Assessment of the health of Americans: the average health-related quality of life and its inequality across individuals and groups". Population Health Metrics. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-3-7. PMC 1192818. PMID 16014174.
Halffman, Willem; Leydesdorff, Loet (2010). "Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities". Minerva. 48 (1): 55–72. arXiv:1001.2921. doi:10.1007/s11024-010-9141-3. PMC 2850525. PMID 20401157.
Graczyk, Piotr (2007). "Gini Coefficient: A New Way To Express Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors against a Family of Kinases". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (23): 5773–5779. doi:10.1021/jm070562u. PMID 17948979.
Chakraborty, J; Bosman, MM (2005). "Measuring the digital divide in the United States: race, income, and personal computer ownership". Prof Geogr. 57 (3): 395–410. Bibcode:2005ProfG..57..395C. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.2005.00486.x. S2CID 154401826.
van Mierlo, T; Hyatt, D; Ching, A (2016). "Employing the Gini coefficient to measure participation inequality in treatment-focused Digital Health Social Networks". Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma. 5 (32): 32. doi:10.1007/s13721-016-0140-7. PMC 5082574. PMID 27840788.

eabfu.gov.hk

KWOK Kwok Chuen (2010). "Income Distribution of Hong Kong and the Gini Coefficient" (PDF). The Government of Hong Kong, China. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2010.

ebrd.com

Krstić, Gorana; Sanfey, Peter (February 2010). "Earnings inequality and the informal economy: evidence from Serbia" (PDF). European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012.

europa.eu

eurofound.europa.eu

"Monitoring quality of life in Europe – Gini index". Eurofound. 26 August 2009. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008.

ec.europa.eu

Monfort, Philippe (2008). "Convergence of EU regions: Measures and evolution" (PDF). European Union – Europa. p. 6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012.

fao.org

openknowledge.fao.org

Note: Gini coefficient could be near one only in a large population where a few persons has all the income. In the special case of just two people, where one has no income, and the other has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.5. For five people, where four have no income, and the fifth has all the income, the Gini coefficient is 0.8. See: Bellù, L.G. and Liberati, P. 2006. Inequality Analysis: The Gini Index. EASYPol: Resources for policy making. Rome, FAO.

fao.org

Bellù, Lorenzo Giovanni; Liberati, Paolo (2006). "Inequality Analysis – The Gini Index" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2012.

fmbc.edu

Domeij, David; Klein, Paul (January 2000). "Accounting for Swedish wealth inequality" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2003.

frb.org

kc.frb.org

Feldstein, Martin (August 1998). "Is income inequality really the problem? (Overview)" (PDF). US Federal Reserve. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Wang, Chen; Caminada, Koen; Goudswaard, Kees (2012). "The redistributive effect of social transfer programmes and taxes: A decomposition across countries". International Social Security Review. 65 (3): 27–48. doi:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2012.01435.x. hdl:1887/3207160. S2CID 154029963.
Thomas, Vinod; Wang, Yan; Fan, Xibo (January 2001). Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education (PDF). Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.608.6919. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-2525. hdl:10986/19738. S2CID 6069811. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2013.
Schneider, Friedrich; Buehn, Andreas; Montenegro, Claudio E. (2010). "New Estimates for the Shadow Economies all over the World". International Economic Journal. 24 (4): 443–461. doi:10.1080/10168737.2010.525974. hdl:10986/4929. S2CID 56060172.
Schneider, Friedrich (December 2004). The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003 (Report). hdl:10419/20729. SSRN 636661.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Sadras, V. O.; Bongiovanni, R. (2004). "Use of Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients to assess yield inequality within paddocks". Field Crops Research. 90 (2–3): 303–310. Bibcode:2004FCrRe..90..303S. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.04.003.
Eliazar, Iddo I.; Sokolov, Igor M. (2010). "Measuring statistical heterogeneity: The Pietra index". Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications. 389 (1): 117–125. Bibcode:2010PhyA..389..117E. doi:10.1016/j.physa.2009.08.006.
Peet, Robert K. (1974). "The Measurement of Species Diversity". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 285–307. Bibcode:1974AnRES...5..285P. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001441. JSTOR 2096890. S2CID 83517584.
Wittebolle, Lieven; Marzorati, Massimo; et al. (2009). "Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress". Nature. 458 (7238): 623–626. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..623W. doi:10.1038/nature07840. PMID 19270679. S2CID 4419280.
Chakraborty, J; Bosman, MM (2005). "Measuring the digital divide in the United States: race, income, and personal computer ownership". Prof Geogr. 57 (3): 395–410. Bibcode:2005ProfG..57..395C. doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.2005.00486.x. S2CID 154401826.

iied.org

pubs.iied.org

The Informal Economy (PDF). International Institute for Environment and Development, United Kingdom. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84369-822-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2012.

imf.org

Chu, Ke-young; Davoodi, Hamid; Gupta, Sanjeev (March 2000). "Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries" (PDF). International Monetary Fund. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2000.
Milanovic, Branko (September 2011). "More or Less". Finance & Development. 48 (3).

