Giraffe (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Giraffe" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

100doi.org

2^nd place

58nih.gov

4^th place

57web.archive.org

1^st place

38harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

36semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

6iucnredlist.org

88^th place

160^th place

6archive.org

6^th place

5books.google.com

3^rd place

4jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

4handle.net

102^nd place

76^th place

4wiley.com

222^nd place

297^th place

4psu.edu

207^th place

136^th place

2npr.org

92^nd place

72^nd place

2sciencedirect.com

149^th place

178^th place

2nationalgeographic.com

344^th place

296^th place

2utah.edu

2,446^th place

1,661^st place

29.22

low place

2uzh.ch

3,633^rd place

3,091^st place

1etymonline.com

287^th place

321^st place

1ut.ac.ir

4,206^th place

low place

1nayiri.com

9,655^th place

low place

1merriam-webster.com

209^th place

191^st place

1enacademic.com

low place

1arizona.edu

1,592^nd place

1,119^th place

1knowablemagazine.org

low place

6,670^th place

1smith.edu

2,717^th place

2,175^th place

1kent.ac.uk

6,512^th place

4,000^th place

1isis.org

low place

1awpr.ae

low place

1uaeinteract.com

9,816^th place

low place

1zenodo.org

621^st place

380^th place

1paleobiodb.org

4,533^rd place

8,479^th place

1sabinet.co.za

low place

1ikhebeenvraag.be

low place

1utas.edu.au

9,835^th place

6,097^th place

1ucdavis.edu

1,873^rd place

1,347^th place

1eurekalert.org

3,538^th place

3,083^rd place

1ucr.edu

1,553^rd place

1,008^th place

1scientificamerican.com

896^th place

674^th place

1pan.pl

3,844^th place

4,018^th place

1usyd.edu.au

6,328^th place

4,345^th place

1resource-ecology.org

low place

1nbn-resolving.de

3,251^st place

7,630^th place

1reproduction-online.org

low place

1bradshawfoundation.com

low place

1google.com

163^rd place

185^th place

1giraffeconservation.org

low place

1bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

1iucn.org

3,100^th place

2,591^st place

1science.org

1,160^th place

737^th place

1tanzania.go.tz

low place

1bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

1wcs.org

low place

1int-res.com

low place

8,747^th place

9.22

137.215.9.22

Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

archive.org

Estes, R. (1992). The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates. University of California Press. pp. 202–207. ISBN 978-0-520-08085-0.
Rafferty, J. P. (2011). Grazers (Britannica Guide to Predators and Prey). Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-61530-336-6.
Kingdon, J. (1997). "Giraffes Giraffidae". The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press. pp. 339–344. ISBN 978-0-12-408355-4.
Bagemihl, B. (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. St. Martin's Press. pp. 391–393. ISBN 978-0-312-19239-6.
Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D. (2001). "Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models" (PDF). Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 317–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.7622. doi:10.1145/383259.383294. ISBN 978-1-58113-374-5. S2CID 13488215. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Ringmar, E. (2006). "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic" (PDF). Journal of World History. 17 (4): 353–97. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0060. JSTOR 20079397. S2CID 143808549. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008.

arizona.edu

bill.srnr.arizona.edu

Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.

awpr.ae

"Exhibits". Al Ain Zoo. 25 February 2003. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

bbc.co.uk

Matt McGrath (8 December 2016). "Giraffes facing 'silent extinction' as population plunges". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

bbc.com

"Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection". BBC News. 28 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.

books.google.com

Őrsi, Tibor (2006). French Linguistic Influence in the Cotton Version of Mandeville's Travels. Tinta Könyvkiadó. p. 113. ISBN 9789637094545. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 9781421400938. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
Rookmaaker, L. C. (1989). The Zoological Exploration of Southern Africa 1650–1790. CRC Press. ISBN 9789061918677. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
Nowak, R.M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1086–1089. ISBN 978-0801857898. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
Charles Foley; Lara Foley; Alex Lobora; Daniela De Luca; Maurus Msuha; Tim R. B. Davenport; Sarah M. Durant (2014). A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania. Princeton University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4008-5280-2. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

bradshawfoundation.com

"The Dabous Giraffe rock art petrograph". The Bradshaw Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.

