Goths (English Wikipedia)

Halsall 2014, p. 519 "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae." Halsall, Guy (December 2014). "Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–32. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
Gillett 2000, pp. 479–500. Gillett, Andrew (2000). Deroux, Carl (ed.). "Jordanes and Ablabius". Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. X: 479–500. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
"Tarasov I.M. Some plots of Gothic history mentioded in Ioachim Chronicles.2021. Part I. P.56–71". January 2021. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

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Jordanes 1915, pp. 19–22. Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, p. iv (25). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, pp. iv (26). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, p. iv (28). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Bury 1913, p. 428. Bury, J. H. (1913). The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
Bury 1911, pp. 203–06. Bury, J. H. (1911). The Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
Jordanes 1915, p. xvii (94–95). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, pp. xvii (96–100). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, pp. xxx (113–15). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, pp. xxxiii (116–20). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Maenchen-Helfen 1973, pp. 152–55. Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520015968.
Vasiliev 1936, pp. 117–. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Medieval Academy of America.
Vasiliev 1936, pp. 117–35. Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1936). The Goths in Crimea. Medieval Academy of America.
Bradley 1888, p. 9 "The Goths are always described as tall and athletic men, with fair complexions, blue eyes, and yellow hair..." Bradley, Henry (1888). The Story of the Goths. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Bradley 1888, p. 3. Bradley, Henry (1888). The Story of the Goths. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Jordanes 1915, p. IV (25). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.
Jordanes 1915, p. IV (26). Jordanes (1915). The Gothic history of Jordanes. Translated by Mierow, Charles C. Princeton University Press.

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Olędzki 2004, p. 279. "Most scholars agree that contents of Jordanes' text... concerning the arrival of the Goths and Gepidae from Scandinavia to Pomerania is fully reflected in archaeological sources." Olędzki, Marek (2004). "The Wielbark and Przeworsk Cultures at the Turn of the Early and Late Roman Periods" (PDF). In Friesinger, Herwig; Stuppner, Alois (eds.). Zentrum und Peripherie. Mitteilungen Der Prähistorischen Kommission. Vol. 57. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 279–90. ISBN 978-3700133179. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

