Graphite (English Wikipedia)

Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
Robinson, Gilpin R.; Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Olson, Donald W. (2017). Schulz, Klaus J.; Deyoung, John H.; Seal, Robert R.; Bradley, Dwight C. (eds.). "Graphite". USGS Report: 3. Bibcode:2017usgs.rept....3R. doi:10.3133/pp1802J. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Banek NA, Abele DT, McKenzie, Jr KR, Wagner MJ (2018). "Sustainable Conversion of Lignocellulose to High-Purity, Highly Crystalline Flake Potato Graphite". ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 6 (10): 13199–13207. Bibcode:2018ASCE....613199B. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02799. OSTI 1475076.
Banek NA, McKenzie, Jr KR, Abele DT, Wagner MJ (2022). "Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 8080. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.8080B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x. PMC 9110727. PMID 35577817.
Bustamante, C.; Cardona, A. (2024). "Is the Central Cordillera of Colombia a potential source of graphite?: Implications for the energy transition in Colombia". Andean Geology. 51 (2): 413–420. Bibcode:2024AndGe..51..413B. doi:10.5027/andgeoV51n2-3728.
Hazen, R. M.; Downs, R. T.; Kah, L.; Sverjensky, D. (13 February 2013). "Carbon Mineral Evolution". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 75 (1): 79–107. Bibcode:2013RvMG...75...79H. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.4.
McCoy, T. J. (22 February 2010). "Mineralogical Evolution of Meteorites". Elements. 6 (1): 19–23. Bibcode:2010Eleme...6...19M. doi:10.2113/gselements.6.1.19.
Latychevskaia, Tataiana; Son, Seok-Kyun; Yang, Yaping; Chancellor, Dale; Brown, Michael; Ozdemir, Servet; Madan, Ivan; Berruto, Gabriele; Carbone, Fabrizio; Mishchenko, Artem; Novoselov, Kostya (2019-08-17). "Stacking transition in rhombohedral graphite". Frontiers of Physics. 14 (1). 13608. arXiv:1908.06284. Bibcode:2019FrPhy..1413608L. doi:10.1007/s11467-018-0867-y. S2CID 125322808.
E. Fitzer; et al. (1995). "Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67 (3): 473–506. Bibcode:1995PApCh..67..473F. doi:10.1351/pac199567030473.
Bundy, P.; Bassett, W. A.; Weathers, M. S.; Hemley, R. J.; Mao, H. K.; Goncharov, A. F. (1996). "The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994". Carbon. 34 (2): 141–153. Bibcode:1996Carbo..34..141B. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(96)00170-4.
Deprez, N.; McLachlan, D. S. (1988). "The analysis of the electrical conductivity of graphite conductivity of graphite powders during compaction". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 21 (1): 101–107. Bibcode:1988JPhD...21..101D. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/21/1/015. S2CID 250886376.
Martinez-Martin, David; Longuinhos, Raphael; Izquierdo, Jesus G.; Marele, Antonela; Alexandre, Simone S.; Jaafar, Miriam; Gómez-Rodríguez, Jose M.; Bañares, Luis; Soler, Jose M.; Gomez-Herrero, Julio (September 2013). "Atmospheric contaminants on graphitic surfaces". Carbon. 61: 33–39. Bibcode:2013Carbo..61...33M. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.056.
Li, Zhiting; Wang, Yongjin; Kozbial, Andrew; Shenoy, Ganesh; Zhou, Feng; McGinley, Rebecca; Ireland, Patrick; Morganstein, Brittni; Kunkel, Alyssa; Surwade, Sumedh P.; Li, Lei; Liu, Haitao (October 2013). "Effect of airborne contaminants on the wettability of supported graphene and graphite". Nature Materials. 12 (10): 925–931. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..925L. doi:10.1038/nmat3709. PMID 23872731.
Li, Yiwei; Li, Yawei; Sang, Shaobai; Chen, Xilai; Zhao, Lei; Li, Yuanming; Li, Shushiting jing (January 2014). "Preparation of Ceramic-Bonded Carbon Block for Blast Furnace". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 45 (1): 477–481. Bibcode:2014MMTA...45..477L. doi:10.1007/s11661-013-1976-4. S2CID 137571156.
Zhang, Hao; Yang, Yang; Ren, Dongsheng; Wang, Li; He, Xiangming (April 2021). "Graphite as anode materials: Fundamental mechanism, recent progress and advances". Energy Storage Materials. 36: 147–170. Bibcode:2021EneSM..36..147Z. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.027.
Emery, Nicolas; Hérold, Claire; Marêché, Jean-François; Lagrange, Philippe (2008). "Synthesis and superconducting properties of CaC₆". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (4) 044102. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4102E. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044102. PMC 5099629. PMID 27878015.
Kato, Tomofumi; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Nishikawa, Yasushi; Ishikawa, Hiroki; Sato, Satoshi (June 2021). "Carbonization mechanisms of polyimide: Methodology to analyze carbon materials with nitrogen, oxygen, pentagons, and heptagons". Carbon. 178: 58–80. Bibcode:2021Carbo.178...58K. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.090.
Kato, Tomofumi; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Nishikawa, Yasushi; Otomo, Toshiya; Sato, Hayato; Sato, Satoshi (October 2021). "Origins of peaks of graphitic and pyrrolic nitrogen in N1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of carbon materials: quaternary nitrogen, tertiary amine, or secondary amine?". Journal of Materials Science. 56 (28): 15798–15811. Bibcode:2021JMatS..5615798K. doi:10.1007/s10853-021-06283-5.
Lapshin, Rostislav V. (1 September 1998). "Automatic lateral calibration of tunneling microscope scanners". Review of Scientific Instruments. 69 (9): 3268–3276. Bibcode:1998RScI...69.3268L. doi:10.1063/1.1149091.
Lapshin, Rostislav V. (March 2019). "Drift-insensitive distributed calibration of probe microscope scanner in nanometer range: Real mode". Applied Surface Science. 470: 1122–1129. arXiv:1501.06679. Bibcode:2019ApSS..470.1122L. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.149.
Abrego-Martinez, Juan Carlos; Wang, Youling; Vanpeene, Victor; Roué, Lionel (2023-06-05). "From waste graphite fines to revalorized anode material for Li-ion batteries". Carbon. 209 118004. Bibcode:2023Carbo.20918004A. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118004. ISSN 0008-6223.