doi.org

Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J.B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A.A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (2003). "On the origin, evolution, and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73. Bibcode:2003TRSSA..58...51M. doi:10.1080/00359190309519935. S2CID 6522531.
Chen, L.; Qiu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K. (2019). "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6202. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6202C. doi:10.1126/science.aav6202. PMID 31221828.
Danowitz, M.; Vasilyev, A.; Kortlandt, V.; Solounias, V. (2015). "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150393. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250393D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150393. PMC 4632521. PMID 26587249.
Danowitz, M.; Domalski, R.; Solounias, N. (2015). "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (11): 150521. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250521D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150521. PMC 4680625. PMID 26716010.
Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.
Janis, C. M. (1993). "Tertiary Mammal Evolution in the Context of Changing Climates, Vegetation, and Tectonic Events". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 24: 467–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.24.1.467. JSTOR 2097187.
Ramstein, G.; Fluteau, F.; Besse, J.; Joussaume, S. (1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..788R. doi:10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003.
Badlangana, L. N.; Adams, J. W.; Manger, P. R. (2009). "The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: A heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 155 (3): 736–757. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00458.x.
Holmes, B. (2021). "Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-051821-2. S2CID 236354545. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W. C.; McGrath, B. C.; Hudson, C. N.; Bedoya, R. O. C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul C. A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D. R. (2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature Communications. 7: 11519. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711519A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664. PMID 27187213.
Brown, D. M.; Brenneman R. A.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Milá, B.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Grether, G. F.; Jacobs, D. K.; Wayne R. K. (2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
Dagg, A. I. (1971). "Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Gippoliti, S. (2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851. S2CID 5189968. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Reuss, F.; Kumar, V.; Elkan, P.; Nilsson, M. A.; Vamberger, M.; Fritz, U.; Janke, A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
Petzold, A.; Hassanin, A. (2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS One. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Coimbra, R.T.F.; Winter, S.; Kumar, V.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Gooley, R. M.; Dobrynin, P.; Fennessy, J.; Janke, A. (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2929C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. PMID 33957077.
Bertola, L. D.; Quinn, L; Hanghøj, K; Garcia-Erill, E; Rasmussen, S. M.; Meisner, J; Bøggild, T; Wang, X; Lin, L; Nursyifa, C; Liu, X; Li, Z; Chege, M; Moodley, Y; Brüniche-Olsen, A; Kuja, J; Schubert, M; Agaba, M; Santander, C. G.; Sinding, M-H. S.; Muwanika, V; Masembe, C; Siegismund, H. R.; Moltke, I; Albrechtsen, A; Heller, R. (2024). "Giraffe lineages are shaped by major ancient admixture events". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1576–1586.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1576B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.051. PMID 38479386.
Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A.; Gourmand, B.-L.; Chardonnet, B.; Rigoulet, J. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and Central Africa". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008. PMID 17434121.
Fennessy, S.; Fennessy, J.; Muller, Z.; Brown, M.; Marais, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. rothschildi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T174469A51140829. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T174469A51140829.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Winton, W. E. de (1899). "XXXVIII.—On mammals collected by Lieut.-Colonel W. Giffard in the northern territory of the Gold Coast". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (2 3): 353–359. doi:10.1080/00222939908678212. ISSN 0374-5481. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Winter, S.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Janke, A. (2018). "Matrilineal population structure and distribution of the Angolan giraffe in the Namib desert and beyond". Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 7–8: 1–5. Bibcode:2018EcoGG...7....1W. doi:10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.003. S2CID 90395544.
Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr.; Fennessy, J. (2009). "Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (4): 720–728. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..720B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x.
Lee, D. E.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2018). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6: e5690. doi:10.7717/peerj.5690. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743.
van Sittert, S. J.; Mitchell, G. (2015). "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India". PeerJ. 3: e1135. doi:10.7717/peerj.1135. PMC 4540016. PMID 26290791.
Foster, J. B. (1966). "The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food". African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. Bibcode:1966AfJEc...4..139F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022.
Lee, D. E.; Lohay, G. G.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2022). "Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective". Mammalian Biology. 102 (4): 1055–1071. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3. S2CID 252149865. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Wood, W. F.; Weldon, P. J. (2002). "The scent of the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30 (10): 913–17. Bibcode:2002BioSE..30..913W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00037-6.
Simmons, R. E.; Altwegg, R. (2010). "Necks-for-sex or competing browsers? A critique of ideas on the evolution of giraffe". Journal of Zoology. 282 (1): 6–12. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00711.x.
Mitchell, G.; Roberts, D. G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2013). "Orbit orientation and eye morphometrics in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". African Zoology. 48 (2): 333–339. doi:10.1080/15627020.2013.11407600. hdl:2263/37109. S2CID 219292664.
Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). "Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks". PeerJ. 1: e36. doi:10.7717/peerj.36. PMC 3628838. PMID 23638372.
Van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2010). "From fetus to adult – An allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 314B (6): 469–479. Bibcode:2010JEZB..314..469V. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21353. PMID 20700891.
Solounias, N. (1999). "The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009.
du Toit, J. T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants" (PDF). African Journal of Ecology. 28 (1): 55–62. Bibcode:1990AfJEc..28...55D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. Bibcode:1991Ethol..87...79Y. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. Bibcode:2010TRSSA..65..165M. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl:2263/18957. S2CID 83652889.
Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L.; Wu-Cavener, L; Lohay, G. G.; Cavener, M. W.; Hou, X; Pearce, D. L.; Lee, D. E. (2024). "Sexual dimorphisms in body proportions of Masai giraffes and the evolution of the giraffe's neck". Mammalian Biology. doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00424-4.
Brownlee, A. (1963). "Evolution of the Giraffe". Nature. 200 (4910): 1022. Bibcode:1963Natur.200.1022B. doi:10.1038/2001022a0. S2CID 4145785.
Williams, E. M. (2016). "Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism". Biology. 5 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/biology5030035. PMC 5037354. PMID 27626454.
Garland, T.; J., C. M. (1993). "Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 229 (1): 133–51. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. (2010). "Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 265 (2): 151–59. Bibcode:2010JThBi.265..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007. PMID 20385144.
Naish, D. (2011). "Will it Float?". Scientific American. 304 (1): 22. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304a..22N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Tobler, I.; Schwierin, B. (1996). "Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a zoological garden". Journal of Sleep Research. 5 (1): 21–32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x. PMID 8795798. S2CID 34605791.
Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 251–256. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0019. S2CID 43447891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013.
Graïc, J.-M.; Peruffo, A.; Ballarin, C.; Cozzi, B. (2017). "The brain of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): surface configuration, encephalization quotient, and analysis of the existing literature". The Anatomical Record. 300 (8): 1502–1511. doi:10.1002/ar.23593. PMID 28346748. S2CID 3634656.
Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (1993). "How giraffe adapt to their extraordinary shape". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 48 (2): 207–218. Bibcode:1993TRSSA..48..207M. doi:10.1080/00359199309520271.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
Cave, A. J. E. (1950). "On the liver and gall-bladder of the Giraffe". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 120 (2): 381–93. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1950.tb00956.x.
Oldham-Ott, C. K.; Gilloteaux, J. (1997). "Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones". Microscopy Research and Technique. 38 (6): 571–579. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 9330347. S2CID 20040338.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). "Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 251 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013.
Pratt, D. M.; Anderson, V. H. (1985). "Giraffe social behavior". Journal of Natural History. 19 (4): 771–781. Bibcode:1985JNatH..19..771P. doi:10.1080/00222938500770471.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R. (2020). "Proximity to humans affects local social structure in a giraffe metapopulation". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (1): 212–221. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13247. PMID 32515083.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Berry, P. S. M. (2013). "Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 206–216. Bibcode:2013AfJEc..51..206B. doi:10.1111/aje.12024.
Carter, K. D.; Seddon, J. M.; Frèreb, C. H.; Carter, J. K. (2013). "Fission–fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences". Animal Behaviour. 85 (2): 385–394. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.011. S2CID 53176817.
VanderWaal, K. L.; Wang, H.; McCowan, B.; Fushing, H.; Isbell, L. A. (2014). "Multilevel social organization and space use in reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)". Behavioral Ecology. 25 (1): 17–26. doi:10.1093/beheco/art061.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; König, B. (2021). "Leaving by staying: Social dispersal in giraffes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (12): 2755–2766. Bibcode:2021JAnEc..90.2755B. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13582. PMC 9291750.
Lavista Ferres, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; Nasir, Md.; Chen, Y.-C.; Bijral, A. S.; Bercovitch, F. B.; Bond, M. L. (2021). "Social connectedness and movements among communities of giraffes vary by sex and age class". Animal Behaviour. 180: 315–328. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.008. S2CID 237949827.
Leuthold, B. M. (1979). "Social organization and behaviour of giraffe in Tsavo East National Park". African Journal of Ecology. 17 (1): 19–34. Bibcode:1979AfJEc..17...19L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1979.tb00453.x.
Knüsel, M.; Lee, D.; König, B.; Bond, M. (2019). "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 149: 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.017. S2CID 72332291. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2020.
Kasozi, H.; Montgomery, R. A. (2018). "How do giraffes locate one another? A review of visual, auditory, and olfactory communication among giraffes". Journal of Zoology. 306 (3): 139–146. doi:10.1111/jzo.12604.
Volodina, Elena V.; Volodin, Ilya A.; Chelysheva, Elena V.; Frey, Roland (2018). "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context". BMC Research Notes. 11 (12): 12. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3103-x. PMC 5761111. PMID 29316966.
Baotic, A.; Sicks, F.; Stoeger, A. S. (2015). "Nocturnal "humming" vocalizations: adding a piece to the puzzle of giraffe vocal communication". BMC Research Notes. 8: 425. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1394-3. PMC 4565008. PMID 26353836.
Von Muggenthaler, E. (2013). "Giraffe Helmholtz resonance". Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics. 19 (1): 010012. doi:10.1121/1.4800658.
del Castillo, S. M.; Bashaw, M. J.; Patton, M. L.; Rieches, R. R.; Bercovitch, F. B. (2005). "Fecal steroid analysis of female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) reproductive condition and the impact of endocrine status on daily time budgets". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 141 (3): 271–281. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.011. PMID 15804514. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Bashaw, M. J.; del Castillo, S. M. (2006). "Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Hormones and Behavior. 50 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.04.004. PMID 16765955. S2CID 45843281.
Seeber, P. A.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Ganswindt, A. (2013). "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130396. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0396. PMC 3971675. PMID 23925833.
Langman, V. A. (1977). "Cow-calf relationships in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 43 (3): 264–286. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
Saito, M.; Idani, G. (2018). "Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)". Mammalian Biology. 93: 1–4. Bibcode:2018MamBi..93....1S. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.07.005. S2CID 91472891.
Gloneková, M.; Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7024G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2. PMC 8007720. PMID 33782483.
Hall-Martin, A. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Hopkins, B. J. (1978). "The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 52 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0520001. PMID 621681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Coe, M. J. (1967). "'Necking' behavior in the giraffe". Journal of Zoology. 151 (2): 313–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1967.tb02117.x.
Lee, D. E.; Strauss, M. K. L. (2016). Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.09721-9. ISBN 9780124095489.
Müller, D.W.; Zerbe, P.; Codron, D.; Clauss, M.; Hatt, J.M. (2011). "A long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases". Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde. 153 (11): 515–519. doi:10.1024/0036-7281/a000263. PMID 22045457. S2CID 10687135.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Farine, D. R.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2021). "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): 20202770. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2770. PMC 7893237. PMID 33563118.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bolger, T. (2016). "Spatial variation in giraffe demography: a test of 2 paradigms". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw086. S2CID 87117946.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Lee, D. E.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
Schmitt, M. H.; Stears, K.; Shrader, A. M. (2016). "Zebra reduce predation risk in mixed-species herds by eavesdropping on cues from giraffe". Behavioral Ecology. 27 (4): 1073–1077. doi:10.1093/beheco/arw015.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "The occurrence and prevalence of Giraffe skin disease in protected areas of northern Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (3): 753–755. doi:10.7589/2015-09-247. PMID 27310168. S2CID 10736316.
Bond, M. L.; Strauss, M. K. L.; Lee, D. E. (2016). "Soil Correlates and Mortality from Giraffe Skin Disease in Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (4): 953–958. doi:10.7589/2016-02-047. PMID 27529292. S2CID 46776142.
Muneza, A. B.; Montgomery, R. A.; Fennessy, J. T.; Dickman, A. J.; Roloff, G. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2016). "Regional variation of the manifestation, prevalence, and severity of giraffe skin disease: A review of an emerging disease in wild and captive giraffe populations". Biological Conservation. 198: 145–156. Bibcode:2016BCons.198..145M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.014.
Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D. (2001). "Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models" (PDF). Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 317–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.7622. doi:10.1145/383259.383294. ISBN 978-1-58113-374-5. S2CID 13488215. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Ringmar, E. (2006). "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic" (PDF). Journal of World History. 17 (4): 353–97. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0060. JSTOR 20079397. S2CID 143808549. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008.
Bolger, D.; Ogutu, J.; Strauss, M.; Lee, D.; Muneza, A.; Fennessy, J.; Brown, D. (2019). "Masai Giraffe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T88421036A88421121.en.
Muneza, A.; Doherty, J. B.; Hussein Ali, A.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A.; O'Connor, D.; Wube, T. (2018). "Reticulated Giraffe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420717A88420720.en.
Wube, T.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420707A88420710.en.
Qiu, Jane (2017). "Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aan7000. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L. (2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255.
Muller, Zoe; Lee, Derek E.; Scheijen, Ciska P. J.; Strauss, Megan K. L.; Carter, Kerryn D.; Deacon, Francois (2020). "Giraffe translocations: A review and discussion of considerations". African Journal of Ecology. 58 (2): 159–171. Bibcode:2020AfJEc..58..159M. doi:10.1111/aje.12727.
Lee, De; Fienieg, E.; Van Oosterhout, C.; Muller, Z.; Strauss, M.; Carter, Kd.; Scheijen, Cpj; Deacon, F. (27 February 2020). "Giraffe translocation population viability analysis". Endangered Species Research. 41: 245–252. doi:10.3354/esr01022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (2016). "Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (3): 940–948. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw025. S2CID 87384776.