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Heather 2012, p. 623. "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st–3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia." Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018, p. 673. "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries." Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2012, p. 623. Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018, p. 673. Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Lehmann 1986, pp. 163–64. Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (1986). A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Brill. ISBN 9004081763. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Brink 2002, p. 688. Brink, Stefan (2002). "Sociolinguistic Perspectives And Language Contact in Proto-Nordic". In Bandle, Oskar [in German] (ed.). The Nordic Languages. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 685–90. ISBN 978-3110148763.
Andersson 1998a, pp. 402–03. Andersson, Thorsten (1998a). "Goten: § 1. Namenkundliches". In Beck, Heinrich [in German]; Steuer, Heiko [in German]; Timpe, Dieter [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 402–03. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 21. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Brink 2008, pp. 90, 110. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Thompson 1973, p. 609. "Goths, a Germanic people described by Roman authors of the 1st century a.d. as living in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Vistula river." Thompson, Edward Arthur (1973). "Goths". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 10. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 606–09. ISBN 0852291736. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Fulk 2018, p. 19. "[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals." Fulk, Robert D. (2018). "Provenance of the Goths". A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-9027263124. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Murdoch & Read 2004, pp. 5, 20. "The Goths, another East Germanic group like the Vandals and the Burgundians, had originated (by tradition) in Scandinavia, and are attested at an early stage at the mouth of the Vistula in modern Poland." Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm Kevin (2004). Early Germanic Literature and Culture. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1571131997. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Wolfram 2005, p. 5. "While the Gutones, the Pomeranian precursors of the Goths, and the Vandili, the Silesian ancestors of the Vandals, were still considered part of Tacitean Germania, the later Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans and were referred to as Scythians, Goths, or some other special names. The sole exception are the Burgundians, who were considered German because they came to Gaul via Germania. In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans, even though they were regarded as close relatives." Wolfram, Herwig (2005). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520244900. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Goffart 1989, p. 112. "Goths, Vandals, and Gepids, among others, never called themselves German or were regarded as such by late Roman observers." Goffart, Walter (1989). Rome's Fall and After. A & C Black. ISBN 978-1852850012.
Goffart 2010, p. 5 "The use of "German" waned sharply in late antiquity, when, for example, it was mainly reserved by Roman authors as an alternative to "Franks" and never applied to Goths or the other peoples living in their vicinity at the eastern end of the Danube." Goffart, Walter (2010). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200287. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2010, pp. 104, 111, 662. "Goths, Rugi and other Germani... Goths but also of some other Germani, notably Heruli... Germani such as the Vandals or Goths..." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 2007, p. 503. "Militarized freedmen among the Germani appear in sixth- and seventh-century Visigothic and Frankish law codes." Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195325416. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
James & Krmnicek 2020, p. xv. "They also became aware of some groups regarded as Germani, notably the Goths, migrating south-eastwards during the early centuries AD towards the Black Sea." James, Simon; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199665730. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Heather 1998, pp. 9–10. "Modern approaches to the history of the Goths have been decisively shaped by the survival of one particular text: the Origins and Acts of the Goths or Getica of Jordanes. Written in Constantinople in about AD 550, it is a unique document. Although its author wrote in Latin, he was of Gothic descent, and drew upon Gothic oral traditions... [T]he Getic's consolidated account has exercised enormous influence on the overall "shape" of modern reconstructions of Gothic history... Thanks to [archaeology]... it is now possible to exercise at least some kind of control of Jordanes' account of even this earliest period of Gothic history." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Fulk 2018, pp. 21–22. "How the Goths arrived at the Black Sea, and where they originated, are matters of debate. The usual assumption, and the one still credited by the considerable majority of scholars, has been that the account given in the sixth-century Getica of Jordanes is trustworthy at least in general outline: according to this account, the Goths migrated, perhaps about 100 BCE, from Scandinavia (Scandza) to the banks of the Vistula. Their area of settlement on the southern coast of the Baltic is called by Jordanes Gothiscandza... In accordance with the account of Jordanes, the Goths have usually been identified with the Gutones first mentioned by Pliny the Elder ca. 65 CE as living on the shore of (apparently) the Baltic Sea. On this reasoning the Goths have also commonly been associated with the island of Gotland and with the region of south-central Sweden called Götaland (named after the ON Gautar, OE Gēatas), from which areas they are assumed to have migrated originally... In more recent times the account of Jordanes, recorded so many centuries after the purported departure from Scandinavia, has been called into question, in part on archaeological grounds... [T]he presence of Goths in Scandinavia is not to be doubted... At all events, the name of the Goths is so common in place-names in Sweden – and place-names are often among the most archaic evidence – that it is difficult to believe that the Gothic presence in Scandinavia could have been a late development." Fulk, Robert D. (2018). "Provenance of the Goths". A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-9027263124. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Robinson 2005, p. 36. "Greek and Roman sources of the first and second centuries A.D. are the earliest written evidence we have for the Goths, under the names Guthones, Gothones, and Gothi. The sources agree in placing these people along the Vistula river, although whether they were on the coast or a bit inland is unclear. Also not totally clear is the connection between these people and other tribal groupings of similar names found at that time and later in parts of south central Sweden (now Västergötland and Östergötland) and on the island of Gotland. If the legend recorded by the sixth-century Gothic historian Jordanes is accurate, the Goths came to the mouth of the Vistula from across the sea, displacing a number of Germanic tribes who were there before them, including the Vandals. The weight of scholarship appears to support this story, with (mainland) Götland being seen as the likely point of origin, and the early first century B.C. as the likely time. Owing perhaps partially to population pressure, a large number of Goths subsequently left the Vistula in the mid-second century A.D. Around 170 they reached an area north of the Black Sea, where they settled between the Don and the Dniester rivers." Robinson, Orrin W. (2005). "A Brief History of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths". Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–39. ISBN 0415081696. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Goffart 2010, pp. 56–57. "The report that the earliest Goths departed from Scandinavia for the Continent at some undetermined moment in the distant past still commands an impressive body of believers.... Experts in Germanic literature who instantly discount reports of Trojan or Scythian or Noachic origins as being fabulous, solemnly assent: emigration from Scandinavia is an authentic "tribal memory:' the one kernel of historicity to be plucked from an unholy stew of misconceptions and fabrications. Goffart, Walter (2010). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200287. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Hedeager 2000, p. 27. "Nevertheless, that these explanations cannot be used to confirm the historicity of the origin myth does not mean that the Goths and many others did not originate from Scandinavia. Several independent, unrelated, pieces of evidence, both philological and archaeological, indicate that there might be a grain of historical truth in these stories. If Scandza is a literary motif, it might also reflect some long-gone historical reality, at least for the Goths, the Lombards, and the Anglo-Saxons, and perhaps even for groups like the Heruli, the Vandals and the Burgundians too." Hedeager, Lotte (2000). "Migration Period Europe: The Formation of a Political Mentality". In Nelson, Janet; Theuws, Frans (eds.). Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Transformation of the Roman World. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 15–58. ISBN 9004109021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Christensen 2002, p. 346. "[Cassiodorus] had found out about this island [of Scandza] by reading works by Ptolemy and by listening to reports from people who had come to Ravenna from those regions... [He] knew... that this island was home to a people whose name was strongly reminiscent of the name of the Goths. They were called Gauts, however, and had nothing at all to do with the Goths.". Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Christensen 2002, p. 349. "Today we are able to conclude that this narrative is fictitious, a fabrication in which the omnipotent author himself has created both the framework and the content of the story. But in spite of all this, it is never justifiable to completely discard a relic of the past. If it cannot tell us something about the past it claims to describe; then at least it speaks volumes about the period in which it was conceived – contingent of course upon our own ability to precisely date the source. Parting is a painful process, as in this case, where we must relinquish something we have grown accustomed to regarding as Gothic history." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Olędzki 2004, p. 279. "Most scholars agree that contents of Jordanes' text... concerning the arrival of the Goths and Gepidae from Scandinavia to Pomerania is fully reflected in archaeological sources." Olędzki, Marek (2004). "The Wielbark and Przeworsk Cultures at the Turn of the Early and Late Roman Periods" (PDF). In Friesinger, Herwig; Stuppner, Alois (eds.). Zentrum und Peripherie. Mitteilungen Der Prähistorischen Kommission. Vol. 57. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 279–90. ISBN 978-3700133179. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Heather 1998, pp. 25–29. "The archaeogical evidence would seem at least partly to confirm Jordanes' account of Filimer's migration; the movement of Goths from the European mainland opposite Scandinavia to the hinterland of the Black Sea. Given that the events occurred some 300–400 years before the Getica was composed, at a time when the Goths were not themselves literate, Jordanes' account is more correct, it seems to me, than we have any right ro expect... It is certainly possible... that Scandinavia was explicitly mentioned in Gothic tales of the past... The story of Berig as told by Goths might have said Scandinavia... I think it likely... that the story of Berig and his migration genuinely reflect Gothic story telling in some way, but I am less sure that the original Gothic stories mentioned Scandinavia." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Oxenstierna 1948, p. 73 claimed to have found archaeological evidence of a Gothic origin in Östergötland. Hachmann 1970 claimed there was no archaeological evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths. Kokowski 1999 and Kaliff 2008, p. 236 believe there is archaeological evidence for a partial Gothic origin in Scandinavia. Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (in German). J.A. Barth. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kokowski, Andrzej (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (in German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kazanski 1991, pp. 15–18. "R. Wolagiewicz who has studied the chronology of the Gothic kings provided by Jordanes, rightly estimates, in our opinion, that Berig, the king that led the Goths to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, would have lived at this time… Wolagiewicz' point of view requires some remarks, though. First of all, why did the first Scandinavian settlers seem so few? Would the first Gothic migration not have been that of a people or of a big tribe, but of a more restricted group? That is also what Jordanes seems to tell us, since he reports that the Goths arrived from Scandinavia on only three ships. How can we then justify that this author attached enough importance to this migration that he mentioned it several times? The political role played by these new arrivals, and the presence among them of their king Berig are without a doubt significant for this. Polish historian J. Kolendo has interpreted the history of the Goths as that of the Gothic royal dynasty of the Amales that would reign until the VIth c. and of which Berig was the first king. Taking into account the archaeological data that we have just mentioned, this hypothesis seems likely to us. We can suppose that the king of the Goths and his closest followers, once they had disembarked on the continent, began to dominate the local tribes. We know similar cases in the history of ancient peoples that held in high regard the kings that descended from illustrious families, often made sacred... [O]nly the royal dynasty and their followers could have had a Scandinavian origin. We add also that the Scandinavian parallels of the sites in Pomerania are, as we have seen, very scattered. We also find them in the south of Norway as well as in Sweden and on the islands of the Baltic Sea. This observation could show the heterogeneous origins of the migrants." Kazanski, Michel (1991). Les Goths [The Goths] (in French). Éditions Errance. pp. 15–18. ISBN 2877720624. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 39–40. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Heather 1998, pp. 24–26. Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Brink 2008, pp. 90, 103–04. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 23. "The similarity of the name of the Gothic people and that of the island of Gotland seems to support the migration legend of the Origo Gothica. This area was also the home of the medieval Gutasaga." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Rübekeil 2002, pp. 603–04. Rübekeil, Ludwig (2002). "Scandinavia in the Light of Ancient Tradition". In Bandle, Oskar (ed.). The Nordic Languages. Vol. 1. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 593–604. ISBN 978-3110148763.
Andersson 1998b, p. 283. "Die drei Stämme der Gauten, Goten und gutar scheinen sich im s. Ostseeraum aus einem *gautōz/*gutaniz-Volk entwickelt zu haben. Wo und wie deren Ethnogenese vor sich gegangen ist, bleibt zwar ungewiß, aber in der fortgesetzten Diskussion über die geogr. Herkunft der Stämme ist auf jeden Fall die sprachliche Analyse der Stammesbezeichnungen von wesentlichem Gewicht." English translation: "The three tribes of the Gautes, Goths and Gutar appear to have developed from a *gautōz/*gutaniz people in the southern Baltic region. Where and how their ethnogenesis took place remains uncertain, but in the ongoing discussion about the geographical origin of the tribes, the linguistic analysis of the tribal names is of considerable importance." Andersson, Thorsten (1998b). "Gøtar" [Geats]. In Beck, Heinrich; Steuer, Heiko; Timpe, Dieter (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 278–83. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Peel 2015, pp. 272, 290. Peel, Christine (2015). Guta Lag and Guta Saga: The Law and History of the Gotlanders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138804210. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Wolfram 1990, p. 38. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Liebeschuetz 2015, p. 106. Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. F. (2015). East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-9004289529. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
Heather 2010, p. 103. Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 12. "Archaeologists equate the earliest history of the Goths with the artifacts of a culture named after the East Prussian town Willenberg-Wielbark." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Heather 2010, p. 104. "[I]s now generally accepted that the Wielbark culture incorporated areas that, in the first two centuries AD, were dominated by Goths, Rugi and other Germani." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 2010, p. 679. "[T]he Wielbark and Przeworsk systems have come to be understood as thoroughly dominated by Germanic-speakers, with earlier archaeological 'proofs' that the latter comprised just a very few migrants from southern Scandinavia being overturned." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1998, pp. xiv, 2, 21, 30. "[The] Goths are met in historical sources... [in] northern Poland in the first and second centuries... Goths are first mentioned occupying territory in what is now Poland in the first century AD... The history of people labelled "Goths" thus spans 700 years, and huge tracts of Europe from northern Poland to the Atlantic ocean... [T]he Wielbark culture.... took shape in the middle of the first century AD... in Pomerania and lands either side of the lower Vistula... [T]his is the broad area where our few literary sources place a group called Goths at this time... Tacitus Germania 43–4 places them not quite on the Baltic coast; Ptolemy Geography 3.5.8 locates them east of the Vistula; Strabo Geography 7.1.3 (if Butones should be emended to Gutones) broadly agrees with Tacitus... The mutually confirmatory information of ancient sources and the archaeological record both suggest that Goths can first be identified beside the Vistula. It is here that this attempt to write their history will begin." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 36–42. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 12–13, 20, 23: "Goths – or Gutones, as the Roman sources called them... The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians"... The Gothic name appears for the first time between A.D. 16 and 18. We do not, however, find the strong form Guti but only the derivative form Gutones... Hereafter, whenever the Gutones and Guti are mentioned, these terms refer to the Goths." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Christensen 2002, pp. 32–33, 38–39. "During the first century and a half AD, four authors mention a people also normally identified with 'the Goths'. They seem to appear for the first time in the writings of the geographer Strabo... It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths... It has been taken for granted that these Gotones were identical to the Goths... Finally, around 150, Klaudios Ptolemaios (or Ptolemy) writes of certain [Gutones/Gythones] who are also normally identified with 'the Goths'... Ptolemy lists the [Gutae], also identified by Gothic scholars with the Goths..." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Goffart 1980, pp. 21–22. "We hear, for instance, that "the true history of the Goths" – true, that is, as distinct from legendary "but not inadmissible" – "begins with Pliny, who, toward A.D. 75, cited the Gutones, and Tacitus, who, towards 98, knows the Gothones." Prodigies of ingenuity are performed in creating arguments that sometimes are wholly circular. By normal standards of source analysis, the early Gothic migrations in Jordanes are about as historical as the tales of Genesis and Exodus; to champion their simple equivalence to history is a task for religious fundamentalists." Goffart, Walter (1980). Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691102313. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Christensen 2002, p. 343. "They might possibly have been mentioned in some geographical and ethnographical works dating from the first century AD, but the similarity in the names is not significant, and no antique author later considers them to be the forefathers of the Goths... No one sees this connection, even during the Great Migration. Chronologically it would, of course, be quite a realistic possibility..." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Kulikowski 2006, p. 212. "The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist." Kulikowski, Michael (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139458092. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Halsall 2007, pp. 52, 120. "Although the Scythians were long gone, their name was still applied to the inhabitants of these regions: Taifals and Sarmatians, Alans and Goths... Also significant is the fact that, as mentioned, when not using 'Scythian', these writers used Getae as a synonym for Goths, rather than (as modern historians do) associating the Goths with the Gutones, who had a respectable pedigree going back to Pliny at least... We might note the similarity of names such as Eudoses and Jutes, or Gutones and Goths but how much continuity does this imply, especially when the different names are recorded in different geographical locations?" Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521435437. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 38. "[T]he Gutones... were first mentioned by Strabo..." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Christensen 2002, p. 33. "It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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James & Krmnicek 2020, p. 412. "Except for a few examples where material, ritualized patterns (recognizable in burial rites, offerings, or ways of structuring settlements) and cultural change correspond almost perfectly with the written account – e.g. concerning the migration of the Goths from the Southern Baltic shore to the Black Sea – identification and localization of single Germanic tribes via patterns in archaeological material has mostly not been possible." James, Simon; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199665730. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
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Wolfram 1990, pp. 13. "No ancient ethnographer made a connection between the Goths and the Gutones. The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians". Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Heather 2010, p. 115. "In the period of Dacian and Sarmatian dominance, groups known as Goths – or perhaps 'Gothones' or 'Guthones' – inhabited lands far to the north-west, beside the Baltic. Tacitus placed them there at the end of the first century AD, and Ptolemy did likewise in the middle of the second, the latter explicitly among a number of groups said to inhabit the mouth of the Vistula. Philologists have no doubt, despite the varying transliterations into Greek and Latin, that it is the same group name that suddenly shifted its epicentre from northern Poland to the Black Sea in the third century." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005, pp. 223–29. Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139053921. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Bowman, Cameron & Garnsey 2005, pp. 53–54. Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139053921. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,053^rd place; English: 701^st place)

