Grape (English Wikipedia)

Waterhouse AL (2002). "Wine phenolics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 957 (1): 21–36. Bibcode:2002NYASA.957...21W. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x. PMID 12074959.
Brouillard R, Chassaing S, Fougerousse A (2003). "Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?". Phytochemistry. 64 (7): 1179–1186. Bibcode:2003PChem..64.1179B. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1. PMID 14599515.
Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, et al. (2007). "White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes". The Plant Journal. 49 (5): 772–785. Bibcode:2007PlJ....49..772W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x. PMID 17316172.
Xu L, Yue Q, Bian F, et al. (18 August 2017). "Melatonin Enhances Phenolics Accumulation Partially via Ethylene Signaling and Resulted in High Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Berries". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8 1426. Bibcode:2017FrPS...08.1426X. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01426. PMC 5563355. PMID 28868058.
Wang (2024). "Integrative genomics reveals the polygenic basis of seedlessness in grapevine". Current Biology. 34 (16): 3763–3777.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.3763W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.022. PMID 39094571.
Parry J, Su L, Moore J, et al. (2006). "Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (11): 3773–3778. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.3773P. doi:10.1021/jf060325k. PMID 16719495.
Muhlack RA, Potumarthi R, Jeffery DW (February 2018). "Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products". Waste Management. 72: 99–118. Bibcode:2018WaMan..72...99M. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011. PMID 29132780.
Cantos E, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA (2002). "Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (20): 5691–5696. Bibcode:2002JAFC...50.5691C. doi:10.1021/jf0204102. PMID 12236700.
Xu C, Yagiz Y, Zhao L, et al. (15 January 2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States". Food Chemistry. 215: 149–156. Bibcode:2017FoodC.215..149X. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163. PMID 27542461.
Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, et al. (2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (18): 5497–5503. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.5497P. doi:10.1021/jf030113c. PMID 12926904.
Mattivi F, Guzzon R, Vrhovsek U, et al. (2006). "Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (20): 7692–7702. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.7692M. doi:10.1021/jf061538c. PMID 17002441.
Beveridge TH, Girard B, Kopp T, et al. (2005). "Yield and Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (5): 1799–1804. Bibcode:2005JAFC...53.1799B. doi:10.1021/jf040295q. PMID 15740076.
Crews C, Hough P, Godward J, et al. (2006). "Quantitation of the Main Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (17): 6261–6265. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.6261C. doi:10.1021/jf060338y. PMID 16910717.
Li X, Wu B, Wang L, et al. (2006). "Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (23): 8804–8811. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.8804L. doi:10.1021/jf061722y. PMID 17090126.

archaeology.ws (Global: low place; English: low place)

Keys D (28 December 2003). "Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine". archaeology.ws. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013.

betterhealth.vic.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Grape". Better Health Channel Victoria. October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Wine - Fermentation, Aging, Varietals | Britannica". Britannica. 9 February 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

nysaes.cornell.edu

Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens MH. Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates (Report). Information Bulletin. Vol. 234. Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