enacademic.com

medieval_terms.enacademic.com

"Definition of camelopard". Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

etymonline.com

"Giraffe". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2011.

eurekalert.org

Wood, C. (2014). "Groovy giraffes...distinct bone structures keep these animals upright". Society for Experimental Biology. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

giraffeconservation.org

"Giraffe – The Facts: Current giraffe status?". Giraffe Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

google.com

Shorrocks, B. (2016). The Giraffe: Biology, Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 9781118587478.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Mitchell, G.; Roberts, D. G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2013). "Orbit orientation and eye morphometrics in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". African Zoology. 48 (2): 333–339. doi:10.1080/15627020.2013.11407600. hdl:2263/37109. S2CID 219292664.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. Bibcode:2010TRSSA..65..165M. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl:2263/18957. S2CID 83652889.
Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (2003). "On the origin, evolution, and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73. Bibcode:2003TRSSA..58...51M. doi:10.1080/00359190309519935. S2CID 6522531.
Chen, L.; Qiu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K. (2019). "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6202. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6202C. doi:10.1126/science.aav6202. PMID 31221828.
Danowitz, M.; Vasilyev, A.; Kortlandt, V.; Solounias, V. (2015). "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150393. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250393D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150393. PMC 4632521. PMID 26587249.
Danowitz, M.; Domalski, R.; Solounias, N. (2015). "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (11): 150521. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250521D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150521. PMC 4680625. PMID 26716010.
Ramstein, G.; Fluteau, F.; Besse, J.; Joussaume, S. (1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..788R. doi:10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003.
Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W. C.; McGrath, B. C.; Hudson, C. N.; Bedoya, R. O. C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul C. A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D. R. (2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature Communications. 7: 11519. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711519A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664. PMID 27187213.
Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Reuss, F.; Kumar, V.; Elkan, P.; Nilsson, M. A.; Vamberger, M.; Fritz, U.; Janke, A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
Petzold, A.; Hassanin, A. (2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS One. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Coimbra, R.T.F.; Winter, S.; Kumar, V.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Gooley, R. M.; Dobrynin, P.; Fennessy, J.; Janke, A. (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2929C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. PMID 33957077.
Bertola, L. D.; Quinn, L; Hanghøj, K; Garcia-Erill, E; Rasmussen, S. M.; Meisner, J; Bøggild, T; Wang, X; Lin, L; Nursyifa, C; Liu, X; Li, Z; Chege, M; Moodley, Y; Brüniche-Olsen, A; Kuja, J; Schubert, M; Agaba, M; Santander, C. G.; Sinding, M-H. S.; Muwanika, V; Masembe, C; Siegismund, H. R.; Moltke, I; Albrechtsen, A; Heller, R. (2024). "Giraffe lineages are shaped by major ancient admixture events". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1576–1586.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1576B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.051. PMID 38479386.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Winter, S.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Janke, A. (2018). "Matrilineal population structure and distribution of the Angolan giraffe in the Namib desert and beyond". Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 7–8: 1–5. Bibcode:2018EcoGG...7....1W. doi:10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.003. S2CID 90395544.
Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr.; Fennessy, J. (2009). "Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (4): 720–728. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..720B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x.
Foster, J. B. (1966). "The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food". African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. Bibcode:1966AfJEc...4..139F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Wood, W. F.; Weldon, P. J. (2002). "The scent of the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30 (10): 913–17. Bibcode:2002BioSE..30..913W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00037-6.
Van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2010). "From fetus to adult – An allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 314B (6): 469–479. Bibcode:2010JEZB..314..469V. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21353. PMID 20700891.
du Toit, J. T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants" (PDF). African Journal of Ecology. 28 (1): 55–62. Bibcode:1990AfJEc..28...55D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. Bibcode:1991Ethol..87...79Y. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. Bibcode:2010TRSSA..65..165M. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl:2263/18957. S2CID 83652889.
Brownlee, A. (1963). "Evolution of the Giraffe". Nature. 200 (4910): 1022. Bibcode:1963Natur.200.1022B. doi:10.1038/2001022a0. S2CID 4145785.
Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. (2010). "Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 265 (2): 151–59. Bibcode:2010JThBi.265..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007. PMID 20385144.
Naish, D. (2011). "Will it Float?". Scientific American. 304 (1): 22. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304a..22N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (1993). "How giraffe adapt to their extraordinary shape". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 48 (2): 207–218. Bibcode:1993TRSSA..48..207M. doi:10.1080/00359199309520271.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Pratt, D. M.; Anderson, V. H. (1985). "Giraffe social behavior". Journal of Natural History. 19 (4): 771–781. Bibcode:1985JNatH..19..771P. doi:10.1080/00222938500770471.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Berry, P. S. M. (2013). "Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 206–216. Bibcode:2013AfJEc..51..206B. doi:10.1111/aje.12024.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; König, B. (2021). "Leaving by staying: Social dispersal in giraffes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (12): 2755–2766. Bibcode:2021JAnEc..90.2755B. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13582. PMC 9291750.
Leuthold, B. M. (1979). "Social organization and behaviour of giraffe in Tsavo East National Park". African Journal of Ecology. 17 (1): 19–34. Bibcode:1979AfJEc..17...19L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1979.tb00453.x.
Saito, M.; Idani, G. (2018). "Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)". Mammalian Biology. 93: 1–4. Bibcode:2018MamBi..93....1S. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.07.005. S2CID 91472891.
Gloneková, M.; Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7024G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2. PMC 8007720. PMID 33782483.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Lee, D. E.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
Muneza, A. B.; Montgomery, R. A.; Fennessy, J. T.; Dickman, A. J.; Roloff, G. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2016). "Regional variation of the manifestation, prevalence, and severity of giraffe skin disease: A review of an emerging disease in wild and captive giraffe populations". Biological Conservation. 198: 145–156. Bibcode:2016BCons.198..145M. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.04.014.
Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Muller, Zoe; Lee, Derek E.; Scheijen, Ciska P. J.; Strauss, Megan K. L.; Carter, Kerryn D.; Deacon, Francois (2020). "Giraffe translocations: A review and discussion of considerations". African Journal of Ecology. 58 (2): 159–171. Bibcode:2020AfJEc..58..159M. doi:10.1111/aje.12727.

ikhebeenvraag.be

Solounias, N. (1999). "The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009.

int-res.com

Lee, De; Fienieg, E.; Van Oosterhout, C.; Muller, Z.; Strauss, M.; Carter, Kd.; Scheijen, Cpj; Deacon, F. (27 February 2020). "Giraffe translocation population viability analysis". Endangered Species Research. 41: 245–252. doi:10.3354/esr01022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

isis.org

app.isis.org

"Giraffa". ISIS. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.

iucn.org

"New bird species and giraffe under threat – IUCN Red List". 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016.

