Giraffe (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Giraffe" in English language version.

Last modified: 00:46:20, 2 September 2026 (UTC)

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Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2011). "Lung volumes in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 158 (1): 72–78. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.09.003. hdl:2263/16472. PMID 20837156. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D. (2009). "The structure and function of giraffe jugular vein valves" (PDF). South African Journal of Wildlife Research. 39 (2): 175–180. doi:10.3957/056.039.0210. hdl:2263/13994. S2CID 55201969. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2011.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Dagg, A. I. (1971). "Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Mammalian Species (5): 1–8. Bibcode:1971MamSp...5....1D. doi:10.2307/3503830. JSTOR 3503830. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2011.
Gippoliti, Spartaco; Cotterill, Fenton P. D.; Zinner, Dietmar; Groves, Colin P. (February 2018). "Impacts of taxonomic inertia for the conservation of A frican ungulate diversity: an overview". Biological Reviews. 93 (1): 115–130. Bibcode:2018BioRv..93..115G. doi:10.1111/brv.12335. PMID 28429851.
Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Reuss, F.; Kumar, V.; Elkan, P.; Nilsson, M. A.; Vamberger, M.; Fritz, U.; Janke, A. (2016). "Multi-locus Analyses reveal four giraffe species instead of one". Current Biology. 26 (18): 2543–2549. Bibcode:2016CBio...26.2543F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036. PMID 27618261. S2CID 3991170.
Petzold, A.; Hassanin, A. (2020). "A comparative approach for species delimitation based on multiple methods of multi-locus DNA sequence analysis: A case study of the genus Giraffa (Mammalia, Cetartiodactyla)". PLOS One. 15 (2) e0217956. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1517956P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217956. PMC 7018015. PMID 32053589.
Coimbra, R.T.F.; Winter, S.; Kumar, V.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Gooley, R. M.; Dobrynin, P.; Fennessy, J.; Janke, A. (2021). "Whole-genome analysis of giraffe supports four distinct species". Current Biology. 31 (13): 2929–2938.e5. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E2929C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.033. PMID 33957077.
Kargopoulos, Nikolaos; Marugán-Lobón, Jesús; Chinsamy, Anusuya; Agwanda, Bernard R.; Brown, Michael Butler; Fennessy, Stephanie; Ferguson, Sara; Hoffman, Rigardt; Lala, Fredrick; Muneza, Arthur; Mwebi, Ogeto; Otiende, Moses; Petzold, Alice; Winter, Sven; Zabeirou, Abdoul Razack Moussa; Fennessy, Julian (19 December 2024). "Heads up–Four Giraffa species have distinct cranial morphology". PLOS ONE. 19 (12) e0315043. Bibcode:2024PLoSO..1915043K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315043. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 11658530. PMID 39700177.
Bertola, L. D.; Quinn, L.; Hanghøj, K.; Garcia-Erill, E.; Rasmussen, S. M.; Meisner, J.; Bøggild, T.; Wang, X.; Lin, L.; Nursyifa, C.; Liu, X.; Li, Z.; Chege, M.; Moodley, Y.; Brüniche-Olsen, A.; Kuja, J.; Schubert, M.; Agaba, M.; Santander, C. G.; Sinding, M-H. S.; Muwanika, V.; Masembe, C.; Siegismund, H. R.; Moltke, I.; Albrechtsen, A.; Heller, R. (2024). "Giraffe lineages are shaped by major ancient admixture events". Current Biology. 34 (7): 1576–1586.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.1576B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.051. PMID 38479386.
Hassanin, A.; Ropiquet, A.; Gourmand, B.-L.; Chardonnet, B.; Rigoulet, J. (2007). "Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and Central Africa". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 330 (3): 173–183. Bibcode:2007CRBio.330..265H. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.02.008. PMID 17434121.
Bock, F.; Fennessy, J.; Bidon, T.; Tutchings, A.; Marais, A.; Deacon, F.; Janke, A. (2014). "Mitochondrial sequences reveal a clear separation between Angolan and South African giraffe along a cryptic rift valley". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 219. Bibcode:2014BMCEE..14..219B. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0219-7. PMC 4207324. PMID 25927851.
Winter, S.; Fennessy, J.; Fennessy, S.; Janke, A. (2018). "Matrilineal population structure and distribution of the Angolan giraffe in the Namib desert and beyond". Ecological Genetics and Genomics. 7–8: 1–5. Bibcode:2018EcoGG...7....1W. doi:10.1016/j.egg.2018.03.003.
Brenneman, R. A.; Louis, E. E. Jr.; Fennessy, J. (2009). "Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis". African Journal of Ecology. 47 (4): 720–728. Bibcode:2009AfJEc..47..720B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x.
Lee, D. E.; Cavener, D. R.; Bond, M. L. (2018). "Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)". PeerJ. 6 e5690. Bibcode:2018PeerJ...6e5690L. doi:10.7717/peerj.5690. PMC 6173159. PMID 30310743.
van Sittert, S. J.; Mitchell, G. (2015). "On reconstructing Giraffa sivalensis, an extinct giraffid from the Siwalik Hills, India". PeerJ. 3 e1135. Bibcode:2015PeerJ...3e1135V. doi:10.7717/peerj.1135. PMC 4540016. PMID 26290791.
