Gram stain (English Wikipedia)

Gram, Hans Christian (1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten". Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 2: 185–189..
English translation in: Brock, T. D. (1999). Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940 (2nd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 215–218. ISBN 978-1-55581-142-6.
Translation is also at: Brock, T. D. "Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science: Christian Gram 1884". HOSLink.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
Waddingham, Anne (28 August 2014). New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0199570027.

businessdictionary.com

"Gram negative/positive". BusinessDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.

cdc.gov

wwwnc.cdc.gov

"Preferred Usage". Emerging Infectious Diseases Style Guide. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

collinsdictionary.com

"Gram-positive". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins.

dictionary.com

"Gram-positive". Dictionary.com.

doi.org

Colco, R. (2005). "Gram Staining". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Appendix 3 (1): Appendix 3C. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03cs00. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 18770544. S2CID 32452815.
Beveridge, T. J.; Davies, J. A. (November 1983). "Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 846–58. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.846-858.1983. PMC 217903. PMID 6195148.
Libenson, L.; McIlroy, A. P. (1955-07-01). "On the Mechanism of the Gram Stain". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 97 (1): 22–26. doi:10.1093/infdis/97.1.22. ISSN 0022-1899.
Austrian, R. (1960). "The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note". Bacteriological Reviews. 24 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1128/MMBR.24.3.261-265.1960. PMC 441053. PMID 13685217.
Bartholomew, James W.; Mittwer, Tod (March 1952). "THE GRAM STAIN". Bacteriological Reviews. 16 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1128/br.16.1.1-29.1952. ISSN 0005-3678. PMC 180726. PMID 14925025.
Beveridge, T. J. (2001). "Use of the Gram stain in microbiology". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 76 (3): 111–118. doi:10.1080/714028139. PMID 11475313.
Søgaard, M.; Nørgaard, M.; Schønheyder, H. (2007). "First notification of positive blood cultures: High accuracy of the Gram stain report". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1113–1117. doi:10.1128/JCM.02523-06. PMC 1865800. PMID 17301283.
Davies, J. A.; Anderson, G. K.; Beveridge, T. J.; Clark, H. C. (November 1983). "Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 837–845. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.837-845.1983. PMC 217902. PMID 6195147.
Galperin, Michael Y. (27 December 2013). "Genome Diversity of Spore-forming Firmicutes". Microbiology Spectrum. 1 (2): TBS-0015-2012-. doi:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 4306282. PMID 26184964.
Megrian D, Taib N, Witwinowski J, Gribaldo S (2020). "One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide". Molecular Microbiology. 113 (3): 659–671. doi:10.1111/mmi.14469. PMID 31975449. S2CID 210882600.
Avila-Calderón ED, Ruiz-Palma MD, Contreras-Rodríguez A (2021). "Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 557902. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902. PMC 7969528. PMID 33746909.
Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990). "Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (3): 1609–1620. doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990. PMC 208639. PMID 1689718.
Reynolds, J.; Moyes, R. B.; Breakwell, D. P. (2009). "Appendix 3". Differential staining of bacteria: Acid fast stain. Vol. Appendix 3. pp. H. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03hs15. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 19885935. S2CID 45685776. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Lee EH, Winter HL, van Dijl JM, Metzemaekers JD, Arends JP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of Mycoplasma hominis meningitis in adults". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 302 (7–8): 289–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.09.003. PMID 23085510.
Gautier-Bouchardon AV (July 2018). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp". Microbiology Spectrum. 6 (4): 425–446. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0030-2018. ISBN 9781555819798. PMC 11633602. PMID 30003864. S2CID 51616821.
Brown, Lisa; Wolf, Julie M.; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Casadevall, Arturo (2015). "Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 620–630. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. PMC 4860279. PMID 26324094.
Mueller, Kristen L. (12 June 2015). "Detecting Gram-negative bacteria". Science. 348 (6240): 1218. doi:10.1126/science.348.6240.1218-o.

dorlands.com

"Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary" (32nd ed.). Elsevier. Retrieved 5 June 2020. Use search terms such as gram-negative.

hardydiagnostics.com

Hardy, Jay; Maria, Santa. "Gram's Serendipitous Stain" (PDF). Hardy's Diagnostics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-24.

highlands.edu

www2.highlands.edu

"The Acid Fast Stain". www2.Highlands.edu. Georgia Highlands College. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.

hoslink.com

Gram, Hans Christian (1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten". Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 2: 185–189..
English translation in: Brock, T. D. (1999). Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940 (2nd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 215–218. ISBN 978-1-55581-142-6.
Translation is also at: Brock, T. D. "Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science: Christian Gram 1884". HOSLink.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2010.