iucnredlist.org

Muller, Z.; Bercovitch, F.; Brand, R.; Brown, D.; Brown, M.; Bolger, D.; Carter, K.; Deacon, F.; Doherty, J.B.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Hussein, A.A.; Lee, D.; Marais, A.; Strauss, M.; Tutchings, A.; Wube, T. (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Giraffa camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T9194A136266699. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A136266699.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Fennessy, S.; Fennessy, J.; Muller, Z.; Brown, M.; Marais, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. rothschildi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T174469A51140829. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T174469A51140829.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Fennessy, J.; Marais, A.; Tutchings, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T136913A51140803.
Bolger, D.; Ogutu, J.; Strauss, M.; Lee, D.; Muneza, A.; Fennessy, J.; Brown, D. (2019). "Masai Giraffe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T88421036A88421121.en.
Muneza, A.; Doherty, J. B.; Hussein Ali, A.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A.; O'Connor, D.; Wube, T. (2018). "Reticulated Giraffe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420717A88420720.en.
Wube, T.; Doherty, J. B.; Fennessy, J.; Marais, A. (2018). "Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. camelopardalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T88420707A88420710.en.

jstor.org

Janis, C. M. (1993). "Tertiary Mammal Evolution in the Context of Changing Climates, Vegetation, and Tectonic Events". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 24: 467–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.24.1.467. JSTOR 2097187.
Dagg, A. I. (1971). "Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Clegg, A. (1986). "Some Aspects of Tswana Cosmology". Botswana Notes and Records. 18: 33–37. JSTOR 40979758.
Ringmar, E. (2006). "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic" (PDF). Journal of World History. 17 (4): 353–97. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0060. JSTOR 20079397. S2CID 143808549. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008.

kent.ac.uk

kar.kent.ac.uk

Seymour, R. (2001). Patterns of subspecies diversity in the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (L. 1758): comparison of systematic methods and their implications for conservation policy (Ph.D. thesis).

knowablemagazine.org

Holmes, B. (2021). "Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-051821-2. S2CID 236354545. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of CAMELOPARD". m-w.com. Encyclopædia Britannica: Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2014.

nationalgeographic.com

Langley, L. (2017). "Do zebras have stripes on their skin?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
Fine Maron, Dina (12 September 2023). "Another rare spotless giraffe found—the first ever seen in the wild". National Geographic. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

nayiri.com

Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973). "զուրափէ" [in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition]. www.nayiri.com. Yerevan: University Press. p. 110a. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.

nbn-resolving.de

Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Chen, L.; Qiu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K. (2019). "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits". Science. 364 (6446): eaav6202. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6202C. doi:10.1126/science.aav6202. PMID 31221828.
Danowitz, M.; Vasilyev, A.; Kortlandt, V.; Solounias, V. (2015). "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150393. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250393D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150393. PMC 4632521. PMID 26587249.
Danowitz, M.; Domalski, R.; Solounias, N. (2015). "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (11): 150521. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250521D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150521. PMC 4680625. PMID 26716010.
Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W. C.; McGrath, B. C.; Hudson, C. N.; Bedoya, R. O. C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul C. A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D. R. (2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature Communications. 7: 11519. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711519A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664. PMID 27187213.
Brown, D. M.; Brenneman R. A.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Milá, B.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Grether, G. F.; Jacobs, D. K.; Wayne R. K. (2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
Gippoliti, S. (2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851. S2CID 5189968. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Reuss, F.; Kumar, V.; Elkan, P.; Nilsson, M. A.; Vamberger, M.; Fritz, U.; Janke, A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
Petzold, A.; Hassanin, A. (2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS One. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Coimbra, R.T.F.; Winter, S.; Kumar, V.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Gooley, R. M.; Dobrynin, P.; Fennessy, J.; Janke, A. (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2929C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. PMID 33957077.
Bertola, L. D.; Quinn, L; Hanghøj, K; Garcia-Erill, E; Rasmussen, S. M.; Meisner, J; Bøggild, T; Wang, X; Lin, L; Nursyifa, C; Liu, X; Li, Z; Chege, M; Moodley, Y; Brüniche-Olsen, A; Kuja, J; Schubert, M; Agaba, M; Santander, C. G.; Sinding, M-H. S.; Muwanika, V; Masembe, C; Siegismund, H. R.; Moltke, I; Albrechtsen, A; Heller, R. (2024). "Giraffe lineages are shaped by major ancient admixture events". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1576–1586.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34E1576B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.051. PMID 38479386.
Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A.; Gourmand, B.-L.; Chardonnet, B.; Rigoulet, J. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and Central Africa". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008. PMID 17434121.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Lee, D. E.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2018). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6: e5690. doi:10.7717/peerj.5690. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743.
van Sittert, S. J.; Mitchell, G. (2015). "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India". PeerJ. 3: e1135. doi:10.7717/peerj.1135. PMC 4540016. PMID 26290791.
Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). "Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks". PeerJ. 1: e36. doi:10.7717/peerj.36. PMC 3628838. PMID 23638372.
Van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2010). "From fetus to adult – An allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 314B (6): 469–479. Bibcode:2010JEZB..314..469V. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21353. PMID 20700891.
Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Williams, E. M. (2016). "Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism". Biology. 5 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/biology5030035. PMC 5037354. PMID 27626454.
Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. (2010). "Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 265 (2): 151–59. Bibcode:2010JThBi.265..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007. PMID 20385144.
Tobler, I.; Schwierin, B. (1996). "Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a zoological garden". Journal of Sleep Research. 5 (1): 21–32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x. PMID 8795798. S2CID 34605791.
Graïc, J.-M.; Peruffo, A.; Ballarin, C.; Cozzi, B. (2017). "The brain of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): surface configuration, encephalization quotient, and analysis of the existing literature". The Anatomical Record. 300 (8): 1502–1511. doi:10.1002/ar.23593. PMID 28346748. S2CID 3634656.
Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
Oldham-Ott, C. K.; Gilloteaux, J. (1997). "Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones". Microscopy Research and Technique. 38 (6): 571–579. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 9330347. S2CID 20040338.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R. (2020). "Proximity to humans affects local social structure in a giraffe metapopulation". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (1): 212–221. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13247. PMID 32515083.
Volodina, Elena V.; Volodin, Ilya A.; Chelysheva, Elena V.; Frey, Roland (2018). "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context". BMC Research Notes. 11 (12): 12. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3103-x. PMC 5761111. PMID 29316966.
Baotic, A.; Sicks, F.; Stoeger, A. S. (2015). "Nocturnal "humming" vocalizations: adding a piece to the puzzle of giraffe vocal communication". BMC Research Notes. 8: 425. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1394-3. PMC 4565008. PMID 26353836.
del Castillo, S. M.; Bashaw, M. J.; Patton, M. L.; Rieches, R. R.; Bercovitch, F. B. (2005). "Fecal steroid analysis of female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) reproductive condition and the impact of endocrine status on daily time budgets". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 141 (3): 271–281. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.011. PMID 15804514. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Bashaw, M. J.; del Castillo, S. M. (2006). "Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Hormones and Behavior. 50 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.04.004. PMID 16765955. S2CID 45843281.
Seeber, P. A.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Ganswindt, A. (2013). "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130396. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0396. PMC 3971675. PMID 23925833.
Gloneková, M.; Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7024G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2. PMC 8007720. PMID 33782483.
Hall-Martin, A. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Hopkins, B. J. (1978). "The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 52 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0520001. PMID 621681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Müller, D.W.; Zerbe, P.; Codron, D.; Clauss, M.; Hatt, J.M. (2011). "A long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases". Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde. 153 (11): 515–519. doi:10.1024/0036-7281/a000263. PMID 22045457. S2CID 10687135.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Farine, D. R.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2021). "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): 20202770. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2770. PMC 7893237. PMID 33563118.
Lee, D. E.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "The occurrence and prevalence of Giraffe skin disease in protected areas of northern Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (3): 753–755. doi:10.7589/2015-09-247. PMID 27310168. S2CID 10736316.
Bond, M. L.; Strauss, M. K. L.; Lee, D. E. (2016). "Soil Correlates and Mortality from Giraffe Skin Disease in Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (4): 953–958. doi:10.7589/2016-02-047. PMID 27529292. S2CID 46776142.
Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L. (2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Danowitz, M.; Vasilyev, A.; Kortlandt, V.; Solounias, V. (2015). "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10): 150393. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250393D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150393. PMC 4632521. PMID 26587249.
Danowitz, M.; Domalski, R.; Solounias, N. (2015). "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (11): 150521. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250521D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150521. PMC 4680625. PMID 26716010.
Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W. C.; McGrath, B. C.; Hudson, C. N.; Bedoya, R. O. C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul C. A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D. R. (2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature Communications. 7: 11519. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711519A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664. PMID 27187213.
Brown, D. M.; Brenneman R. A.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; Milá, B.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Louis Jr., E. E.; Grether, G. F.; Jacobs, D. K.; Wayne R. K. (2007). "Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe". BMC Biology. 5 (1): 57. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-5-57. PMC 2254591. PMID 18154651.
Petzold, A.; Hassanin, A. (2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS One. 15 (2): e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Lee, D. E.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2018). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6: e5690. doi:10.7717/peerj.5690. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743.
van Sittert, S. J.; Mitchell, G. (2015). "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India". PeerJ. 3: e1135. doi:10.7717/peerj.1135. PMC 4540016. PMID 26290791.
Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). "Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks". PeerJ. 1: e36. doi:10.7717/peerj.36. PMC 3628838. PMID 23638372.
Williams, E. M. (2016). "Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism". Biology. 5 (3): 35. doi:10.3390/biology5030035. PMC 5037354. PMID 27626454.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; König, B. (2021). "Leaving by staying: Social dispersal in giraffes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (12): 2755–2766. Bibcode:2021JAnEc..90.2755B. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13582. PMC 9291750.
Volodina, Elena V.; Volodin, Ilya A.; Chelysheva, Elena V.; Frey, Roland (2018). "Hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context". BMC Research Notes. 11 (12): 12. doi:10.1186/s13104-017-3103-x. PMC 5761111. PMID 29316966.
Baotic, A.; Sicks, F.; Stoeger, A. S. (2015). "Nocturnal "humming" vocalizations: adding a piece to the puzzle of giraffe vocal communication". BMC Research Notes. 8: 425. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1394-3. PMC 4565008. PMID 26353836.
Seeber, P. A.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Ganswindt, A. (2013). "Androgen changes and flexible rutting behaviour in male giraffes". Biology Letters. 9 (5): 20130396. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0396. PMC 3971675. PMID 23925833.
Gloneková, M.; Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7024G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2. PMC 8007720. PMID 33782483.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Farine, D. R.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2021). "Sociability increases survival of adult female giraffes". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 288 (1944): 20202770. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.2770. PMC 7893237. PMID 33563118.
Lee, D. E.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L. (2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255.