"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.

degruyter.com (Global: 1,425^th place; English: 1,138^th place)

db.degruyter.com

Andersson 1998a, pp. 402–03. Andersson, Thorsten (1998a). "Goten: § 1. Namenkundliches". In Beck, Heinrich [in German]; Steuer, Heiko [in German]; Timpe, Dieter [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 402–03. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Andersson 1998b, p. 283. "Die drei Stämme der Gauten, Goten und gutar scheinen sich im s. Ostseeraum aus einem *gautōz/*gutaniz-Volk entwickelt zu haben. Wo und wie deren Ethnogenese vor sich gegangen ist, bleibt zwar ungewiß, aber in der fortgesetzten Diskussion über die geogr. Herkunft der Stämme ist auf jeden Fall die sprachliche Analyse der Stammesbezeichnungen von wesentlichem Gewicht." English translation: "The three tribes of the Gautes, Goths and Gutar appear to have developed from a *gautōz/*gutaniz people in the southern Baltic region. Where and how their ethnogenesis took place remains uncertain, but in the ongoing discussion about the geographical origin of the tribes, the linguistic analysis of the tribal names is of considerable importance." Andersson, Thorsten (1998b). "Gøtar" [Geats]. In Beck, Heinrich; Steuer, Heiko; Timpe, Dieter (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 278–83. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

diva-portal.org (Global: 3,588^th place; English: 3,072^nd place)

Strid 2011, p. 43. Strid, Jan Paul (2011). "Retracing the Goths". In Kaliff, Anders; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311–2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 41–54. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Kokowski 2011, pp. 72–73. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Kokowski 2011, p. 75. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

According to Thompson (1963), the others were (i) Victoriacum, founded by Leovigild and may survive as the city of Vitoria, but a twelfth-century foundation for this city is given in contemporary sources, (ii) Lugo id est Luceo in the Asturias, referred to by Isidore of Seville, and (iii) Ologicus (perhaps Ologitis), founded using Basque labour in 621 by Suinthila as a fortification against the Basques, is modern Olite. All of these cities were founded for military purposes and at least Reccopolis, Victoriacum, and Ologicus in celebration of victory. A possible fifth Visigothic foundation is Baiyara (perhaps modern Montoro), mentioned as founded by Reccared in the fifteenth-century geographical account, Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar.^[234] Thompson, Edward Arthur (1963). "The Barbarian Kingdoms in Gaul and Spain". Nottingham Medieval Studies. 7: 3–33. doi:10.1484/J.NMS.3.19.
Vitiello 2022, pp. 160–192. Vitiello, Massimiliano (Spring 2022). "Cassiodorus, Theoderic, and the Dream of a Pan-Gothic Kingdom". Journal of Late Antiquity. 15 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 160–192. doi:10.1353/jla.2022.0005. ISSN 1942-1273. S2CID 247442895.
Halsall 2014, p. 519 "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae." Halsall, Guy (December 2014). "Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–32. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 3. "[T]he Getica of Jordanes has nevertheless played a crucial role. Written in the mid-sixth century, it is the only source which purports to provide an overview of Gothic history in our period, and has decisively influenced all modern historians of the Goths. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 5. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Kasperski 2015, abstract. "The story by Jordanes about the migration of Goths from Scandza is a matter of a vivid and long standing discussion between historians. Most scholars argue that it is a part of the Gothic tribal tradition... Historians have long wondered how Jordanes learned about the migration. Some researchers claim that the source of his inspiration was an original Gothic tribal saga. It is even believed that the story about the origin (origo) of the Goths in Scandza is one of the most important parts of the Gothic tribal tradition, passed orally from generation to generation, a pillar sustaining the ethnicity of this people. However, not all scholars share this belief" Kasperski, Robert (2015). "Too Civilized to Revert to Savages? A Study Concerning a Debate about the Goths between Procopius and Jordanes". The Mediaeval Journal. 5 (2). Brepols: 33–51. doi:10.1484/J.TMJ.5.108524.
Heather 1994, pp. 6, 66. Some sections of narrative may also derive from oral tradition. We hear of King Berig, for instance, who led the Goths' migration from Scandinavia (4. 25), and of King Filimer guiding them into lands above the Black Sea (4. 28). Both are events of the distant past, and Gothic oral history seems the most likely source of these stories.... "[T]he Scandinavian origin of the Goths would seem to have been one sixth-century guess among several... The myths themselves perhaps referred only to an unnamed, mysterious island... The Scandinavian origin-tale would thus be similar to much else in the Getica, depending upon a complex mixture of material from Gothic oral and Graeco-Roman literary sources." Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Goffart 2005, p. 391. "[I]t takes a weird conception of any Gothic oral tradition to imagine that it would have supplied Jordanes or his source with Scandinavia in the same garb as Ptolemy, Pliny, and Pomponius Mela and would have added to it, besides, circumstantial recollections of the Goths' one-time neighbors when they emigrated 2,030 years ago." Goffart, Walter (2005). "Jordanes's Getica and the Disputed Authenticity of Gothic Origins from Scandinavia". Speculum. 80 (2): 379–98. doi:10.1017/s0038713400000038. S2CID 163064058.
Kortlandt 2001, pp. 21–25 "Witold Mańczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..." Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55 (1). Rodopi: 21–25. doi:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004. S2CID 160585229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Heather 1994, p. 5. "[T]here is a Gothic origin to some of the Getica's material, which makes it unique among surviving sources. It specifically refers, for instance, to Gothic songs and tales recording Filimer's migration to the Black Sea" Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, pp. 87–96. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 87. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Guerra, Galligaro & Perea 2007. Guerra, M.F.; Galligaro, T.; Perea, A. (2007). "The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula". Archaeometry. 49 (1): 53–74. Bibcode:2007Archa..49...53G. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x.
Antonio, Margaret; Weiß, Clemens; Gao, Ziyue; Sawyer, Susanna; Oberreiter, Victoria; Moots, Hannah; Spence, Jeffrey; Cheronet, Olivia; Zagorc, Brina (2023). Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobilit (Report). doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.491973. hdl:11573/1706425.
Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; Dębski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023). "Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE". Genome Biology. 24 (1): 173. doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 10364380. PMID 37488661.
Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). "A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations" (PDF). Cell. 186 (25): P5472–5485.E9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018. PMC 10752003. PMID 38065079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

