Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Gray code" in English language version.
[…] In 1872, [Baudot] started research toward a telegraph system that would allow multiple operators to transmit simultaneously over a single wire and, as the transmissions were received, would print them in ordinary alphabetic characters on a strip of paper. He received a patent for such a system on June 17, 1874. […] Instead of a variable delay followed by a single-unit pulse, Baudot's system used a uniform six time units to transmit each character. […] his early telegraph probably used the six-unit code […] that he attributes to Davy in an 1877 article. […] in 1876 Baudot redesigned his equipment to use a five-unit code. Punctuation and digits were still sometimes needed, though, so he adopted from Hughes the use of two special letter space and figure space characters that would cause the printer to shift between cases at the same time as it advanced the paper without printing. The five-unit code he began using at this time […] was structured to suit his keyboard […], which controlled two units of each character with switches operated by the left hand and the other three units with the right hand. […][5][6]
[…] Decoding. […] To decode C.P.B. or W.R.D. codes, a simple inversion rule can be applied. The readings of the higher tracks determine the way in which the lower tracks are translated. The inversion rule is applied line by line for the C.P.B. and for the W.R.D. it is applied decade by decade or line by line. Starting therefore with the top or slowest changing track of the C.P.B., if the result is odd (1) the next track value has to be inverted, i.e. 0 for 1 and 1 for 0. If, however, the first track is even (0), the second track is left as read, i.e. 0 for 0 and 1 for 1. Again, if the resultant reading of the second track is odd, the third track reading is inverted and so on. When an odd is changed to an even the line below is not inverted and when an even is changed to an odd the line below is inverted. The result of applying this rule to the pattern […] is the pure binary (P.B.) pattern […] where each track or digit can be given a definite numerical value (in this instance 1, 2, 4, 8, etc.). […] Using the line-by-line inversion rule on the W.R.D. code produces [a] pattern [of 1, 2, 4, 2 code] where again the digits can be given numerical values and summed decade by decade. The summing of the digits can be very useful, for example, in a high-speed scanning system; but in a parallel decoding system […], it is usual to treat each binary quartet or decade as an entity. In other words, if the first or more significant decade is odd, the second decade is rectified or complemented by inverting the D track and so on, the result being the repeating pattern of [rectified W.R.D. code]. This is an extremely easy thing to achieve since the only change required is the inversion of the meaning of the D track or complementing digit. […](8+82 pages) (NB. The author does not mention Gray at all and calls the standard Gray code "Cyclic Permuted Binary Code" (C.P.B.), the book index erroneously lists it as "cyclic pure binary code".)
[…] A Baudot prototype (4 years in the making) was built in 1876. The transmitter had 5 keys similar to those of a piano. Messages were sent in a special 5-element code devised by Baudot […]
[…] The Datex code […] uses the O'Brien code II within each decade, and reflected decimal numbers for the decimal transitions. For further processing, code conversion to the natural decimal notation is necessary. Since the O'Brien II code forms a 9s complement, this does not give rise to particular difficulties: whenever the code word for the tens represents an odd number, the code words for the decimal units are given as the 9s complements by inversion of the fourth binary digit. […][permanent dead link] (270 pages)
[…] The complete dispatching operation, gauging, and remote control is integrated into one single unitized system when a "Varec" Pulse Code Telemetering System is installed. […]
[…] Other forms of code are also well known. Among these are the Royal Radar Establishment code; The Excess Three decimal code; Gillham code which is recommended by ICAO for automatic height transmission for air traffic control purposes; the Petherick code, and the Leslie and Russell code of the National Engineering Laboratory. Each has its particular merits and they are offered as options by various encoder manufacturers. […](12+367+5 pages)