npr.org

"For the first time in decades, Angolan giraffes now populate a park in Angola". NPR. 2023. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023., Megan Lim, NPR, 11 July 2023
Romo, Vanessa; Jones, Dustin (6 September 2023). "A rare spotless giraffe gets a name to match". NPR. Retrieved 6 March 2024.

paleobiodb.org

"Giraffa Brisson 1762 (giraffe)". paleobiodb.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.

pan.pl

app.pan.pl

Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 251–256. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0019. S2CID 43447891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013.

psu.edu

scholarsphere.psu.edu

Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Lavista Ferres, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; Nasir, Md.; Chen, Y.-C.; Bijral, A. S.; Bercovitch, F. B.; Bond, M. L. (2021). "Social connectedness and movements among communities of giraffes vary by sex and age class". Animal Behaviour. 180: 315–328. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.008. S2CID 237949827.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D. (2001). "Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models" (PDF). Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 317–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.7622. doi:10.1145/383259.383294. ISBN 978-1-58113-374-5. S2CID 13488215. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2011.

reproduction-online.org

Hall-Martin, A. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Hopkins, B. J. (1978). "The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 52 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0520001. PMID 621681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017.

resource-ecology.org

van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). "Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 251 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013.

sabinet.co.za

Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.

science.org

Qiu, Jane (2017). "Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aan7000. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.

sciencedirect.com

Winter, S.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Janke, A. (2018). "Matrilineal population structure and distribution of the Angolan giraffe in the Namib desert and beyond". Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 7–8: 1–5. Bibcode:2018EcoGG...7....1W. doi:10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.003. S2CID 90395544.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Bashaw, M. J.; del Castillo, S. M. (2006). "Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Hormones and Behavior. 50 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.04.004. PMID 16765955. S2CID 45843281.