amazonaws.com (Global: 3,611^th place; English: 2,190^th place)

d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com

"48-Magnesium Compounds" (PDF). Magnesium Compounds.

andeangeology.cl (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bustamante, C.; Cardona, A. (2024). "Is the Central Cordillera of Colombia a potential source of graphite?: Implications for the energy transition in Colombia". Andean Geology. 51 (2): 413–420. Bibcode:2024AndGe..51..413B. doi:10.5027/andgeoV51n2-3728.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Latychevskaia, Tataiana; Son, Seok-Kyun; Yang, Yaping; Chancellor, Dale; Brown, Michael; Ozdemir, Servet; Madan, Ivan; Berruto, Gabriele; Carbone, Fabrizio; Mishchenko, Artem; Novoselov, Kostya (2019-08-17). "Stacking transition in rhombohedral graphite". Frontiers of Physics. 14 (1). 13608. arXiv:1908.06284. Bibcode:2019FrPhy..1413608L. doi:10.1007/s11467-018-0867-y. S2CID 125322808.
Hanaor, Dorian; Michelazzi, Marco; Chenu, Jeremy; Leonelli, Cristina; Sorrell, Charles C. (December 2011). "The effects of firing conditions on the properties of electrophoretically deposited titanium dioxide films on graphite substrates". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 31 (15): 2877–2885. arXiv:1303.2757. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.07.007.
Lapshin, Rostislav V. (March 2019). "Drift-insensitive distributed calibration of probe microscope scanner in nanometer range: Real mode". Applied Surface Science. 470: 1122–1129. arXiv:1501.06679. Bibcode:2019ApSS..470.1122L. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.149.

batterytechonline.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CarbonScape Renewable Biographite Anode Material Ready to Scale". www.batterytechonline.com.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Delhaes, P. (2001). Graphite and Precursors. CRC Press. ISBN 978-90-5699-228-6.
Wainwright, Alfred (2005). A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Western Fells. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2460-5.
Otley, Jonathan (1819). "Account of the Black Lead Mine in Borrowdale". Memoir of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, Ser. 2. 3: 168-175. Retrieved 6 April 2025.
The Statutes at Large: From the ... Year of the Reign of ... to the ... Year of the Reign of . 1764. p. 415.
Cirkel, Fritz (1907). Graphite its Properties, Occurrence, Refining and Uses. Ottawa: Canadian Department of Mines. p. passim. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
Widenmann, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm (1794). Handbuch des oryktognostischen Theils der Mineralogie: Mit einer Farbentabelle und einer Kupfertafel. Crusius. p. 653.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

graphite. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Graphite (natural)". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-03.

