William Wells Brown (1847), Narrative of William W. Brown, Fugitive Slave, Boston: Published at the Anti-Slavery Office, No. 25 Cornhill, p. 15. OCLC12705739
James W. Elliott (1914), My Old Black Mammy, New York City: Published weekly by James W. Elliott, Inc. OCLC823454
Henry Marvin Wharton (1904), War Songs and Poems of the Southern Confederacy, 1861–1865, Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Co., p. 188. OCLC9348166
John S. Farmer (1889), Farmer's Dictionary of Americanisms, Thomas Poulter & Sons, p. 473. OCLC702331118