Danowitz, M.; Vasilyev, A.; Kortlandt, V.; Solounias, V. (2015). "Fossil evidence and stages of elongation of the Giraffa camelopardalis neck". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (10) 150393. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250393D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150393. PMC 4632521. PMID 26587249.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (2003). "On the origin, evolution, and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 58 (1): 51–73. Bibcode:2003TRSSA..58...51M. doi:10.1080/00359190309519935. S2CID 6522531.
Chen, L.; Qiu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Wang, K. (2019). "Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits". Science. 364 (6446) eaav6202. Bibcode:2019Sci...364.6202C. doi:10.1126/science.aav6202. PMID 31221828.
Danowitz, M.; Domalski, R.; Solounias, N. (2015). "The cervical anatomy of Samotherium, an intermediate-necked giraffid". Royal Society Open Science. 2 (11) 150521. Bibcode:2015RSOS....250521D. doi:10.1098/rsos.150521. PMC 4680625. PMID 26716010.
Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. Bibcode:1996ANat..148..771S. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.
Ramstein, G.; Fluteau, F.; Besse, J.; Joussaume, S. (1997). "Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land–sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years". Nature. 386 (6627): 788–795. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..788R. doi:10.1038/386788a0. S2CID 4335003.
Agaba, M.; Ishengoma, E.; Miller, W. C.; McGrath, B. C.; Hudson, C. N.; Bedoya, R. O. C.; Ratan, A.; Burhans, R.; Chikhi, R.; Medvedev, P.; Praul C. A.; Wu-Cavener, L.; Wood, B.; Robertson, H.; Penfold, L.; Cavener, D. R. (2016). "Giraffe genome sequence reveals clues to its unique morphology and physiology". Nature Communications. 7 11519. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711519A. doi:10.1038/ncomms11519. PMC 4873664. PMID 27187213.
Foster, J. B. (1966). "The Giraffe of Nairobi National Park: Home range, sex ratios, the herd, and food". African Journal of Ecology. 4 (1): 139–148. Bibcode:1966AfJEc...4..139F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1966.tb00889.x. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J.D. (2004). "Giraffe thermoregulation: a review". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 59 (2): 49–57. Bibcode:2004TRSSA..59..109M. doi:10.1080/00359190409519170. S2CID 87321176. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Wood, W. F.; Weldon, P. J. (2002). "The scent of the reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 30 (10): 913–17. Bibcode:2002BioSE..30..913W. doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00037-6.
Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). "Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks". PeerJ. 1 e36. arXiv:1209.5439. Bibcode:2013PeerJ...1..e36T. doi:10.7717/peerj.36. PMC 3628838. PMID 23638372.
Van Sittert, S. J.; Skinner, J. D.; Mitchell, G. (2010). "From fetus to adult – An allometric analysis of the giraffe vertebral column". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 314B (6): 469–479. Bibcode:2010JEZB..314..469V. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21353. PMID 20700891.
Solounias, N. (1999). "The remarkable anatomy of the giraffe's neck" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 247 (2): 257–268. Bibcode:1999JZoo..247..257S. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00989.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009.
du Toit, J. T. (1990). "Feeding-height stratification among African browsing ruminants" (PDF). African Journal of Ecology. 28 (1): 55–62. Bibcode:1990AfJEc..28...55D. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1990.tb01136.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
Cameron, E. Z.; du Toit, J. T. (2007). "Winning by a Neck: Tall Giraffes Avoid Competing with Shorter Browsers". American Naturalist. 169 (1): 130–135. Bibcode:2007ANat..169..130C. doi:10.1086/509940. PMID 17206591. S2CID 52838493. Archived from the original on 2 June 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
Woolnough, A. P.; du Toit, J. T. (2001). "Vertical zonation of browse quality in tree canopies exposed to a size-structured guild of African browsing ungulates" (PDF). Oecologia. 129 (1): 585–590. Bibcode:2001Oecol.129..585W. doi:10.1007/s004420100771. PMID 24577699. S2CID 18821024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Young, T. P.; Isbell, L. A. (1991). "Sex differences in giraffe feeding ecology: energetic and social constraints" (PDF). Ethology. 87 (1–2): 79–89. Bibcode:1991Ethol..87...79Y. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1991.tb01190.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Mitchell, G.; van Sittert, S.; Skinner, J. D. (2010). "The demography of giraffe deaths in a drought". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 65 (3): 165–168. Bibcode:2010TRSSA..65..165M. doi:10.1080/0035919X.2010.509153. hdl:2263/18957. S2CID 83652889.
Brownlee, A. (1963). "Evolution of the Giraffe". Nature. 200 (4910): 1022. Bibcode:1963Natur.200.1022B. doi:10.1038/2001022a0. S2CID 4145785.
Henderson, D. M.; Naish, D. (2010). "Predicting the buoyancy, equilibrium and potential swimming ability of giraffes by computational analysis". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 265 (2): 151–59. Bibcode:2010JThBi.265..151H. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.04.007. PMID 20385144.