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handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

hdl.handle.net

Antonio, Margaret; Weiß, Clemens; Gao, Ziyue; Sawyer, Susanna; Oberreiter, Victoria; Moots, Hannah; Spence, Jeffrey; Cheronet, Olivia; Zagorc, Brina (2023). Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobilit (Report). doi:10.1101/2022.05.15.491973. hdl:11573/1706425.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Guerra, Galligaro & Perea 2007. Guerra, M.F.; Galligaro, T.; Perea, A. (2007). "The treasure of Guarrazar: Tracing the gold supplies in the Visigothic Iberian peninsula". Archaeometry. 49 (1): 53–74. Bibcode:2007Archa..49...53G. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00287.x.

reich.hms.harvard.edu

Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). "A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations" (PDF). Cell. 186 (25): P5472–5485.E9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018. PMC 10752003. PMID 38065079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

harvardmagazine.com (Global: 6,522^nd place; English: 3,960^th place)

Shaw, Jonathan (12 July 2023). "The Roman Empire's Cosmopolitan Frontier". Harvard Magazine. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

kortlandt.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kortlandt 2001, pp. 21–25 "Witold Mańczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..." Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55 (1). Rodopi: 21–25. doi:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004. S2CID 160585229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

lexico.com (Global: 1,242^nd place; English: 853^rd place)

"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.

man.es (Global: low place; English: low place)

Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic necropolis of Castiltierra (Segovia) in Spain. See Isabel Arias Sánchez & Luis Javier Balmaseda Muncharaz (eds.). "La necrópolis de época visigoda de Castiltierra (Segovia) – Excavaciones dirigidas por E. Camps y J. M. de Navascués, 1932–1935 – Materiales conservados en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional: Tomo II, Estudios" [The Visigothic necropolis of Castiltierra (Segovia) – Excavations directed by E. Camps and J. M. de Navascués, 1932–1935 – Materials preserved in the National Archaeological Museum, Volume II: Studies] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2020.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 209^th place; English: 191^st place)

"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.

metmuseum.org (Global: 983^rd place; English: 751^st place)

"Belt Buckle 550–600". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; Dębski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023). "Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE". Genome Biology. 24 (1): 173. doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 10364380. PMID 37488661.
Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). "A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations" (PDF). Cell. 186 (25): P5472–5485.E9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018. PMC 10752003. PMID 38065079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; Dębski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023). "Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE". Genome Biology. 24 (1): 173. doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 10364380. PMID 37488661.
Olalde, Iñigo; Carrión, Pablo (7 December 2023). "A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations" (PDF). Cell. 186 (25): P5472–5485.E9. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018. PMC 10752003. PMID 38065079. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.

niif.hu (Global: low place; English: low place)

mek.niif.hu

Bóna 2001. Bóna, István [in Hungarian] (2001). "'Forest People': The Goths in Transylvania". In Makkai, László [in Hungarian]; Mócsy, András [in Hungarian] (eds.). History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

oxfordreference.com (Global: 938^th place; English: 658^th place)

Heather 2012, p. 623. "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st–3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia." Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018, p. 673. "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries." Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2012, p. 623. Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018, p. 673. Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Pritsak 2005. Pritsak, Omeljan (2005). "Goths". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195187922. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Pritsak 2005. Goths... a Germanic people..." Pritsak, Omeljan (2005). "Goths". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195187922. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Bennett 2004. Bennett, Matthew (2004). "Goths". In Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0191727467. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Howatson 2011. Howatson, M. C. (2011). "Goths". The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0191739422. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Bennett 2004, p. 367. Bennett, Matthew (2004). "Goths". In Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0191727467. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018. Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Foss 2005. Foss, Clive F. W. (2005). "Optimatoi". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195187922. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.

oxfordscholarship.com (Global: 8,382^nd place; English: 5,224^th place)

Heather 1994, p. 3. "[T]he Getica of Jordanes has nevertheless played a crucial role. Written in the mid-sixth century, it is the only source which purports to provide an overview of Gothic history in our period, and has decisively influenced all modern historians of the Goths. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 5. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, pp. 6, 66. Some sections of narrative may also derive from oral tradition. We hear of King Berig, for instance, who led the Goths' migration from Scandinavia (4. 25), and of King Filimer guiding them into lands above the Black Sea (4. 28). Both are events of the distant past, and Gothic oral history seems the most likely source of these stories.... "[T]he Scandinavian origin of the Goths would seem to have been one sixth-century guess among several... The myths themselves perhaps referred only to an unnamed, mysterious island... The Scandinavian origin-tale would thus be similar to much else in the Getica, depending upon a complex mixture of material from Gothic oral and Graeco-Roman literary sources." Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 5. "[T]here is a Gothic origin to some of the Getica's material, which makes it unique among surviving sources. It specifically refers, for instance, to Gothic songs and tales recording Filimer's migration to the Black Sea" Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, pp. 87–96. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1994, p. 87. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.

runeberg.org (Global: 644^th place; English: 1,214^th place)

Söderberg 1896, pp. 187–95. Söderberg, Werner [in Swedish] (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434". Samlaren (in Swedish). 17. Akademiska Boktryckeriet: 187–95. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2006.

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Salvador Conejo, Diego. "Cripta visigoda de San Antolín". Rutas con historia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

s3.amazonaws.com (Global: 1,540^th place; English: 958^th place)

Oxenstierna 1948, p. 73 claimed to have found archaeological evidence of a Gothic origin in Östergötland. Hachmann 1970 claimed there was no archaeological evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths. Kokowski 1999 and Kaliff 2008, p. 236 believe there is archaeological evidence for a partial Gothic origin in Scandinavia. Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (in German). J.A. Barth. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kokowski, Andrzej (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (in German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, pp. 223, 235–36. "The archaeological record indicates that Jordanes' history concerning the origin of the Goths was based on an oral tradition with a real background... In modern research, the theory of a massive migration has generally been abandoned... Limited migration is likely to have taken place." Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 236. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 228. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 232. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.

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Vitiello 2022, pp. 160–192. Vitiello, Massimiliano (Spring 2022). "Cassiodorus, Theoderic, and the Dream of a Pan-Gothic Kingdom". Journal of Late Antiquity. 15 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 160–192. doi:10.1353/jla.2022.0005. ISSN 1942-1273. S2CID 247442895.
Goffart 2005, p. 391. "[I]t takes a weird conception of any Gothic oral tradition to imagine that it would have supplied Jordanes or his source with Scandinavia in the same garb as Ptolemy, Pliny, and Pomponius Mela and would have added to it, besides, circumstantial recollections of the Goths' one-time neighbors when they emigrated 2,030 years ago." Goffart, Walter (2005). "Jordanes's Getica and the Disputed Authenticity of Gothic Origins from Scandinavia". Speculum. 80 (2): 379–98. doi:10.1017/s0038713400000038. S2CID 163064058.
Kortlandt 2001, pp. 21–25 "Witold Mańczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..." Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55 (1). Rodopi: 21–25. doi:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004. S2CID 160585229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

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"The History of Goth". www.thealinemag.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

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"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.