scientificamerican.com

Naish, D. (2011). "Will it Float?". Scientific American. 304 (1): 22. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304a..22N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (2003). "On the origin, evolution, and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73. Bibcode:2003TRSSA..58...51M. doi:10.1080/00359190309519935. S2CID 6522531.
Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.
Ramstein, G.; Fluteau, F.; Besse, J.; Joussaume, S. (1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..788R. doi:10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003.
Holmes, B. (2021). "Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-051821-2. S2CID 236354545. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
Gippoliti, S. (2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851. S2CID 5189968. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Reuss, F.; Kumar, V.; Elkan, P.; Nilsson, M. A.; Vamberger, M.; Fritz, U.; Janke, A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
Winter, S.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Janke, A. (2018). "Matrilineal population structure and distribution of the Angolan giraffe in the Namib desert and beyond". Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 7–8: 1–5. Bibcode:2018EcoGG...7....1W. doi:10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.003. S2CID 90395544.
Lee, D. E.; Lohay, G. G.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2022). "Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective". Mammalian Biology. 102 (4): 1055–1071. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3. S2CID 252149865. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Mitchell, G.; Roberts, D. G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2013). "Orbit orientation and eye morphometrics in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". African Zoology. 48 (2): 333–339. doi:10.1080/15627020.2013.11407600. hdl:2263/37109. S2CID 219292664.
Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. Bibcode:2010TRSSA..65..165M. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl:2263/18957. S2CID 83652889.
Brownlee, A. (1963). "Evolution of the Giraffe". Nature. 200 (4910): 1022. Bibcode:1963Natur.200.1022B. doi:10.1038/2001022a0. S2CID 4145785.
Tobler, I.; Schwierin, B. (1996). "Behavioural sleep in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a zoological garden". Journal of Sleep Research. 5 (1): 21–32. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.1996.00010.x. PMID 8795798. S2CID 34605791.
Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 251–256. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0019. S2CID 43447891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013.
Graïc, J.-M.; Peruffo, A.; Ballarin, C.; Cozzi, B. (2017). "The brain of the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis): surface configuration, encephalization quotient, and analysis of the existing literature". The Anatomical Record. 300 (8): 1502–1511. doi:10.1002/ar.23593. PMID 28346748. S2CID 3634656.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
Oldham-Ott, C. K.; Gilloteaux, J. (1997). "Comparative morphology of the gallbladder and biliary tract in vertebrates: variation in structure, homology in function and gallstones". Microscopy Research and Technique. 38 (6): 571–579. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970915)38:6<571::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-I. PMID 9330347. S2CID 20040338.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Carter, K. D.; Seddon, J. M.; Frèreb, C. H.; Carter, J. K. (2013). "Fission–fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences". Animal Behaviour. 85 (2): 385–394. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.011. S2CID 53176817.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
Lavista Ferres, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; Nasir, Md.; Chen, Y.-C.; Bijral, A. S.; Bercovitch, F. B.; Bond, M. L. (2021). "Social connectedness and movements among communities of giraffes vary by sex and age class". Animal Behaviour. 180: 315–328. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.008. S2CID 237949827.
Knüsel, M.; Lee, D.; König, B.; Bond, M. (2019). "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 149: 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.017. S2CID 72332291. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2020.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Bashaw, M. J.; del Castillo, S. M. (2006). "Sociosexual behavior, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Hormones and Behavior. 50 (2): 314–321. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.04.004. PMID 16765955. S2CID 45843281.
Saito, M.; Idani, G. (2018). "Suckling and allosuckling behavior in wild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)". Mammalian Biology. 93: 1–4. Bibcode:2018MamBi..93....1S. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.07.005. S2CID 91472891.
Müller, D.W.; Zerbe, P.; Codron, D.; Clauss, M.; Hatt, J.M. (2011). "A long life among ruminants: giraffids and other special cases". Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde. 153 (11): 515–519. doi:10.1024/0036-7281/a000263. PMID 22045457. S2CID 10687135.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bolger, T. (2016). "Spatial variation in giraffe demography: a test of 2 paradigms". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw086. S2CID 87117946.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "The occurrence and prevalence of Giraffe skin disease in protected areas of northern Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (3): 753–755. doi:10.7589/2015-09-247. PMID 27310168. S2CID 10736316.
Bond, M. L.; Strauss, M. K. L.; Lee, D. E. (2016). "Soil Correlates and Mortality from Giraffe Skin Disease in Tanzania". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 52 (4): 953–958. doi:10.7589/2016-02-047. PMID 27529292. S2CID 46776142.
Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D. (2001). "Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models" (PDF). Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 317–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.7622. doi:10.1145/383259.383294. ISBN 978-1-58113-374-5. S2CID 13488215. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Ringmar, E. (2006). "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic" (PDF). Journal of World History. 17 (4): 353–97. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0060. JSTOR 20079397. S2CID 143808549. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008.
Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Lee, Derek E.; Bond, Monica L. (2016). "Precision, accuracy, and costs of survey methods for giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis". Journal of Mammalogy. 97 (3): 940–948. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw025. S2CID 87384776.

smith.edu

science.smith.edu

Dagg, A. I. (1971). "Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2011.

tanzania.go.tz

"National Symbols: National Animal". tanzania.go.tz. Tanzania Government Portal. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.

uaeinteract.com

"Nubian giraffe born in Al Ain zoo". UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

ucdavis.edu

tpyoung.ucdavis.edu

Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. Bibcode:1991Ethol..87...79Y. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.

ucr.edu

biology.ucr.edu

Garland, T.; J., C. M. (1993). "Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 229 (1): 133–51. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

usyd.edu.au

ses.library.usyd.edu.au

Fennessy, J. (2004). Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia (PhD thesis). University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2012.

ut.ac.ir

dehkhoda.ut.ac.ir

Dehkhoda, Ali-akbar. "زراف". Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute and International Center for Persian Studies. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.

utah.edu

courses.biology.utah.edu

du Toit, J. T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants" (PDF). African Journal of Ecology. 28 (1): 55–62. Bibcode:1990AfJEc..28...55D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.

utas.edu.au

ecite.utas.edu.au

Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.

uzh.ch

zora.uzh.ch

Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
Knüsel, M.; Lee, D.; König, B.; Bond, M. (2019). "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 149: 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.017. S2CID 72332291. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2020.