Naish, D. (2011). "Will it Float?". Scientific American. 304 (1): 22. Bibcode:2011SciAm.304a..22N. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0111-22. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
Wedel, M. J. (2012). "A monument of inefficiency: the presumed course of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in sauropod dinosaurs" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 57 (2): 251–256. Bibcode:2012AcPaP..57..251W. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0019. S2CID 43447891. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2013.
Mitchell, G.; Skinner, J. D. (1993). "How giraffe adapt to their extraordinary shape". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 48 (2): 207–218. Bibcode:1993TRSSA..48..207M. doi:10.1080/00359199309520271.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, Derek E.; Ozgul, A.; König, B. (2019). "Fission–fusion dynamics of a megaherbivore are driven by ecological, anthropogenic, temporal, and social factors". Oecologia. 191 (2): 335–347. Bibcode:2019Oecol.191..335B. doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04485-y. PMID 31451928. S2CID 201732871. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
van der Jeugd, H. P.; Prins, H. H. T. (2000). "Movements and group structure of giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 251 (1): 15–21. Bibcode:2000JZoo..251...15V. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00588.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2013.
Pratt, D. M.; Anderson, V. H. (1985). "Giraffe social behavior". Journal of Natural History. 19 (4): 771–781. Bibcode:1985JNatH..19..771P. doi:10.1080/00222938500770471.
Bercovitch, F. B.; Berry, P. S. M. (2013). "Herd composition, kinship and fission–fusion social dynamics among wild giraffe". African Journal of Ecology. 51 (2): 206–216. Bibcode:2013AfJEc..51..206B. doi:10.1111/aje.12024.
Carter, K. D.; Seddon, J. M.; Frèreb, C. H.; Carter, J. K. (2013). "Fission–fusion dynamics in wild giraffes may be driven by kinship, spatial overlap and individual social preferences". Animal Behaviour. 85 (2): 385–394. Bibcode:2013AnBeh..85..385C. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.11.011. S2CID 53176817.
Bond, M. L.; König, B.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; Lee, D. E. (2021). "Socially defined subpopulations reveal demographic variation in a Giraffe metapopulation". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 85 (5): 920–931. Bibcode:2021JWMan..85..920B. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22044. S2CID 233600744. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
Bond, M. L.; Lee, D. E.; Ozgul, A.; Farine, D. R.; König, B. (2021). "Leaving by staying: Social dispersal in giraffes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 90 (12): 2755–2766. Bibcode:2021JAnEc..90.2755B. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13582. PMC 9291750.
Lavista Ferres, J. M.; Lee, D. E.; Nasir, Md.; Chen, Y.-C.; Bijral, A. S.; Bercovitch, F. B.; Bond, M. L. (2021). "Social connectedness and movements among communities of giraffes vary by sex and age class". Animal Behaviour. 180: 315–328. Bibcode:2021AnBeh.180..315L. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.08.008. S2CID 237949827.
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Knüsel, M.; Lee, D.; König, B.; Bond, M. (2019). "Correlates of home range sizes of giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 149: 143–151. Bibcode:2019AnBeh.149..143K. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.017. S2CID 72332291. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2020.
del Castillo, S. M.; Bashaw, M. J.; Patton, M. L.; Rieches, R. R.; Bercovitch, F. B. (2005). "Fecal steroid analysis of female giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) reproductive condition and the impact of endocrine status on daily time budgets". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 141 (3): 271–281. Bibcode:2005GCEnd.141..271D. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.01.011. PMID 15804514.
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Gloneková, M.; Brandlová, K.; Pluháček, J. (2021). "Further behavioural parameters support reciprocity and milk theft as explanations for giraffe allonursing". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 7024. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.7024G. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-86499-2. PMC 8007720. PMID 33782483.
Lee, D. E.; Bond, M. L.; Bolger, D. T. (2017). "Season of birth affects juvenile survival of giraffe". Population Ecology. 59 (1): 45–54. Bibcode:2017PopEc..59...45L. doi:10.1007/s10144-017-0571-8. S2CID 7611046. Archived from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
Lee, D. E.; Kissui, B. M.; Kiwango, Y. A.; Bond, M. L. (2016). "Migratory herds of wildebeests and zebras indirectly affect calf survival of giraffes". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (23): 8402–8411. Bibcode:2016EcoEv...6.8402L. doi:10.1002/ece3.2561. PMC 5167056. PMID 28031792.
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aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