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

E. Fitzer; et al. (1995). "Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67 (3): 473–506. Bibcode:1995PApCh..67..473F. doi:10.1351/pac199567030473.

dixonusa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"History". Dixon Ticonderoga Company. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
Robinson, Gilpin R.; Hammarstrom, Jane M.; Olson, Donald W. (2017). Schulz, Klaus J.; Deyoung, John H.; Seal, Robert R.; Bradley, Dwight C. (eds.). "Graphite". USGS Report: 3. Bibcode:2017usgs.rept....3R. doi:10.3133/pp1802J. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Banek NA, Abele DT, McKenzie, Jr KR, Wagner MJ (2018). "Sustainable Conversion of Lignocellulose to High-Purity, Highly Crystalline Flake Potato Graphite". ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 6 (10): 13199–13207. Bibcode:2018ASCE....613199B. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02799. OSTI 1475076.
Marsh, Harry; Rodríguez-Reinoso, Francisco (2006). "Production and Reference Material". Activated Carbon. pp. 454–508. doi:10.1016/B978-008044463-5/50023-6. ISBN 978-0-08-044463-5.
Banek NA, McKenzie, Jr KR, Abele DT, Wagner MJ (2022). "Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 8080. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.8080B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x. PMC 9110727. PMID 35577817.
Bustamante, C.; Cardona, A. (2024). "Is the Central Cordillera of Colombia a potential source of graphite?: Implications for the energy transition in Colombia". Andean Geology. 51 (2): 413–420. Bibcode:2024AndGe..51..413B. doi:10.5027/andgeoV51n2-3728.
Hazen, R. M.; Downs, R. T.; Kah, L.; Sverjensky, D. (13 February 2013). "Carbon Mineral Evolution". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry. 75 (1): 79–107. Bibcode:2013RvMG...75...79H. doi:10.2138/rmg.2013.75.4.
McCoy, T. J. (22 February 2010). "Mineralogical Evolution of Meteorites". Elements. 6 (1): 19–23. Bibcode:2010Eleme...6...19M. doi:10.2113/gselements.6.1.19.
Chung, D. D. L. (2002). "Review Graphite". Journal of Materials Science. 37 (8): 1475–1489. doi:10.1023/A:1014915307738. S2CID 189839788.
IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Rhombohedral graphite". doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05385
Latychevskaia, Tataiana; Son, Seok-Kyun; Yang, Yaping; Chancellor, Dale; Brown, Michael; Ozdemir, Servet; Madan, Ivan; Berruto, Gabriele; Carbone, Fabrizio; Mishchenko, Artem; Novoselov, Kostya (2019-08-17). "Stacking transition in rhombohedral graphite". Frontiers of Physics. 14 (1). 13608. arXiv:1908.06284. Bibcode:2019FrPhy..1413608L. doi:10.1007/s11467-018-0867-y. S2CID 125322808.
E. Fitzer; et al. (1995). "Recommended terminology for the description of carbon as a solid (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 67 (3): 473–506. Bibcode:1995PApCh..67..473F. doi:10.1351/pac199567030473.
Bundy, P.; Bassett, W. A.; Weathers, M. S.; Hemley, R. J.; Mao, H. K.; Goncharov, A. F. (1996). "The pressure-temperature phase and transformation diagram for carbon; updated through 1994". Carbon. 34 (2): 141–153. Bibcode:1996Carbo..34..141B. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(96)00170-4.
Hanaor, Dorian; Michelazzi, Marco; Chenu, Jeremy; Leonelli, Cristina; Sorrell, Charles C. (December 2011). "The effects of firing conditions on the properties of electrophoretically deposited titanium dioxide films on graphite substrates". Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 31 (15): 2877–2885. arXiv:1303.2757. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.07.007.
Deprez, N.; McLachlan, D. S. (1988). "The analysis of the electrical conductivity of graphite conductivity of graphite powders during compaction". Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 21 (1): 101–107. Bibcode:1988JPhD...21..101D. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/21/1/015. S2CID 250886376.