jstor.org

Jasso, Guillermina (1979). "On Gini's Mean Difference and Gini's Index of Concentration". American Sociological Review. 44 (5): 867–870. doi:10.2307/2094535. JSTOR 2094535.
Allison, Paul D. (1979). "Reply to Jasso". American Sociological Review. 44 (5): 870–872. doi:10.2307/2094536. JSTOR 2094536.
Kakwani, N. C. (April 1977). "Applications of Lorenz Curves in Economic Analysis". Econometrica. 45 (3): 719–728. doi:10.2307/1911684. JSTOR 1911684.
Atkinson, Anthony B. (1999). "The contributions of Amartya Sen to Welfare Economics" (PDF). The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 101 (2): 173–190. doi:10.1111/1467-9442.00151. JSTOR 3440691. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2014.
Kopczuk, Wojciech; Saez, Emmanuel; Song, Jae (2010). "Earnings Inequality and Mobility in the United States: Evidence from Social Security Data Since 1937" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 125 (1): 91–128. doi:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.91. JSTOR 40506278. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2013.
Deltas, George (February 2003). "The Small-Sample Bias of the Gini Coefficient: Results and Implications for Empirical Research". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 85 (1): 226–234. doi:10.1162/rest.2003.85.1.226. JSTOR 3211637. S2CID 57572560.
Peet, Robert K. (1974). "The Measurement of Species Diversity". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 5 (1): 285–307. Bibcode:1974AnRES...5..285P. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.001441. JSTOR 2096890. S2CID 83517584.

kpmg.com

"South Africa Snapshot, Q4 2013" (PDF). KPMG. 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016.

medium.com

worst-online-dater (25 March 2015). "Tinder Experiments II: Guys, unless you are really hot you are probably better off not wasting your…". Medium. Retrieved 28 April 2021.

moneyweb.co.za

Schüssler, Mike (16 July 2014). "The Gini is still in the bottle". Money Web. Retrieved 24 November 2014.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

De Maio, Fernando G. (2007). "Income inequality measures". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 61 (10): 849–852. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.052969. PMC 2652960. PMID 17873219.
Stephany, Fabian (1 December 2017). "Who are Your Joneses? Socio-Specific Income Inequality and Trust". Social Indicators Research. 134 (3): 877–898. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1460-9. ISSN 1573-0921. PMC 5684274. PMID 29187771.
Lee, Wen-Chung (1999). "Probabilistic Analysis of Global Performances of Diagnostic Tests: Interpreting the Lorenz Curve-Based Summary Measures" (PDF). Statistics in Medicine. 18 (4): 455–471. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990228)18:4<455::AID-SIM44>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10070686. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Wittebolle, Lieven; Marzorati, Massimo; et al. (2009). "Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress". Nature. 458 (7238): 623–626. Bibcode:2009Natur.458..623W. doi:10.1038/nature07840. PMID 19270679. S2CID 4419280.
Asada, Yukiko (2005). "Assessment of the health of Americans: the average health-related quality of life and its inequality across individuals and groups". Population Health Metrics. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-3-7. PMC 1192818. PMID 16014174.
Halffman, Willem; Leydesdorff, Loet (2010). "Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities". Minerva. 48 (1): 55–72. arXiv:1001.2921. doi:10.1007/s11024-010-9141-3. PMC 2850525. PMID 20401157.
Graczyk, Piotr (2007). "Gini Coefficient: A New Way To Express Selectivity of Kinase Inhibitors against a Family of Kinases". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (23): 5773–5779. doi:10.1021/jm070562u. PMID 17948979.
van Mierlo, T; Hyatt, D; Ching, A (2016). "Employing the Gini coefficient to measure participation inequality in treatment-focused Digital Health Social Networks". Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma. 5 (32): 32. doi:10.1007/s13721-016-0140-7. PMC 5082574. PMID 27840788.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

De Maio, Fernando G. (2007). "Income inequality measures". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 61 (10): 849–852. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.052969. PMC 2652960. PMID 17873219.
Stephany, Fabian (1 December 2017). "Who are Your Joneses? Socio-Specific Income Inequality and Trust". Social Indicators Research. 134 (3): 877–898. doi:10.1007/s11205-016-1460-9. ISSN 1573-0921. PMC 5684274. PMID 29187771.
Asada, Yukiko (2005). "Assessment of the health of Americans: the average health-related quality of life and its inequality across individuals and groups". Population Health Metrics. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/1478-7954-3-7. PMC 1192818. PMID 16014174.
Halffman, Willem; Leydesdorff, Loet (2010). "Is Inequality Among Universities Increasing? Gini Coefficients and the Elusive Rise of Elite Universities". Minerva. 48 (1): 55–72. arXiv:1001.2921. doi:10.1007/s11024-010-9141-3. PMC 2850525. PMID 20401157.
van Mierlo, T; Hyatt, D; Ching, A (2016). "Employing the Gini coefficient to measure participation inequality in treatment-focused Digital Health Social Networks". Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma. 5 (32): 32. doi:10.1007/s13721-016-0140-7. PMC 5082574. PMID 27840788.

npr.org

Gharib, Malaka (25 January 2017). "What The Stat About The 8 Richest Men Doesn't Tell Us About Inequality". NPR.

ntu.edu.tw

ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw

Lee, Wen-Chung (1999). "Probabilistic Analysis of Global Performances of Diagnostic Tests: Interpreting the Lorenz Curve-Based Summary Measures" (PDF). Statistics in Medicine. 18 (4): 455–471. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19990228)18:4<455::AID-SIM44>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 10070686. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.

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