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archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

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arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

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Simmons, R. E.; Scheepers, L. (1996). "Winning by a Neck: Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Giraffe" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 148 (5): 771–786. Bibcode:1996ANat..148..771S. doi:10.1086/285955. S2CID 84406669. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2004.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Taylor, M. P.; Wedel, M. J. (2013). "Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks". PeerJ. 1 e36. arXiv:1209.5439. Bibcode:2013PeerJ...1..e36T. doi:10.7717/peerj.36. PMC 3628838. PMID 23638372.

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wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

zenodo.org (Global: 737th place; English: 426th place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

aip.org (Global: 2,273^rd place; English: 1,697^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

eurekalert.org (Global: 3,950^th place; English: 3,383^rd place)

go.com (Global: 97^th place; English: 79^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

int-res.com (Global: 9,782^nd place; English: 7,530^th place)

iucn.org (Global: 3,361^st place; English: 2,917^th place)

iucnredlist.org (Global: 39^th place; English: 71^st place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

kent.ac.uk (Global: 7,023^rd place; English: 4,256^th place)

knowablemagazine.org (Global: low place; English: 9,041^st place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nbn-resolving.de (Global: 1,834^th place; English: 8,390^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

npr.org (Global: 114^th place; English: 75^th place)

pan.pl (Global: 2,542^nd place; English: 2,714^th place)

psu.edu (Global: 299^th place; English: 159^th place)

science.org (Global: 1,007^th place; English: 665^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 1,110^th place; English: 817^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

smith.edu (Global: 3,053^rd place; English: 2,250^th place)

ucdavis.edu (Global: 2,336^th place; English: 1,492^nd place)

ucr.edu (Global: 1,400^th place; English: 754^th place)

usyd.edu.au (Global: 6,698^th place; English: 4,285^th place)

utah.edu (Global: 2,766^th place; English: 1,555^th place)

utas.edu.au (Global: 7,828^th place; English: 4,558^th place)

uzh.ch (Global: 1,380^th place; English: 1,488^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wiley.com (Global: 150^th place; English: 174^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

zenodo.org (Global: 737^th place; English: 426^th place)