lexico.com

"Gram stain". Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020.

med-chem.com

"Medical Chemical Corporation". Med-Chem.com. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

medicinenet.com

"Gram-positive". MedicineNet.

medlineplus.gov

"Gram Stain: MedlinePlus Medical Test". medlineplus.gov.

merriam-webster.com

"gram–positive", Merriam-Webster, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Colco, R. (2005). "Gram Staining". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Appendix 3 (1): Appendix 3C. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03cs00. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 18770544. S2CID 32452815.
Beveridge, T. J.; Davies, J. A. (November 1983). "Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 846–58. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.846-858.1983. PMC 217903. PMID 6195148.
Austrian, R. (1960). "The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note". Bacteriological Reviews. 24 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1128/MMBR.24.3.261-265.1960. PMC 441053. PMID 13685217.
Bartholomew, James W.; Mittwer, Tod (March 1952). "THE GRAM STAIN". Bacteriological Reviews. 16 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1128/br.16.1.1-29.1952. ISSN 0005-3678. PMC 180726. PMID 14925025.
Beveridge, T. J. (2001). "Use of the Gram stain in microbiology". Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 76 (3): 111–118. doi:10.1080/714028139. PMID 11475313.
Søgaard, M.; Nørgaard, M.; Schønheyder, H. (2007). "First notification of positive blood cultures: High accuracy of the Gram stain report". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1113–1117. doi:10.1128/JCM.02523-06. PMC 1865800. PMID 17301283.
Davies, J. A.; Anderson, G. K.; Beveridge, T. J.; Clark, H. C. (November 1983). "Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 837–845. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.837-845.1983. PMC 217902. PMID 6195147.
Galperin, Michael Y. (27 December 2013). "Genome Diversity of Spore-forming Firmicutes". Microbiology Spectrum. 1 (2): TBS-0015-2012-. doi:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 4306282. PMID 26184964.
Megrian D, Taib N, Witwinowski J, Gribaldo S (2020). "One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide". Molecular Microbiology. 113 (3): 659–671. doi:10.1111/mmi.14469. PMID 31975449. S2CID 210882600.
Avila-Calderón ED, Ruiz-Palma MD, Contreras-Rodríguez A (2021). "Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 557902. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902. PMC 7969528. PMID 33746909.
Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990). "Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (3): 1609–1620. doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990. PMC 208639. PMID 1689718.
Reynolds, J.; Moyes, R. B.; Breakwell, D. P. (2009). "Appendix 3". Differential staining of bacteria: Acid fast stain. Vol. Appendix 3. pp. H. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03hs15. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 19885935. S2CID 45685776. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Lee EH, Winter HL, van Dijl JM, Metzemaekers JD, Arends JP (December 2012). "Diagnosis and antimicrobial therapy of Mycoplasma hominis meningitis in adults". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 302 (7–8): 289–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.09.003. PMID 23085510.
Gautier-Bouchardon AV (July 2018). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp". Microbiology Spectrum. 6 (4): 425–446. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0030-2018. ISBN 9781555819798. PMC 11633602. PMID 30003864. S2CID 51616821.
Brown, Lisa; Wolf, Julie M.; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Casadevall, Arturo (2015). "Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 620–630. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. PMC 4860279. PMID 26324094.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Beveridge, T. J.; Davies, J. A. (November 1983). "Cellular responses of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to the Gram stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 846–58. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.846-858.1983. PMC 217903. PMID 6195148.
Austrian, R. (1960). "The Gram stain and the etiology of lobar pneumonia, an historical note". Bacteriological Reviews. 24 (3): 261–265. doi:10.1128/MMBR.24.3.261-265.1960. PMC 441053. PMID 13685217.
Bartholomew, James W.; Mittwer, Tod (March 1952). "THE GRAM STAIN". Bacteriological Reviews. 16 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1128/br.16.1.1-29.1952. ISSN 0005-3678. PMC 180726. PMID 14925025.
Søgaard, M.; Nørgaard, M.; Schønheyder, H. (2007). "First notification of positive blood cultures: High accuracy of the Gram stain report". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1113–1117. doi:10.1128/JCM.02523-06. PMC 1865800. PMID 17301283.
Davies, J. A.; Anderson, G. K.; Beveridge, T. J.; Clark, H. C. (November 1983). "Chemical mechanism of the Gram stain and synthesis of a new electron-opaque marker for electron microscopy, which replaces the iodine mordant of the stain". Journal of Bacteriology. 156 (2): 837–845. doi:10.1128/JB.156.2.837-845.1983. PMC 217902. PMID 6195147.
Galperin, Michael Y. (27 December 2013). "Genome Diversity of Spore-forming Firmicutes". Microbiology Spectrum. 1 (2): TBS-0015-2012-. doi:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 4306282. PMID 26184964.
Avila-Calderón ED, Ruiz-Palma MD, Contreras-Rodríguez A (2021). "Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-Negative Bacteria: An Outlook on Biogenesis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 557902. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.557902. PMC 7969528. PMID 33746909.
Beveridge, Terry J. (March 1990). "Mechanism of Gram Variability in Select Bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 172 (3): 1609–1620. doi:10.1128/jb.172.3.1609-1620.1990. PMC 208639. PMID 1689718.
Gautier-Bouchardon AV (July 2018). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp". Microbiology Spectrum. 6 (4): 425–446. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0030-2018. ISBN 9781555819798. PMC 11633602. PMID 30003864. S2CID 51616821.
Brown, Lisa; Wolf, Julie M.; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Casadevall, Arturo (2015). "Through the wall: Extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 620–630. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. PMC 4860279. PMID 26324094.