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"Eagle Fibula". The Walters Art Museum. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.

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Strabo 1903, Book VII, Chap. 1 Archived 16 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Strabo (1903). The Natural History. Translated by Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. George Bell & Sons. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
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Pliny 1855, Book XXXVIII, Chap. 11 Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Pliny (1855). The Natural History. Translated by Bostock, John. Taylor & Francis. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.

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Ptolemy 1932, 3.5 Archived 25 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Ptolemy (1932). Geography. New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Ptolemy 1932, 2.10 Archived 25 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine Ptolemy (1932). Geography. New York Public Library. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Disputed 1932, The Two Gallieni Archived 25 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 13 Disputed (1932). Augustan history. Translated by Magie, David. Loeb Classical Library. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
Disputed 1932, The Life of Claudius Archived 1 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 6 Disputed (1932). Augustan history. Translated by Magie, David. Loeb Classical Library. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
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Sprengling 1953, pp. 3–4. Sprengling, Martin (1953). Third Century Iran: Sapor and Kartir. The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. OCLC 941007640. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.

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"Ostrogodos y Visigodos en Italia y Francia" [Ostrogoths and Visigoths in Italy and France]. Editorial.dca (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2013.

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"1 Cor. 13:1-12". lrc.la.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2024.

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Important findings have also been made in the Visigothic necropolis of Castiltierra (Segovia) in Spain. See Isabel Arias Sánchez & Luis Javier Balmaseda Muncharaz (eds.). "La necrópolis de época visigoda de Castiltierra (Segovia) – Excavaciones dirigidas por E. Camps y J. M. de Navascués, 1932–1935 – Materiales conservados en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional: Tomo II, Estudios" [The Visigothic necropolis of Castiltierra (Segovia) – Excavations directed by E. Camps and J. M. de Navascués, 1932–1935 – Materials preserved in the National Archaeological Museum, Volume II: Studies] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2020.
Heather 2012, p. 623. "Goths, a Germanic people, who, according to Jordanes' Getica, originated in Scandinavia. The Cernjachov culture of the later 3rd and 4th cents. AD beside the Black Sea, and the Polish and Byelorussian Wielbark cultures of the 1st–3rd. cents. ad, provide evidence of a Gothic migration down the Vistula to the Black Sea, but no clear trail leads to Scandinavia." Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2018, p. 673. "a Germanic tribe whose name means 'the people', first attested immediately south of the Baltic Sea in the first two centuries." Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2012, p. 623. Heather, Peter (2012). "Goths". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (eds.). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 623. ISBN 978-0191735257. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
"1 Cor. 13:1-12". lrc.la.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
Heather 2018, p. 673. Heather, Peter (2018). "Goths". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 673. ISBN 978-0191744457. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Pritsak 2005. Pritsak, Omeljan (2005). "Goths". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195187922. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
"The History of Goth". www.thealinemag.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2024.
Lehmann 1986, pp. 163–64. Lehmann, Winfred Philipp (1986). A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Brill. ISBN 9004081763. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Andersson 1998a, pp. 402–03. Andersson, Thorsten (1998a). "Goten: § 1. Namenkundliches". In Beck, Heinrich [in German]; Steuer, Heiko [in German]; Timpe, Dieter [in German] (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 402–03. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 21. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Brink 2008, pp. 90, 110. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Pritsak 2005. Goths... a Germanic people..." Pritsak, Omeljan (2005). "Goths". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195187922. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Thompson 1973, p. 609. "Goths, a Germanic people described by Roman authors of the 1st century a.d. as living in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Vistula river." Thompson, Edward Arthur (1973). "Goths". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 10. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 606–09. ISBN 0852291736. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.
Fulk 2018, p. 19. "[A] number of named early Germanic groups are to be counted among the East Germanic peoples... Usually included in this group are Goths (among whom are probably to be counted Gepids, Greuthingi, and Thervingi), Bastarnae, Burgundians, Heruli, Rugii, Sciri, Silingi, and Vandals." Fulk, Robert D. (2018). "Provenance of the Goths". A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-9027263124. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Murdoch & Read 2004, pp. 5, 20. "The Goths, another East Germanic group like the Vandals and the Burgundians, had originated (by tradition) in Scandinavia, and are attested at an early stage at the mouth of the Vistula in modern Poland." Murdoch, Brian; Read, Malcolm Kevin (2004). Early Germanic Literature and Culture. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1571131997. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
"Goth". WordReference.com. Collins Concise English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.
Wolfram 2005, p. 5. "While the Gutones, the Pomeranian precursors of the Goths, and the Vandili, the Silesian ancestors of the Vandals, were still considered part of Tacitean Germania, the later Goths, Vandals, and other East Germanic tribes were differentiated from the Germans and were referred to as Scythians, Goths, or some other special names. The sole exception are the Burgundians, who were considered German because they came to Gaul via Germania. In keeping with this classification, post-Tacitean Scandinavians were also no longer counted among the Germans, even though they were regarded as close relatives." Wolfram, Herwig (2005). The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520244900. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Halsall 2014, p. 519 "Goths, who have in recent decades become something of a paradigm for 'Germanic migrations', spoke a Germanic language but they were not considered Germani by Graeco-Roman authors, who usually saw them as 'Scythians' or as descendants of other peoples recorded in the same region like the Getae." Halsall, Guy (December 2014). "Two Worlds Become One: A 'Counter-Intuitive' View of the Roman Empire and 'Germanic' Migration". German History. 32 (4). Oxford University Press: 515–32. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghu107. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
Goffart 2010, p. 5 "The use of "German" waned sharply in late antiquity, when, for example, it was mainly reserved by Roman authors as an alternative to "Franks" and never applied to Goths or the other peoples living in their vicinity at the eastern end of the Danube." Goffart, Walter (2010). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200287. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Heather 2010, pp. 104, 111, 662. "Goths, Rugi and other Germani... Goths but also of some other Germani, notably Heruli... Germani such as the Vandals or Goths..." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 2007, p. 503. "Militarized freedmen among the Germani appear in sixth- and seventh-century Visigothic and Frankish law codes." Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195325416. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
James & Krmnicek 2020, p. xv. "They also became aware of some groups regarded as Germani, notably the Goths, migrating south-eastwards during the early centuries AD towards the Black Sea." James, Simon; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199665730. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Heather 1994, p. 3. "[T]he Getica of Jordanes has nevertheless played a crucial role. Written in the mid-sixth century, it is the only source which purports to provide an overview of Gothic history in our period, and has decisively influenced all modern historians of the Goths. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1998, pp. 9–10. "Modern approaches to the history of the Goths have been decisively shaped by the survival of one particular text: the Origins and Acts of the Goths or Getica of Jordanes. Written in Constantinople in about AD 550, it is a unique document. Although its author wrote in Latin, he was of Gothic descent, and drew upon Gothic oral traditions... [T]he Getic's consolidated account has exercised enormous influence on the overall "shape" of modern reconstructions of Gothic history... Thanks to [archaeology]... it is now possible to exercise at least some kind of control of Jordanes' account of even this earliest period of Gothic history." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Heather 1994, p. 5. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Gillett 2000, pp. 479–500. Gillett, Andrew (2000). Deroux, Carl (ed.). "Jordanes and Ablabius". Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History. X: 479–500. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