[…] In 1874, Schaeffler invented another printing telegraph, a quadruple system like the Baudot, but mechanically more sophisticated. The Hughes telegraph had two synchronously rotating fingers, one in the sender and one in the receiver. By a piano-like keyboard the operator selected a letter and thereby made contact with the rotating finger in the corresponding direction. Since the receiving finger was in the same direction at this moment, the receiver could print the correct letter. The Baudot and the Schaeffler printing telegraphs use a five-bit binary code. ... Schaeffler's code is a reflected binary code! What F. Gray patented in 1953 for PCM, Schaeffler had applied in his telegraph in 1874, and for a similar reason: reliability. He had contact fingers sensing on five cams consecutively all combinations; the right one triggers printing. If the fingers are to make a minimal number of movements, the solution is the reflected binary code. For Schaeffler, this idea was a minor one. More exactly, the code is described in a letter by the Austrian Post employee, J[ohann] N[epomuk] Teufelhart, inserted there as a footnote and telling that Schaeffler found the code by combining wooden bars with the different combinations until he had the best solution. Another Post employee, Alexander Wilhelm Lambert of Linz, claims to have shown this code to Schaeffler as early as 1872, but this claim is not clear and cannot be checked. […](6 pages)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) [3] (4 pages)[…] In 1874, Schaeffler invented another printing telegraph, a quadruple system like the Baudot, but mechanically more sophisticated. The Hughes telegraph had two synchronously rotating fingers, one in the sender and one in the receiver. By a piano-like keyboard the operator selected a letter and thereby made contact with the rotating finger in the corresponding direction. Since the receiving finger was in the same direction at this moment, the receiver could print the correct letter. The Baudot and the Schaeffler printing telegraphs use a five-bit binary code. ... Schaeffler's code is a reflected binary code! What F. Gray patented in 1953 for PCM, Schaeffler had applied in his telegraph in 1874, and for a similar reason: reliability. He had contact fingers sensing on five cams consecutively all combinations; the right one triggers printing. If the fingers are to make a minimal number of movements, the solution is the reflected binary code. For Schaeffler, this idea was a minor one. More exactly, the code is described in a letter by the Austrian Post employee, J[ohann] N[epomuk] Teufelhart, inserted there as a footnote and telling that Schaeffler found the code by combining wooden bars with the different combinations until he had the best solution. Another Post employee, Alexander Wilhelm Lambert of Linz, claims to have shown this code to Schaeffler as early as 1872, but this claim is not clear and cannot be checked. […](6 pages)
[…] The Datex code […] uses the O'Brien code II within each decade, and reflected decimal numbers for the decimal transitions. For further processing, code conversion to the natural decimal notation is necessary. Since the O'Brien II code forms a 9s complement, this does not give rise to particular difficulties: whenever the code word for the tens represents an odd number, the code words for the decimal units are given as the 9s complements by inversion of the fourth binary digit. […][permanent dead link] (270 pages)
[…] Der um die Mitte des J[ahres] 1874 patenti[e]rte, ebenfalls dem Highton'schen verwandte Typendrucker des französischen Telegraphen-Verwaltungsbeamten Baudot wurde bei seiner 1875 patenti[e]rten Weiterentwicklung in einen fünffachen umgewandelt […]
[…] There seems to be some confusion about the attributation of this code, because two inventors named Gray have been associated with it. When I first heard the name I took it as referring to Elisha Gray, and Heath testifies to his usage of it. Many people take it as referring to Frank Gray of Bell Telephone Laboratories, who in 1947 first proposed its use in coding tubes: his patent is listed in the bibliography. […](2+448+2 pages)
[…] A Baudot prototype (4 years in the making) was built in 1876. The transmitter had 5 keys similar to those of a piano. Messages were sent in a special 5-element code devised by Baudot […]
[…] Übersichtlich ist die Darstellung nach Händler, die sämtliche Punkte, numeriert nach dem Gray-Code […], auf dem Umfeld eines Kreises anordnet. Sie erfordert allerdings sehr viel Platz. […][Händler's diagram, where all points, numbered according to the Gray code, are arranged on the circumference of a circle, is easily comprehensible. It needs, however, a lot of space.]