This, Patrice, Lacombe, Thierry, Thomas, Mark R. (2006). "Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 22 (9): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008. PMID 16872714. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
Waterhouse AL (2002). "Wine phenolics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 957 (1): 21–36. Bibcode:2002NYASA.957...21W. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x. PMID 12074959.
Brouillard R, Chassaing S, Fougerousse A (2003). "Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?". Phytochemistry. 64 (7): 1179–1186. Bibcode:2003PChem..64.1179B. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1. PMID 14599515.
Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, et al. (2007). "White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes". The Plant Journal. 49 (5): 772–785. Bibcode:2007PlJ....49..772W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x. PMID 17316172.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Xu L, Yue Q, Bian F, et al. (18 August 2017). "Melatonin Enhances Phenolics Accumulation Partially via Ethylene Signaling and Resulted in High Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Berries". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8 1426. Bibcode:2017FrPS...08.1426X. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01426. PMC 5563355. PMID 28868058.
Wang (2024). "Integrative genomics reveals the polygenic basis of seedlessness in grapevine". Current Biology. 34 (16): 3763–3777.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.3763W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.022. PMID 39094571.
Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, et al. (2003). "Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality". Journal of Medicinal Food. 6 (4): 291–299. doi:10.1089/109662003772519831. PMID 14977436.
Parry J, Su L, Moore J, et al. (2006). "Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (11): 3773–3778. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.3773P. doi:10.1021/jf060325k. PMID 16719495.
Cosme F, Pinto T, Vilela A (2018). "Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: A chemical and sensory view". Beverages. 4 (1): 9. doi:10.3390/beverages4010022.
Gómez-Brandón M, Lores M, Insam H, et al. (June 2019). "Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 39 (4): 437–450. doi:10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514. PMID 30939940.
Muhlack RA, Potumarthi R, Jeffery DW (February 2018). "Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products". Waste Management. 72: 99–118. Bibcode:2018WaMan..72...99M. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011. PMID 29132780.
Cantos E, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA (2002). "Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (20): 5691–5696. Bibcode:2002JAFC...50.5691C. doi:10.1021/jf0204102. PMID 12236700.
Ector BJ, Magee JB, Hegwood CP, et al. (1996). "Resveratrol Concentration in Muscadine Berries, Juice, Pomace, Purees, Seeds, and Wines". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 47 (1): 57–62. doi:10.5344/ajev.1996.47.1.57.
Xu C, Yagiz Y, Zhao L, et al. (15 January 2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States". Food Chemistry. 215: 149–156. Bibcode:2017FoodC.215..149X. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163. PMID 27542461.
Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, et al. (2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (18): 5497–5503. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.5497P. doi:10.1021/jf030113c. PMID 12926904.
Mattivi F, Guzzon R, Vrhovsek U, et al. (2006). "Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (20): 7692–7702. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.7692M. doi:10.1021/jf061538c. PMID 17002441.
Beveridge TH, Girard B, Kopp T, et al. (2005). "Yield and Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (5): 1799–1804. Bibcode:2005JAFC...53.1799B. doi:10.1021/jf040295q. PMID 15740076.
Crews C, Hough P, Godward J, et al. (2006). "Quantitation of the Main Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (17): 6261–6265. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.6261C. doi:10.1021/jf060338y. PMID 16910717.
Tangolar SG, Özoğul YI, Tangolar S, et al. (2009). "Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 60 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1080/09637480701581551. PMID 17886077.
Li X, Wu B, Wang L, et al. (2006). "Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (23): 8804–8811. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.8804L. doi:10.1021/jf061722y. PMID 17090126.

esufarm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

charles.kang@esufarm.com (9 September 2024). "Peru Overtakes Chile as the Leading Exporter of Table Grapes - ESU Farm LLC". Retrieved 2 September 2026.

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

"Grape production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
"World acreage for grape growing in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Area harvested/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
"Grape exports in 2023". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.

freshplaza.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The most widely planted grape in the world". FreshPlaza. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2010.

gillhamvineyard.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Wine History Cyprus". Gillham Vineyard Hotel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

globalsciencebooks.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Conde C, Silva P, Fontes N, et al. (April 2007). "Biochemical Changes throughout Grape Berry Development and Fruit and Wine Quality" (PDF). Food. 1 (1): 1-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2025. Retrieved 25 October 2025.

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

"Oldest manufactured wine". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; English: 308^th place)

Bazin M, De Planhol X, Hanaway Jr WL (14 August 2018) [15 December 1985]. "ANGŪR". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021. According to A. de Candolle (L'Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.

merckvetmanual.com (Global: low place; English: 7,397^th place)