Martinez-Martin, David; Longuinhos, Raphael; Izquierdo, Jesus G.; Marele, Antonela; Alexandre, Simone S.; Jaafar, Miriam; Gómez-Rodríguez, Jose M.; Bañares, Luis; Soler, Jose M.; Gomez-Herrero, Julio (September 2013). "Atmospheric contaminants on graphitic surfaces". Carbon. 61: 33–39. Bibcode:2013Carbo..61...33M. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2013.04.056.
Li, Zhiting; Wang, Yongjin; Kozbial, Andrew; Shenoy, Ganesh; Zhou, Feng; McGinley, Rebecca; Ireland, Patrick; Morganstein, Brittni; Kunkel, Alyssa; Surwade, Sumedh P.; Li, Lei; Liu, Haitao (October 2013). "Effect of airborne contaminants on the wettability of supported graphene and graphite". Nature Materials. 12 (10): 925–931. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..925L. doi:10.1038/nmat3709. PMID 23872731.
Evans, John W. (1908). "V.— the Meanings and Synonyms of Plumbago". Transactions of the Philological Society. 26 (2): 133–179. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1908.tb00513.x.
Almeida, Bruno Vidal de; Neves, Elton Silva; Silva, Sidiney Nascimento; Vernilli Junior, Fernando (15 May 2017). "Blast Furnace Hearth Lining: Post Mortem Analysis". Materials Research. 20 (3): 814–818. doi:10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2016-0875.
Li, Yiwei; Li, Yawei; Sang, Shaobai; Chen, Xilai; Zhao, Lei; Li, Yuanming; Li, Shushiting jing (January 2014). "Preparation of Ceramic-Bonded Carbon Block for Blast Furnace". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 45 (1): 477–481. Bibcode:2014MMTA...45..477L. doi:10.1007/s11661-013-1976-4. S2CID 137571156.
Zhang, Hao; Yang, Yang; Ren, Dongsheng; Wang, Li; He, Xiangming (April 2021). "Graphite as anode materials: Fundamental mechanism, recent progress and advances". Energy Storage Materials. 36: 147–170. Bibcode:2021EneSM..36..147Z. doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2020.12.027.
Emery, Nicolas; Hérold, Claire; Marêché, Jean-François; Lagrange, Philippe (2008). "Synthesis and superconducting properties of CaC₆". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (4) 044102. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4102E. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044102. PMC 5099629. PMID 27878015.
Kato, Tomofumi; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Nishikawa, Yasushi; Ishikawa, Hiroki; Sato, Satoshi (June 2021). "Carbonization mechanisms of polyimide: Methodology to analyze carbon materials with nitrogen, oxygen, pentagons, and heptagons". Carbon. 178: 58–80. Bibcode:2021Carbo.178...58K. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.090.
Kato, Tomofumi; Yamada, Yasuhiro; Nishikawa, Yasushi; Otomo, Toshiya; Sato, Hayato; Sato, Satoshi (October 2021). "Origins of peaks of graphitic and pyrrolic nitrogen in N1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of carbon materials: quaternary nitrogen, tertiary amine, or secondary amine?". Journal of Materials Science. 56 (28): 15798–15811. Bibcode:2021JMatS..5615798K. doi:10.1007/s10853-021-06283-5.
Lapshin, Rostislav V. (1 September 1998). "Automatic lateral calibration of tunneling microscope scanners". Review of Scientific Instruments. 69 (9): 3268–3276. Bibcode:1998RScI...69.3268L. doi:10.1063/1.1149091.
Lapshin, Rostislav V. (March 2019). "Drift-insensitive distributed calibration of probe microscope scanner in nanometer range: Real mode". Applied Surface Science. 470: 1122–1129. arXiv:1501.06679. Bibcode:2019ApSS..470.1122L. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.10.149.
Abrego-Martinez, Juan Carlos; Wang, Youling; Vanpeene, Victor; Roué, Lionel (2023-06-05). "From waste graphite fines to revalorized anode material for Li-ion batteries". Carbon. 209 118004. Bibcode:2023Carbo.20918004A. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118004. ISSN 0008-6223.
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2023). "Patent Landscape Report - Graphite and its applications". www.wipo.int. Patent Landscape Reports. WIPO. doi:10.34667/tind.47589. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