[…] A clearer idea of the position of the balls after each pulse will be obtained if the set of balls is represented by a number having a similar number of digits, each of which may have one of two arbitrary values, for example 0 and 1. If the upper position is called 0 and the lower position […] 1, then the setting of the counter […] may be read from left to right as 0,100,000. […] Following is a translation of the number of pulses received into this form of binary notation for the first sixteen pulses as received on the first five balls […] Pulse number […] Binary notation […][1] (4 pages)
[…] The MOA-GILLHAM code is essentially the combination of the Gray code discussed thereinabove and the well known Datex code; the Datex code is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,165,731. The arrangement is such that the Datex code defines the bits for the units count of the encoder and the Gray code defines the bits for each of the higher order decades, the tens, hundreds, etc. […](11 pages)
[…] Die Firma Harrison Reproduction Equipment, Farnborough/England […] hat in jahrelanger Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Britischen Luftwaffe und britischen Industriebetrieben den mechanischen Digitizer […] zu einer technischen Reife gebracht, die fast allen Anforderungen […] genügt. […] Um bei der dezimalen Entschlüsselung des verwendeten Binärcodes zu eindeutigen und bei der Übergabe von einer Dezimalstelle zur anderen in der Reihenfolge immer richtigen Ergebnissen zu kommen, wurde ein spezieller Code entwickelt, der jede Möglichkeit einer Fehlaussage durch sein Prinzip ausschließt und der außerdem durch seinen Aufbau eine relativ einfache Entschlüsselung erlaubt. Der Code basiert auf dem Petherick-Code. […](4 pages)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) [3] (4 pages)[…] In 1874, Schaeffler invented another printing telegraph, a quadruple system like the Baudot, but mechanically more sophisticated. The Hughes telegraph had two synchronously rotating fingers, one in the sender and one in the receiver. By a piano-like keyboard the operator selected a letter and thereby made contact with the rotating finger in the corresponding direction. Since the receiving finger was in the same direction at this moment, the receiver could print the correct letter. The Baudot and the Schaeffler printing telegraphs use a five-bit binary code. ... Schaeffler's code is a reflected binary code! What F. Gray patented in 1953 for PCM, Schaeffler had applied in his telegraph in 1874, and for a similar reason: reliability. He had contact fingers sensing on five cams consecutively all combinations; the right one triggers printing. If the fingers are to make a minimal number of movements, the solution is the reflected binary code. For Schaeffler, this idea was a minor one. More exactly, the code is described in a letter by the Austrian Post employee, J[ohann] N[epomuk] Teufelhart, inserted there as a footnote and telling that Schaeffler found the code by combining wooden bars with the different combinations until he had the best solution. Another Post employee, Alexander Wilhelm Lambert of Linz, claims to have shown this code to Schaeffler as early as 1872, but this claim is not clear and cannot be checked. […](6 pages)
[…] The MOA-GILLHAM code is essentially the combination of the Gray code discussed thereinabove and the well known Datex code; the Datex code is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,165,731. The arrangement is such that the Datex code defines the bits for the units count of the encoder and the Gray code defines the bits for each of the higher order decades, the tens, hundreds, etc. […](11 pages)
[…] A clearer idea of the position of the balls after each pulse will be obtained if the set of balls is represented by a number having a similar number of digits, each of which may have one of two arbitrary values, for example 0 and 1. If the upper position is called 0 and the lower position […] 1, then the setting of the counter […] may be read from left to right as 0,100,000. […] Following is a translation of the number of pulses received into this form of binary notation for the first sixteen pulses as received on the first five balls […] Pulse number […] Binary notation […][1] (4 pages)