"Raisins/Grapes". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

Owen J (12 January 2011). "Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

This, Patrice, Lacombe, Thierry, Thomas, Mark R. (2006). "Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 22 (9): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008. PMID 16872714. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
Waterhouse AL (2002). "Wine phenolics". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 957 (1): 21–36. Bibcode:2002NYASA.957...21W. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02903.x. PMID 12074959.
Brouillard R, Chassaing S, Fougerousse A (2003). "Why are grape/fresh wine anthocyanins so simple and why is it that red wine color lasts so long?". Phytochemistry. 64 (7): 1179–1186. Bibcode:2003PChem..64.1179B. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00518-1. PMID 14599515.
Walker AR, Lee E, Bogs J, et al. (2007). "White grapes arose through the mutation of two similar and adjacent regulatory genes". The Plant Journal. 49 (5): 772–785. Bibcode:2007PlJ....49..772W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2006.02997.x. PMID 17316172.
"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Xu L, Yue Q, Bian F, et al. (18 August 2017). "Melatonin Enhances Phenolics Accumulation Partially via Ethylene Signaling and Resulted in High Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Berries". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8 1426. Bibcode:2017FrPS...08.1426X. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01426. PMC 5563355. PMID 28868058.
Wang (2024). "Integrative genomics reveals the polygenic basis of seedlessness in grapevine". Current Biology. 34 (16): 3763–3777.e5. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.3763W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.022. PMID 39094571.
Shi J, Yu J, Pohorly JE, et al. (2003). "Polyphenolics in Grape Seeds—Biochemistry and Functionality". Journal of Medicinal Food. 6 (4): 291–299. doi:10.1089/109662003772519831. PMID 14977436.
Parry J, Su L, Moore J, et al. (2006). "Chemical Compositions, Antioxidant Capacities, and Antiproliferative Activities of Selected Fruit Seed Flours". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (11): 3773–3778. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.3773P. doi:10.1021/jf060325k. PMID 16719495.
Gómez-Brandón M, Lores M, Insam H, et al. (June 2019). "Strategies for recycling and valorization of grape marc". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 39 (4): 437–450. doi:10.1080/07388551.2018.1555514. PMID 30939940.
Muhlack RA, Potumarthi R, Jeffery DW (February 2018). "Sustainable wineries through waste valorisation: A review of grape marc utilisation for value-added products". Waste Management. 72: 99–118. Bibcode:2018WaMan..72...99M. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.011. PMID 29132780.
Cantos E, Espín JC, Tomás-Barberán FA (2002). "Varietal differences among the polyphenol profiles of seven table grape cultivars studied by LC-DAD-MS-MS". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50 (20): 5691–5696. Bibcode:2002JAFC...50.5691C. doi:10.1021/jf0204102. PMID 12236700.
Xu C, Yagiz Y, Zhao L, et al. (15 January 2017). "Fruit quality, nutraceutical and antimicrobial properties of 58 muscadine grape varieties (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) grown in United States". Food Chemistry. 215: 149–156. Bibcode:2017FoodC.215..149X. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.163. PMID 27542461.
Pastrana-Bonilla E, Akoh CC, Sellappan S, et al. (2003). "Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of muscadine grapes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 51 (18): 5497–5503. Bibcode:2003JAFC...51.5497P. doi:10.1021/jf030113c. PMID 12926904.
Mattivi F, Guzzon R, Vrhovsek U, et al. (2006). "Metabolite Profiling of Grape: Flavonols and Anthocyanins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (20): 7692–7702. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.7692M. doi:10.1021/jf061538c. PMID 17002441.
Beveridge TH, Girard B, Kopp T, et al. (2005). "Yield and Composition of Grape Seed Oils Extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Petroleum Ether: Varietal Effects". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 53 (5): 1799–1804. Bibcode:2005JAFC...53.1799B. doi:10.1021/jf040295q. PMID 15740076.
Crews C, Hough P, Godward J, et al. (2006). "Quantitation of the Main Constituents of Some Authentic Grape-Seed Oils of Different Origin". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (17): 6261–6265. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.6261C. doi:10.1021/jf060338y. PMID 16910717.
Tangolar SG, Özoğul YI, Tangolar S, et al. (2009). "Evaluation of fatty acid profiles and mineral content of grape seed oil of some grape genotypes". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 60 (1): 32–39. doi:10.1080/09637480701581551. PMID 17886077.
Li X, Wu B, Wang L, et al. (2006). "Extractable Amounts of trans-Resveratrol in Seed and Berry Skin in Vitis Evaluated at the Germplasm Level". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 54 (23): 8804–8811. Bibcode:2006JAFC...54.8804L. doi:10.1021/jf061722y. PMID 17090126.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report". p. 120. In: Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101–124. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. NCBI NBK545428.
Xu L, Yue Q, Bian F, et al. (18 August 2017). "Melatonin Enhances Phenolics Accumulation Partially via Ethylene Signaling and Resulted in High Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Berries". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8 1426. Bibcode:2017FrPS...08.1426X. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01426. PMC 5563355. PMID 28868058.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Ottolenghi Y (13 October 2017). "Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2025. Retrieved 9 July 2025.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"currant". Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

lpi.oregonstate.edu

"Resveratrol". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2019.

penn.museum (Global: low place; English: 7,892^nd place)

McGovern PE (2003). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture (PDF). Princeton University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.

sweetwatercellars.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Thompson Seedless Grape Juice". sweetwatercellars.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.