oregonstate.education

open.oregonstate.education

Bruslind, Linda (2019-08-01). General Microbiology. Oregon State University.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Libenson, L.; McIlroy, A. P. (1955-07-01). "On the Mechanism of the Gram Stain". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 97 (1): 22–26. doi:10.1093/infdis/97.1.22. ISSN 0022-1899.

qu.edu.iq

Hashem, Hams H. "Practical Medical Microbiology". University of Al-Qadisiya.^{[permanent dead link‍]}

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Colco, R. (2005). "Gram Staining". Current Protocols in Microbiology. Appendix 3 (1): Appendix 3C. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03cs00. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 18770544. S2CID 32452815.
Megrian D, Taib N, Witwinowski J, Gribaldo S (2020). "One or two membranes? Diderm Firmicutes challenge the Gram-positive/Gram-negative divide". Molecular Microbiology. 113 (3): 659–671. doi:10.1111/mmi.14469. PMID 31975449. S2CID 210882600.
Reynolds, J.; Moyes, R. B.; Breakwell, D. P. (2009). "Appendix 3". Differential staining of bacteria: Acid fast stain. Vol. Appendix 3. pp. H. doi:10.1002/9780471729259.mca03hs15. ISBN 978-0471729259. PMID 19885935. S2CID 45685776. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Gautier-Bouchardon AV (July 2018). "Antimicrobial Resistance in Mycoplasma spp". Microbiology Spectrum. 6 (4): 425–446. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0030-2018. ISBN 9781555819798. PMC 11633602. PMID 30003864. S2CID 51616821.

springer.com

Brenner, Don J.; Krieg, Noel R.; Staley, James T. (26 July 2005) [1984]. Garrity, George M. (ed.). Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Vol. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. British Library no. GBA561951.

stainsfile.info

"Stain theory – What a mordant is not". StainsFile.info. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

web.archive.org

Gram, Hans Christian (1884). "Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten". Fortschritte der Medizin (in German). 2: 185–189..
English translation in: Brock, T. D. (1999). Milestones in Microbiology 1546–1940 (2nd ed.). ASM Press. pp. 215–218. ISBN 978-1-55581-142-6.
Translation is also at: Brock, T. D. "Pioneers in Medical Laboratory Science: Christian Gram 1884". HOSLink.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
"Stain theory – What a mordant is not". StainsFile.info. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
"Gram Stain". Microbugz. Austin Community College. Archived from the original on 2017-05-26. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Hardy, Jay; Maria, Santa. "Gram's Serendipitous Stain" (PDF). Hardy's Diagnostics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-24.
"The Acid Fast Stain". www2.Highlands.edu. Georgia Highlands College. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
"Gram stain". Lexico.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020.
"Gram negative/positive". BusinessDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Libenson, L.; McIlroy, A. P. (1955-07-01). "On the Mechanism of the Gram Stain". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 97 (1): 22–26. doi:10.1093/infdis/97.1.22. ISSN 0022-1899.
Bartholomew, James W.; Mittwer, Tod (March 1952). "THE GRAM STAIN". Bacteriological Reviews. 16 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1128/br.16.1.1-29.1952. ISSN 0005-3678. PMC 180726. PMID 14925025.
Tim, Sandle (21 October 2015). Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Essentials for Quality Assurance and Quality Control. Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780081000229. OCLC 923807961.
Galperin, Michael Y. (27 December 2013). "Genome Diversity of Spore-forming Firmicutes". Microbiology Spectrum. 1 (2): TBS-0015-2012-. doi:10.1128/microbiolspectrum.tbs-0015-2012. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 4306282. PMID 26184964.