wcs.org

newsroom.wcs.org

"Good News for Giraffes at CITES CoP18 > Newsroom". newsroom.wcs.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

web.archive.org

"Giraffe". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
Dehkhoda, Ali-akbar. "زراف". Dehkhoda Lexicon Institute and International Center for Persian Studies. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973). "զուրափէ" [in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition]. www.nayiri.com. Yerevan: University Press. p. 110a. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
Őrsi, Tibor (2006). French Linguistic Influence in the Cotton Version of Mandeville's Travels. Tinta Könyvkiadó. p. 113. ISBN 9789637094545. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
"Definition of CAMELOPARD". m-w.com. Encyclopædia Britannica: Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
"Definition of camelopard". Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.
Holmes, B. (2021). "Heads up! The cardiovascular secrets of giraffes". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-051821-2. S2CID 236354545. Archived from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
Dagg, A. I. (1971). "Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Gippoliti, S. (2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851. S2CID 5189968. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. JHU Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 9781421400938. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
"Giraffa". ISIS. 2010. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
"Exhibits". Al Ain Zoo. 25 February 2003. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
"Nubian giraffe born in Al Ain zoo". UAE Interact. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
Winton, W. E. de (1899). "XXXVIII.—On mammals collected by Lieut.-Colonel W. Giffard in the northern territory of the Gold Coast". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (2 3): 353–359. doi:10.1080/00222939908678212. ISSN 0374-5481. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
"For the first time in decades, Angolan giraffes now populate a park in Angola". NPR. 2023. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023., Megan Lim, NPR, 11 July 2023
Rookmaaker, L. C. (1989). The Zoological Exploration of Southern Africa 1650–1790. CRC Press. ISBN 9789061918677. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
"Giraffa Brisson 1762 (giraffe)". paleobiodb.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
Nowak, R.M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1086–1089. ISBN 978-0801857898. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
Langley, L. (2017). "Do zebras have stripes on their skin?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
Foster, J. B. (1966). "The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food". African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. Bibcode:1966AfJEc...4..139F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022.
Lee, D. E.; Lohay, G. G.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2022). "Using spot pattern recognition to examine population biology, evolutionary ecology, sociality, and movements of giraffes: a 70-year retrospective". Mammalian Biology. 102 (4): 1055–1071. doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00261-3. S2CID 252149865. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Solounias, N. (1999). "The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009.
du Toit, J. T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants" (PDF). African Journal of Ecology. 28 (1): 55–62. Bibcode:1990AfJEc..28...55D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. Bibcode:1991Ethol..87...79Y. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Wood, C. (2014). "Groovy giraffes...distinct bone structures keep these animals upright". Society for Experimental Biology. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
Garland, T.; J., C. M. (1993). "Does metatarsal/femur ratio predict maximal running speed in cursorial mammals?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 229 (1): 133–51. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb02626.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2010.
Naish, D. (2011). "Will it Float?". Scientific American. 304 (1): 22. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304a..22N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 251–256. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0019. S2CID 43447891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013.
Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Pérez, W.; Lima, M.; Clauss, M. (2009). "Gross anatomy of the intestine in the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)" (PDF). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia. 38 (6): 432–435. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0264.2009.00965.x. PMID 19681830. S2CID 28390695. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018.
Fennessy, J. (2004). Ecology of desert-dwelling giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis in northwestern Namibia (PhD thesis). University of Sydney. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2012.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). "Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 251 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
Knüsel, M.; Lee, D.; König, B.; Bond, M. (2019). "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 149: 143–151. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.017. S2CID 72332291. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2020.
del Castillo, S. M.; Bashaw, M. J.; Patton, M. L.; Rieches, R. R.; Bercovitch, F. B. (2005). "Fecal steroid analysis of female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) reproductive condition and the impact of endocrine status on daily time budgets". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 141 (3): 271–281. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.011. PMID 15804514. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2021.
Langman, V. A. (1977). "Cow-calf relationships in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 43 (3): 264–286. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
Hall-Martin, A. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Hopkins, B. J. (1978). "The development of the reproductive organs of the male giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility. 52 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1530/jrf.0.0520001. PMID 621681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
"The Dabous Giraffe rock art petrograph". The Bradshaw Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
Walter, M.; Fournier, A.; Menevaux, D. (2001). "Integrating shape and pattern in mammalian models" (PDF). Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques. pp. 317–26. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.10.7622. doi:10.1145/383259.383294. ISBN 978-1-58113-374-5. S2CID 13488215. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
Ringmar, E. (2006). "Audience for a Giraffe: European Expansionism and the Quest for the Exotic" (PDF). Journal of World History. 17 (4): 353–97. doi:10.1353/jwh.2006.0060. JSTOR 20079397. S2CID 143808549. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 September 2008.
"Giraffe – The Facts: Current giraffe status?". Giraffe Conservation Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
Matt McGrath (8 December 2016). "Giraffes facing 'silent extinction' as population plunges". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
"New bird species and giraffe under threat – IUCN Red List". 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Qiu, Jane (2017). "Surge in wildlife killings is wiping out giraffes". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aan7000. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Charles Foley; Lara Foley; Alex Lobora; Daniela De Luca; Maurus Msuha; Tim R. B. Davenport; Sarah M. Durant (2014). A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania. Princeton University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-4008-5280-2. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
"National Symbols: National Animal". tanzania.go.tz. Tanzania Government Portal. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
"Chimpanzees among 33 breeds selected for special protection". BBC News. 28 October 2017. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
"Good News for Giraffes at CITES CoP18 > Newsroom". newsroom.wcs.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Lee, De; Fienieg, E.; Van Oosterhout, C.; Muller, Z.; Strauss, M.; Carter, Kd.; Scheijen, Cpj; Deacon, F. (27 February 2020). "Giraffe translocation population viability analysis". Endangered Species Research. 41: 245–252. doi:10.3354/esr01022. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

wiley.com

onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Gippoliti, S. (2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of African ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851. S2CID 5189968. Archived from the original on 3 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
Foster, J. B. (1966). "The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food". African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. Bibcode:1966AfJEc...4..139F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022.
Langman, V. A. (1977). "Cow-calf relationships in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa)". Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie. 43 (3): 264–286. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb00074.x. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.

wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Winton, W. E. de (1899). "XXXVIII.—On mammals collected by Lieut.-Colonel W. Giffard in the northern territory of the Gold Coast". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (2 3): 353–359. doi:10.1080/00222939908678212. ISSN 0374-5481. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Lee, Derek E. (2018). "Evaluating conservation effectiveness in a Tanzanian community wildlife management area". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 82 (8): 1767–1774. Bibcode:2018JWMan..82.1767L. doi:10.1002/jwmg.21549. ISSN 1937-2817. S2CID 91251633. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2020.
Lee, Derek E; Bond, Monica L. (2018). "Quantifying the ecological success of a community-based wildlife conservation area in Tanzania". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (2): 459–464. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy014. ISSN 0022-2372. PMC 5965405. PMID 29867255.

zenodo.org

Winton, W. E. de (1899). "XXXVIII.—On mammals collected by Lieut.-Colonel W. Giffard in the northern territory of the Gold Coast". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (2 3): 353–359. doi:10.1080/00222939908678212. ISSN 0374-5481. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.