Fulk 2018, pp. 21–22. "How the Goths arrived at the Black Sea, and where they originated, are matters of debate. The usual assumption, and the one still credited by the considerable majority of scholars, has been that the account given in the sixth-century Getica of Jordanes is trustworthy at least in general outline: according to this account, the Goths migrated, perhaps about 100 BCE, from Scandinavia (Scandza) to the banks of the Vistula. Their area of settlement on the southern coast of the Baltic is called by Jordanes Gothiscandza... In accordance with the account of Jordanes, the Goths have usually been identified with the Gutones first mentioned by Pliny the Elder ca. 65 CE as living on the shore of (apparently) the Baltic Sea. On this reasoning the Goths have also commonly been associated with the island of Gotland and with the region of south-central Sweden called Götaland (named after the ON Gautar, OE Gēatas), from which areas they are assumed to have migrated originally... In more recent times the account of Jordanes, recorded so many centuries after the purported departure from Scandinavia, has been called into question, in part on archaeological grounds... [T]he presence of Goths in Scandinavia is not to be doubted... At all events, the name of the Goths is so common in place-names in Sweden – and place-names are often among the most archaic evidence – that it is difficult to believe that the Gothic presence in Scandinavia could have been a late development." Fulk, Robert D. (2018). "Provenance of the Goths". A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages. Studies in Germanic Linguistics. Vol. 3. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-9027263124. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Robinson 2005, p. 36. "Greek and Roman sources of the first and second centuries A.D. are the earliest written evidence we have for the Goths, under the names Guthones, Gothones, and Gothi. The sources agree in placing these people along the Vistula river, although whether they were on the coast or a bit inland is unclear. Also not totally clear is the connection between these people and other tribal groupings of similar names found at that time and later in parts of south central Sweden (now Västergötland and Östergötland) and on the island of Gotland. If the legend recorded by the sixth-century Gothic historian Jordanes is accurate, the Goths came to the mouth of the Vistula from across the sea, displacing a number of Germanic tribes who were there before them, including the Vandals. The weight of scholarship appears to support this story, with (mainland) Götland being seen as the likely point of origin, and the early first century B.C. as the likely time. Owing perhaps partially to population pressure, a large number of Goths subsequently left the Vistula in the mid-second century A.D. Around 170 they reached an area north of the Black Sea, where they settled between the Don and the Dniester rivers." Robinson, Orrin W. (2005). "A Brief History of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths". Old English and its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–39. ISBN 0415081696. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Goffart 2010, pp. 56–57. "The report that the earliest Goths departed from Scandinavia for the Continent at some undetermined moment in the distant past still commands an impressive body of believers.... Experts in Germanic literature who instantly discount reports of Trojan or Scythian or Noachic origins as being fabulous, solemnly assent: emigration from Scandinavia is an authentic "tribal memory:' the one kernel of historicity to be plucked from an unholy stew of misconceptions and fabrications. Goffart, Walter (2010). Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200287. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Hedeager 2000, p. 27. "Nevertheless, that these explanations cannot be used to confirm the historicity of the origin myth does not mean that the Goths and many others did not originate from Scandinavia. Several independent, unrelated, pieces of evidence, both philological and archaeological, indicate that there might be a grain of historical truth in these stories. If Scandza is a literary motif, it might also reflect some long-gone historical reality, at least for the Goths, the Lombards, and the Anglo-Saxons, and perhaps even for groups like the Heruli, the Vandals and the Burgundians too." Hedeager, Lotte (2000). "Migration Period Europe: The Formation of a Political Mentality". In Nelson, Janet; Theuws, Frans (eds.). Rituals of Power: From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Transformation of the Roman World. Vol. 8. Brill. pp. 15–58. ISBN 9004109021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Heather 1994, pp. 6, 66. Some sections of narrative may also derive from oral tradition. We hear of King Berig, for instance, who led the Goths' migration from Scandinavia (4. 25), and of King Filimer guiding them into lands above the Black Sea (4. 28). Both are events of the distant past, and Gothic oral history seems the most likely source of these stories.... "[T]he Scandinavian origin of the Goths would seem to have been one sixth-century guess among several... The myths themselves perhaps referred only to an unnamed, mysterious island... The Scandinavian origin-tale would thus be similar to much else in the Getica, depending upon a complex mixture of material from Gothic oral and Graeco-Roman literary sources." Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Christensen 2002, p. 346. "[Cassiodorus] had found out about this island [of Scandza] by reading works by Ptolemy and by listening to reports from people who had come to Ravenna from those regions... [He] knew... that this island was home to a people whose name was strongly reminiscent of the name of the Goths. They were called Gauts, however, and had nothing at all to do with the Goths.". Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Christensen 2002, p. 349. "Today we are able to conclude that this narrative is fictitious, a fabrication in which the omnipotent author himself has created both the framework and the content of the story. But in spite of all this, it is never justifiable to completely discard a relic of the past. If it cannot tell us something about the past it claims to describe; then at least it speaks volumes about the period in which it was conceived – contingent of course upon our own ability to precisely date the source. Parting is a painful process, as in this case, where we must relinquish something we have grown accustomed to regarding as Gothic history." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Olędzki 2004, p. 279. "Most scholars agree that contents of Jordanes' text... concerning the arrival of the Goths and Gepidae from Scandinavia to Pomerania is fully reflected in archaeological sources." Olędzki, Marek (2004). "The Wielbark and Przeworsk Cultures at the Turn of the Early and Late Roman Periods" (PDF). In Friesinger, Herwig; Stuppner, Alois (eds.). Zentrum und Peripherie. Mitteilungen Der Prähistorischen Kommission. Vol. 57. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 279–90. ISBN 978-3700133179. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Heather 1998, pp. 25–29. "The archaeogical evidence would seem at least partly to confirm Jordanes' account of Filimer's migration; the movement of Goths from the European mainland opposite Scandinavia to the hinterland of the Black Sea. Given that the events occurred some 300–400 years before the Getica was composed, at a time when the Goths were not themselves literate, Jordanes' account is more correct, it seems to me, than we have any right ro expect... It is certainly possible... that Scandinavia was explicitly mentioned in Gothic tales of the past... The story of Berig as told by Goths might have said Scandinavia... I think it likely... that the story of Berig and his migration genuinely reflect Gothic story telling in some way, but I am less sure that the original Gothic stories mentioned Scandinavia." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Oxenstierna 1948, p. 73 claimed to have found archaeological evidence of a Gothic origin in Östergötland. Hachmann 1970 claimed there was no archaeological evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths. Kokowski 1999 and Kaliff 2008, p. 236 believe there is archaeological evidence for a partial Gothic origin in Scandinavia. Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (in German). J.A. Barth. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kokowski, Andrzej (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (in German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kazanski 1991, pp. 15–18. "R. Wolagiewicz who has studied the chronology of the Gothic kings provided by Jordanes, rightly estimates, in our opinion, that Berig, the king that led the Goths to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, would have lived at this time… Wolagiewicz' point of view requires some remarks, though. First of all, why did the first Scandinavian settlers seem so few? Would the first Gothic migration not have been that of a people or of a big tribe, but of a more restricted group? That is also what Jordanes seems to tell us, since he reports that the Goths arrived from Scandinavia on only three ships. How can we then justify that this author attached enough importance to this migration that he mentioned it several times? The political role played by these new arrivals, and the presence among them of their king Berig are without a doubt significant for this. Polish historian J. Kolendo has interpreted the history of the Goths as that of the Gothic royal dynasty of the Amales that would reign until the VIth c. and of which Berig was the first king. Taking into account the archaeological data that we have just mentioned, this hypothesis seems likely to us. We can suppose that the king of the Goths and his closest followers, once they had disembarked on the continent, began to dominate the local tribes. We know similar cases in the history of ancient peoples that held in high regard the kings that descended from illustrious families, often made sacred... [O]nly the royal dynasty and their followers could have had a Scandinavian origin. We add also that the Scandinavian parallels of the sites in Pomerania are, as we have seen, very scattered. We also find them in the south of Norway as well as in Sweden and on the islands of the Baltic Sea. This observation could show the heterogeneous origins of the migrants." Kazanski, Michel (1991). Les Goths [The Goths] (in French). Éditions Errance. pp. 15–18. ISBN 2877720624. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 39–40. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Heather 1998, pp. 24–26. Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Kaliff 2008, pp. 223, 235–36. "The archaeological record indicates that Jordanes' history concerning the origin of the Goths was based on an oral tradition with a real background... In modern research, the theory of a massive migration has generally been abandoned... Limited migration is likely to have taken place." Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Brink 2008, pp. 90, 103–04. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Strid 2011, p. 43. Strid, Jan Paul (2011). "Retracing the Goths". In Kaliff, Anders; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311–2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 41–54. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 23. "The similarity of the name of the Gothic people and that of the island of Gotland seems to support the migration legend of the Origo Gothica. This area was also the home of the medieval Gutasaga." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Kaliff 2008, p. 236. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Andersson 1998b, p. 283. "Die drei Stämme der Gauten, Goten und gutar scheinen sich im s. Ostseeraum aus einem *gautōz/*gutaniz-Volk entwickelt zu haben. Wo und wie deren Ethnogenese vor sich gegangen ist, bleibt zwar ungewiß, aber in der fortgesetzten Diskussion über die geogr. Herkunft der Stämme ist auf jeden Fall die sprachliche Analyse der Stammesbezeichnungen von wesentlichem Gewicht." English translation: "The three tribes of the Gautes, Goths and Gutar appear to have developed from a *gautōz/*gutaniz people in the southern Baltic region. Where and how their ethnogenesis took place remains uncertain, but in the ongoing discussion about the geographical origin of the tribes, the linguistic analysis of the tribal names is of considerable importance." Andersson, Thorsten (1998b). "Gøtar" [Geats]. In Beck, Heinrich; Steuer, Heiko; Timpe, Dieter (eds.). Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde (in German). Vol. 12. De Gruyter. pp. 278–83. ISBN 311016227X. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Kortlandt 2001, pp. 21–25 "Witold Mańczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..." Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55 (1). Rodopi: 21–25. doi:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004. S2CID 160585229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Peel 2015, pp. 272, 290. Peel, Christine (2015). Guta Lag and Guta Saga: The Law and History of the Gotlanders. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138804210. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Kaliff 2008, p. 228. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 38. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Liebeschuetz 2015, p. 106. Liebeschuetz, J. H. W. F. (2015). East and West in Late Antiquity: Invasion, Settlement, Ethnogenesis and Conflicts of Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-9004289529. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 232. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Heather 2010, p. 103. Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Kokowski 2011, pp. 72–73. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 12. "Archaeologists equate the earliest history of the Goths with the artifacts of a culture named after the East Prussian town Willenberg-Wielbark." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Heather 2010, p. 104. "[I]s now generally accepted that the Wielbark culture incorporated areas that, in the first two centuries AD, were dominated by Goths, Rugi and other Germani." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 2010, p. 679. "[T]he Wielbark and Przeworsk systems have come to be understood as thoroughly dominated by Germanic-speakers, with earlier archaeological 'proofs' that the latter comprised just a very few migrants from southern Scandinavia being overturned." Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 1998, pp. xiv, 2, 21, 30. "[The] Goths are met in historical sources... [in] northern Poland in the first and second centuries... Goths are first mentioned occupying territory in what is now Poland in the first century AD... The history of people labelled "Goths" thus spans 700 years, and huge tracts of Europe from northern Poland to the Atlantic ocean... [T]he Wielbark culture.... took shape in the middle of the first century AD... in Pomerania and lands either side of the lower Vistula... [T]his is the broad area where our few literary sources place a group called Goths at this time... Tacitus Germania 43–4 places them not quite on the Baltic coast; Ptolemy Geography 3.5.8 locates them east of the Vistula; Strabo Geography 7.1.3 (if Butones should be emended to Gutones) broadly agrees with Tacitus... The mutually confirmatory information of ancient sources and the archaeological record both suggest that Goths can first be identified beside the Vistula. It is here that this attempt to write their history will begin." Heather, Peter (1998). The Goths. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0631209328. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 36–42. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 12–13, 20, 23: "Goths – or Gutones, as the Roman sources called them... The Gutonic immigrants became Goths the very moment the Mediterranean world considered them "Scythians"... The Gothic name appears for the first time between A.D. 16 and 18. We do not, however, find the strong form Guti but only the derivative form Gutones... Hereafter, whenever the Gutones and Guti are mentioned, these terms refer to the Goths." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Christensen 2002, pp. 32–33, 38–39. "During the first century and a half AD, four authors mention a people also normally identified with 'the Goths'. They seem to appear for the first time in the writings of the geographer Strabo... It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths... It has been taken for granted that these Gotones were identical to the Goths... Finally, around 150, Klaudios Ptolemaios (or Ptolemy) writes of certain [Gutones/Gythones] who are also normally identified with 'the Goths'... Ptolemy lists the [Gutae], also identified by Gothic scholars with the Goths..." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Goffart 1980, pp. 21–22. "We hear, for instance, that "the true history of the Goths" – true, that is, as distinct from legendary "but not inadmissible" – "begins with Pliny, who, toward A.D. 75, cited the Gutones, and Tacitus, who, towards 98, knows the Gothones." Prodigies of ingenuity are performed in creating arguments that sometimes are wholly circular. By normal standards of source analysis, the early Gothic migrations in Jordanes are about as historical as the tales of Genesis and Exodus; to champion their simple equivalence to history is a task for religious fundamentalists." Goffart, Walter (1980). Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584: The Techniques of Accommodation. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691102313. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Christensen 2002, p. 343. "They might possibly have been mentioned in some geographical and ethnographical works dating from the first century AD, but the similarity in the names is not significant, and no antique author later considers them to be the forefathers of the Goths... No one sees this connection, even during the Great Migration. Chronologically it would, of course, be quite a realistic possibility..." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Kulikowski 2006, p. 212. "The Gotones mentioned in Tacitus, Germania 44.1 and located somewhere in what is now modern Poland would not be regarded as Goths if Jordanes' migration stories did not exist." Kulikowski, Michael (2006). Rome's Gothic Wars: From the Third Century to Alaric. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1139458092. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Halsall 2007, pp. 52, 120. "Although the Scythians were long gone, their name was still applied to the inhabitants of these regions: Taifals and Sarmatians, Alans and Goths... Also significant is the fact that, as mentioned, when not using 'Scythian', these writers used Getae as a synonym for Goths, rather than (as modern historians do) associating the Goths with the Gutones, who had a respectable pedigree going back to Pliny at least... We might note the similarity of names such as Eudoses and Jutes, or Gutones and Goths but how much continuity does this imply, especially when the different names are recorded in different geographical locations?" Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521435437. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Strabo 1903, Book VII, Chap. 1 Archived 16 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Strabo (1903). The Natural History. Translated by Hamilton, H. C.; Falconer, W. George Bell & Sons. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
Wolfram 1990, p. 38. "[T]he Gutones... were first mentioned by Strabo..." Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Christensen 2002, p. 33. "It is normally assumed that [the Butones/Gutones] are identical with the Goths." Christensen, Arne Søby (2002). Cassiodorus, Jordanes and the History of the Goths. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-8772897103. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 40. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
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James & Krmnicek 2020, p. 412. "Except for a few examples where material, ritualized patterns (recognizable in burial rites, offerings, or ways of structuring settlements) and cultural change correspond almost perfectly with the written account – e.g. concerning the migration of the Goths from the Southern Baltic shore to the Black Sea – identification and localization of single Germanic tribes via patterns in archaeological material has mostly not been possible." James, Simon; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199665730. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
Wolfram 1990, pp. 42–43. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
Kokowski 2007, p. 222. Kokowski, Andrzej (2007). "The Agriculture of the Goths Between the First and Fifth Centuries AD". In Barnish, Sam J.; Marazzi, Federico (eds.). The Ostrogoths from the Migration Period to the Sixth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. The Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843830740. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
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Heather 1994, p. 5. "[T]here is a Gothic origin to some of the Getica's material, which makes it unique among surviving sources. It specifically refers, for instance, to Gothic songs and tales recording Filimer's migration to the Black Sea" Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
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Heather & Matthews 1991, pp. 50–51. Heather, Peter; Matthews, John (1991). The Goths in the Fourth Century. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0853234264. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Kokowski 2011, p. 75. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Heather 1994, pp. 87–96. Heather, Peter (1994). Goths and Romans 332–489. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205357.001.0001. ISBN 978-0198205357. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Heather 2010, p. 117. "[I]t is now universally accepted that the system can be taken to reflect the world created by the Goths... Heather, Peter (2010). Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199892266. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Bennett 2004. Bennett, Matthew (2004). "Goths". In Holmes, Richard; Singleton, Charles; Jones, Spencer (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0191727467. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
Wolfram 1990, p. 13. Wolfram, Herwig (1990). History of the Goths. Translated by Dunlap, Thomas J. University of California Press. ISBN 0520069838. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2015.
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Oxenstierna 1948, p. 73 claimed to have found archaeological evidence of a Gothic origin in Östergötland. Hachmann 1970 claimed there was no archaeological evidence for a Scandinavian origin of the Goths. Kokowski 1999 and Kaliff 2008, p. 236 believe there is archaeological evidence for a partial Gothic origin in Scandinavia. Oxenstierna, Eric (1948). Die Urheimat der Goten [The Urheimat of the Goths] (in German). J.A. Barth. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kokowski, Andrzej (1999). Archäologie der Goten [Archaeology of the Goths] (in German). IdealMedia. ISBN 8390734184. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2019. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, pp. 223, 235–36. "The archaeological record indicates that Jordanes' history concerning the origin of the Goths was based on an oral tradition with a real background... In modern research, the theory of a massive migration has generally been abandoned... Limited migration is likely to have taken place." Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 236. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 228. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Kaliff 2008, p. 232. Kaliff, Anders (2008). "The Goths and Scandinavia". In Biehl, P. F.; Rassamakin, Y. Ya. (eds.). Import and Imitation in Archaeology (PDF). Beier & Beran. pp. 223–43. ISBN 978-3937517957. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2020.
Aubin. Aubin, Hermann [in German]. "History of Europe: Greeks, Romans, and Barbarians". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Schramm 2002, p. 54. Schramm, Gottfried [in German] (2002). Altrusslands Anfang: historische Schlüsse aus Namen, Wörtern und Texten zum 9. und 10. Jahrhundert (in German). Rombach. ISBN 3793092682. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Pohl & Reimitz 1998, pp. 119–21. Pohl, Walter; Reimitz, Helmut [in German] (1998). Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300–800. Brill. ISBN 9004108467. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Pohl & Reimitz 1998, pp. 124–26. Pohl, Walter; Reimitz, Helmut [in German] (1998). Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of the Ethnic Communities, 300–800. Brill. ISBN 9004108467. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