uni-karlsruhe.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

rz.uni-karlsruhe.de

This, Patrice, Lacombe, Thierry, Thomas, Mark R. (2006). "Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 22 (9): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008. PMID 16872714. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

fas.usda.gov

"Production Trends- Table Grapes". Archived from the original on 21 September 2026. Retrieved 2 September 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Bazin M, De Planhol X, Hanaway Jr WL (14 August 2018) [15 December 1985]. "ANGŪR". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021. According to A. de Candolle (L'Origine des plantes cultivées, Paris, 5th ed., 1912, p. 152) the grape-vine is at home in the region south of the Caucasus, from the Black Sea to the Caspian region of Iran, where "it has the shape of a strong liana climbing over high trees and producing abundant fruit without any pruning or cultivation." His statement is still generally accepted, since the greatest diversity in varieties can be observed there.
This, Patrice, Lacombe, Thierry, Thomas, Mark R. (2006). "Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 22 (9): 511–519. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008. PMID 16872714. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
McGovern PE (2003). Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture (PDF). Princeton University Press. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013.
McGovern PE. "Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013.
Keys D (28 December 2003). "Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine". archaeology.ws. Archived from the original on 3 June 2013.
Owen J (12 January 2011). "Earliest Known Winery Found in Armenian Cave". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
"Grape". Better Health Channel Victoria. October 2015. Archived from the original on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
"Wine History Cyprus". Gillham Vineyard Hotel. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
"Oldest manufactured wine". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
Conde C, Silva P, Fontes N, et al. (April 2007). "Biochemical Changes throughout Grape Berry Development and Fruit and Wine Quality" (PDF). Food. 1 (1): 1-22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2025. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
"Grape production in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
"World acreage for grape growing in 2023, Crops/Regions/World list/Area harvested/Year (pick lists)". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
"The most widely planted grape in the world". FreshPlaza. 1 October 2008. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2010.
"Production Trends- Table Grapes". Archived from the original on 21 September 2026. Retrieved 2 September 2026.
"Grape exports in 2023". UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2025. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2025.
Ottolenghi Y (13 October 2017). "Grapes, Sour or Sweet, Are Ripe for Dessert". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 May 2025. Retrieved 9 July 2025.
"WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine". WineLoversPage. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
Reisch BI, Peterson DV, Martens MH. Table Grape Varieties for Cool Climates (Report). Information Bulletin. Vol. 234. Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
"Wine - Fermentation, Aging, Varietals | Britannica". Britannica. 9 February 2025. Archived from the original on 17 January 2025. Retrieved 18 February 2025.
"Thompson Seedless Grape Juice". sweetwatercellars.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
"Resveratrol". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. 11 June 2015. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
"Raisins/Grapes". The Merck Veterinary Manual. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.

winehistory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

McGovern PE. "Georgia: Homeland of Winemaking and Viticulture". Archived from the original on 30 May 2013.

wineloverspage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"WineLoversPage – Straight talk in plain English about fine wine". WineLoversPage. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.

Grape (English Wikipedia)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14th place; English: 9th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

archaeology.ws (Global: low place; English: low place)

betterhealth.vic.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308th place; English: 253rd place)

nysaes.cornell.edu

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

esufarm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

fao.org (Global: 428th place; English: 480th place)

fda.gov (Global: 470th place; English: 329th place)

freshplaza.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

gillhamvineyard.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

globalsciencebooks.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873rd place; English: 697th place)

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320th place; English: 308th place)

merckvetmanual.com (Global: low place; English: 7,397th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489th place; English: 425th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

oed.com (Global: 743rd place; English: 419th place)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217th place; English: 1,359th place)

lpi.oregonstate.edu

penn.museum (Global: low place; English: 7,892nd place)

sweetwatercellars.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

uni-karlsruhe.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

rz.uni-karlsruhe.de

usda.gov (Global: 512th place; English: 322nd place)

fas.usda.gov

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

winehistory.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

wineloverspage.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cornell.edu (Global: 308^th place; English: 253^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

fao.org (Global: 428^th place; English: 480^th place)

fda.gov (Global: 470^th place; English: 329^th place)

guinnessworldrecords.com (Global: 873^rd place; English: 697^th place)

iranicaonline.org (Global: 320^th place; English: 308^th place)

merckvetmanual.com (Global: low place; English: 7,397^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 489^th place; English: 425^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

oregonstate.edu (Global: 2,217^th place; English: 1,359^th place)

penn.museum (Global: low place; English: 7,892^nd place)

usda.gov (Global: 512^th place; English: 322^nd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)