electrek.co (Global: 6,480^th place; English: 4,449^th place)

Lewis, Michelle (9 June 2022). "EV batteries need graphite – here's what's forecast for supply". Electrek.

epa.gov (Global: 961^st place; English: 595^th place)

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"Refractories Manufacturing NESHAP: Industry Profile, Methodology, and Economic Impact Analysis" (PDF). Refractories.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 836355, Acheson, E. G., "Production of Graphite", published 1906-11-20

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

Harper, Douglas. "graphite". Online Etymology Dictionary.

euronews.com (Global: 587^th place; English: 729^th place)

"Batteries made from woodchips could clean up the EV industry". euronews. February 26, 2024.

foundrymag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Graphite/Metal Alloy Extends Material Life in High-Temperature Processes". Foundry Management & Technology. 2004-06-04. Retrieved 2019-06-20.

galaxycapitalcorp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Electric Graphite Growing Demand From Electric Vehicles & Mobile Electronics" (PDF). galaxycapitalcorp.com. July 20, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.

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"Weapons Lubricant in the Desert". September 16, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-10-15. Retrieved 2009-06-06.

graflex.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Jones, Rick (USAF-Retired) Better Lubricants than Graphite. graflex.org

iupac.org (Global: 1,291^st place; English: 1,832^nd place)

goldbook.iupac.org

IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "Rhombohedral graphite". doi:10.1351/goldbook.R05385

keytometals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

steel.keytometals.com

Galvanic Corrosion Archived 2009-03-10 at the Wayback Machine. keytometals.com

lincdigital.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

metals.lincdigital.com.au

"ASM Tech Notes – TN7-0506 – Galvanic Corrosion" (PDF). Atlas Specialty Metals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-27.

lu.lv (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Boardman, John (1924). "The Neolithic-Eneolithic Period" (PDF). The Cambridge ancient history, Volume 3, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-0521224963. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)

lubesngreases.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Breaking the Mold". Lubes'N'Greases. 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

mindat.org (Global: 712^th place; English: 1,219^th place)

Graphite. Mindat.org.

mineralseducationcoalition.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Graphite". Minerals Database. Minerals Education Coalition. 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Banek NA, McKenzie, Jr KR, Abele DT, Wagner MJ (2022). "Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 8080. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.8080B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x. PMC 9110727. PMID 35577817.
Li, Zhiting; Wang, Yongjin; Kozbial, Andrew; Shenoy, Ganesh; Zhou, Feng; McGinley, Rebecca; Ireland, Patrick; Morganstein, Brittni; Kunkel, Alyssa; Surwade, Sumedh P.; Li, Lei; Liu, Haitao (October 2013). "Effect of airborne contaminants on the wettability of supported graphene and graphite". Nature Materials. 12 (10): 925–931. Bibcode:2013NatMa..12..925L. doi:10.1038/nmat3709. PMID 23872731.
Emery, Nicolas; Hérold, Claire; Marêché, Jean-François; Lagrange, Philippe (2008). "Synthesis and superconducting properties of CaC₆". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (4) 044102. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4102E. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044102. PMC 5099629. PMID 27878015.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Banek NA, McKenzie, Jr KR, Abele DT, Wagner MJ (2022). "Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite". Scientific Reports. 12 (1) 8080. Bibcode:2022NatSR..12.8080B. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x. PMC 9110727. PMID 35577817.
Emery, Nicolas; Hérold, Claire; Marêché, Jean-François; Lagrange, Philippe (2008). "Synthesis and superconducting properties of CaC₆". Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (4) 044102. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4102E. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044102. PMC 5099629. PMID 27878015.

nwhs.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

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True color/appearance of the "Graphite, or Smokebox colors. List.nwhs.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-15.

olmec.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Olmec Advanced Materials (2019). "How graphite is used in the glass and fibreglass industries". Retrieved 19 January 2019.

openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

Pierson, Hugh O. (1993). Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamonds and Fullerenes: Properties, Processing and Applications. Noyes Publications. ISBN 0-8155-1339-9. OL 8048799M.

osti.gov (Global: 2,098^th place; English: 1,146^th place)

Banek NA, Abele DT, McKenzie, Jr KR, Wagner MJ (2018). "Sustainable Conversion of Lignocellulose to High-Purity, Highly Crystalline Flake Potato Graphite". ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 6 (10): 13199–13207. Bibcode:2018ASCE....613199B. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02799. OSTI 1475076.

patents.google.com (Global: 1,154^th place; English: 606^th place)

Acheson, E. G. "Manufacture of Graphite", U.S. patent 568,323, issued September 29, 1896.

phys.org (Global: 1,595^th place; English: 1,363^rd place)

Liquid method: pure graphene production. Phys.org (May 30, 2010).

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"Top 5 Speed Tips for Your Pinewood Derby Car". S&W Crafts Mfg. Retrieved July 28, 2022.

port.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 6,738^th place)

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Norgate, Martin; Norgate, Jean (2008). "Old Cumbria Gazetteer, black lead mine, Seathwaite". Geography Department, Portsmouth University. Retrieved 2008-05-19.

rruff.info (Global: 5,858^th place; English: low place)

Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (1990). "Graphite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. I (Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts). Chantilly, VA: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0-9622097-0-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-04.

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"Module 6: Media for 2-D Art" (PDF). Saylor.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-08-09. Retrieved 2 April 2012.

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Abrego-Martinez, Juan Carlos; Wang, Youling; Vanpeene, Victor; Roué, Lionel (2023-06-05). "From waste graphite fines to revalorized anode material for Li-ion batteries". Carbon. 209 118004. Bibcode:2023Carbo.20918004A. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2023.118004. ISSN 0008-6223.

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Graphite (English Wikipedia)

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