sv.wikipedia.org

Strid 2011, p. 43. Strid, Jan Paul (2011). "Retracing the Goths". In Kaliff, Anders; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311–2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 41–54. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Kortlandt 2001, pp. 21–25 "Witold Mańczak has argued that... the original homeland of the Goths must therefore be located in the southernmost part of the Germanic territories... I think that his argument is correct..." Kortlandt, Frederik (2001). "The Origin of the Goths" (PDF). Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik. 55 (1). Rodopi: 21–25. doi:10.1163/18756719-055-01-90000004. S2CID 160585229. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Kokowski 2011, pp. 72–73. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Kokowski 2011, p. 75. Kokowski, Andrzej (2011). "The Goths in ca. 311 AD". In Kaliff, Anders [in Swedish]; Munkhammar, Lars (eds.). Wulfila 311-2011 (PDF). Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–96. ISBN 978-9155486648. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2020.
Söderberg 1896, pp. 187–95. Söderberg, Werner [in Swedish] (1896). "Nicolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434". Samlaren (in Swedish). 17. Akademiska Boktryckeriet: 187–95. Archived from the original on 13 June 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2006.

pl.wikipedia.org

Brink 2008, pp. 90, 110. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
Brink 2008, pp. 90, 103–04. Brink, Stefan (2008). "People and Land in Early Scandinavia". In Garipzanov, Ildar H.; Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław [in Polish] (eds.). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Cursor Mundi. Vol. 5. ISD. pp. 87–112. ISBN 978-2503526157. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

fr.wikipedia.org

Kazanski 1991, pp. 15–18. "R. Wolagiewicz who has studied the chronology of the Gothic kings provided by Jordanes, rightly estimates, in our opinion, that Berig, the king that led the Goths to the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, would have lived at this time… Wolagiewicz' point of view requires some remarks, though. First of all, why did the first Scandinavian settlers seem so few? Would the first Gothic migration not have been that of a people or of a big tribe, but of a more restricted group? That is also what Jordanes seems to tell us, since he reports that the Goths arrived from Scandinavia on only three ships. How can we then justify that this author attached enough importance to this migration that he mentioned it several times? The political role played by these new arrivals, and the presence among them of their king Berig are without a doubt significant for this. Polish historian J. Kolendo has interpreted the history of the Goths as that of the Gothic royal dynasty of the Amales that would reign until the VIth c. and of which Berig was the first king. Taking into account the archaeological data that we have just mentioned, this hypothesis seems likely to us. We can suppose that the king of the Goths and his closest followers, once they had disembarked on the continent, began to dominate the local tribes. We know similar cases in the history of ancient peoples that held in high regard the kings that descended from illustrious families, often made sacred... [O]nly the royal dynasty and their followers could have had a Scandinavian origin. We add also that the Scandinavian parallels of the sites in Pomerania are, as we have seen, very scattered. We also find them in the south of Norway as well as in Sweden and on the islands of the Baltic Sea. This observation could show the heterogeneous origins of the migrants." Kazanski, Michel (1991). Les Goths [The Goths] (in French). Éditions Errance. pp. 15–18. ISBN 2877720624. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.

hu.wikipedia.org

Bóna 2001. Bóna, István [in Hungarian] (2001). "'Forest People': The Goths in Transylvania". In Makkai, László [in Hungarian]; Mócsy, András [in Hungarian] (eds.). History of Transylvania: From the Beginning to 1606. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

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en.wikisource.org

Tacitus 1876a, XLIV Tacitus (1876a). Germania. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Tacitus 1876b, 62 Tacitus (1876b). The Annals. Translated by Church, Alfred John; Brodribb, William Jackson. Archived from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
Zosimus 1814, I.42–43 Zosimus (1814). New History. W. Green & T. Chaplin. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Eusebius 1900, Book IV, Chapters 5–6 Eusebius (1900). The Life of Constantine. Translated by Schaff, Philip. T&T Clark. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
Marcellinus 1862, Book XXI, II, 1. "The following circumstances were the original cause of all the destruction and various calamities which the fury of Mars roused up, throwing everything into confusion by his usual ruinous violence: the people called Huns, slightly mentioned in the ancient records, live beyond the Sea of Azov, on the border of the Frozen Ocean, and are a race savage beyond all parallel." Marcellinus, Ammianus (1862). Roman History. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. Bohn. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
"Goth" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. Vol. IV. 1921.
Procopius 1914, Book III, II Procopius (1914). History of the Wars. Translated by Dewing, Henry Bronson. Heinemann. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.

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"Goth". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people that overran the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era; "Goth". WordReference.com. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House. 2021. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [O]ne of a Teutonic people who in the 3rd to 5th centuries invaded and settled in parts of the Roman Empire.; "Goth". Webster's New World College Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A]ny member of a Germanic people that invaded and conquered most of the Roman Empire in the 3d, 4th, and 5th centuries a.d.; "Goth". Lexico. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people that invaded the Roman Empire from the east between the 3rd and 5th centuries. The eastern division, the Ostrogoths, founded a kingdom in Italy, while the Visigoths went on to found one in Spain.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... A member of a Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire in the early centuries of the Christian era.; "Goth". The Free Dictionary. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary. Random House. 2016. Archived from the original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of a Germanic people settled N of the Black Sea in the 3rd century a.d., who, with the collapse of the Roman Empire, established kingdoms in Spain and Italy.
"Goth". WordReference.com. Collins Concise English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers. Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2021. Goth... [A] member of an East Germanic people from Scandinavia who settled south of the Baltic early in the first millennium ad. They moved on to the Ukrainian steppes and raided and later invaded many parts of the Roman Empire from the 3rd to the 5th century.

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Vitiello 2022, pp. 160–192. Vitiello, Massimiliano (Spring 2022). "Cassiodorus, Theoderic, and the Dream of a Pan-Gothic Kingdom". Journal of Late Antiquity. 15 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 160–192. doi:10.1353/jla.2022.0005. ISSN 1942-1273. S2CID 247442895.
Sprengling 1953, pp. 3–4. Sprengling, Martin (1953). Third Century Iran: Sapor and Kartir. The Oriental Institute, University of Chicago. OCLC 941007640. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
Stolarek, Ireneusz; Zenczak, Michal; Handschuh, Luiza; Juras, Anna; Marcinkowska-Swojak, Malgorzata; Spinek, Anna; Dębski, Artur; Matla, Marzena; Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna; Piontek, Janusz; Figlerowicz, Marek; Polish Archaeogenomics Consortium Team (24 July 2023). "Genetic history of East-Central Europe in the first millennium CE". Genome Biology. 24 (1): 173. doi:10.1186/s13059-023-03013-9. ISSN 1474-760X. PMC 10364380. PMID 37488661.

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