[…] The type of code wheel most popular in optical encoders contains a cyclic binary code pattern designed to give a cyclic sequence of "on-off" outputs. The cyclic binary code is also known as the cyclic progression code, the reflected binary code, and the Gray code. This code was originated by G. R. Stibitz, of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and was first proposed for pulse-code modulation systems by Frank Gray, also of BTL. Thus the name Gray code. The Gray or cyclic code is used mainly to eliminate the possibility of errors at code transition which could result in gross ambiguities. […]
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) [3] (4 pages)[…] Der um die Mitte des J[ahres] 1874 patenti[e]rte, ebenfalls dem Highton'schen verwandte Typendrucker des französischen Telegraphen-Verwaltungsbeamten Baudot wurde bei seiner 1875 patenti[e]rten Weiterentwicklung in einen fünffachen umgewandelt […]
[…] In 1872, [Baudot] started research toward a telegraph system that would allow multiple operators to transmit simultaneously over a single wire and, as the transmissions were received, would print them in ordinary alphabetic characters on a strip of paper. He received a patent for such a system on June 17, 1874. […] Instead of a variable delay followed by a single-unit pulse, Baudot's system used a uniform six time units to transmit each character. […] his early telegraph probably used the six-unit code […] that he attributes to Davy in an 1877 article. […] in 1876 Baudot redesigned his equipment to use a five-unit code. Punctuation and digits were still sometimes needed, though, so he adopted from Hughes the use of two special letter space and figure space characters that would cause the printer to shift between cases at the same time as it advanced the paper without printing. The five-unit code he began using at this time […] was structured to suit his keyboard […], which controlled two units of each character with switches operated by the left hand and the other three units with the right hand. […][5][6]
[…] In 1874, Schaeffler invented another printing telegraph, a quadruple system like the Baudot, but mechanically more sophisticated. The Hughes telegraph had two synchronously rotating fingers, one in the sender and one in the receiver. By a piano-like keyboard the operator selected a letter and thereby made contact with the rotating finger in the corresponding direction. Since the receiving finger was in the same direction at this moment, the receiver could print the correct letter. The Baudot and the Schaeffler printing telegraphs use a five-bit binary code. ... Schaeffler's code is a reflected binary code! What F. Gray patented in 1953 for PCM, Schaeffler had applied in his telegraph in 1874, and for a similar reason: reliability. He had contact fingers sensing on five cams consecutively all combinations; the right one triggers printing. If the fingers are to make a minimal number of movements, the solution is the reflected binary code. For Schaeffler, this idea was a minor one. More exactly, the code is described in a letter by the Austrian Post employee, J[ohann] N[epomuk] Teufelhart, inserted there as a footnote and telling that Schaeffler found the code by combining wooden bars with the different combinations until he had the best solution. Another Post employee, Alexander Wilhelm Lambert of Linz, claims to have shown this code to Schaeffler as early as 1872, but this claim is not clear and cannot be checked. […](6 pages)
[…] Karnaugh's map orders the arguments of the discriminants according to the reflected binary code, also called the Gray code. […](xii+291+3 pages) 1st edition
[…] The MOA-GILLHAM code is essentially the combination of the Gray code discussed thereinabove and the well known Datex code; the Datex code is disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,165,731. The arrangement is such that the Datex code defines the bits for the units count of the encoder and the Gray code defines the bits for each of the higher order decades, the tens, hundreds, etc. […](11 pages)
[…] Die Firma Harrison Reproduction Equipment, Farnborough/England […] hat in jahrelanger Entwicklung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Britischen Luftwaffe und britischen Industriebetrieben den mechanischen Digitizer […] zu einer technischen Reife gebracht, die fast allen Anforderungen […] genügt. […] Um bei der dezimalen Entschlüsselung des verwendeten Binärcodes zu eindeutigen und bei der Übergabe von einer Dezimalstelle zur anderen in der Reihenfolge immer richtigen Ergebnissen zu kommen, wurde ein spezieller Code entwickelt, der jede Möglichkeit einer Fehlaussage durch sein Prinzip ausschließt und der außerdem durch seinen Aufbau eine relativ einfache Entschlüsselung erlaubt. Der Code basiert auf dem Petherick-Code. […](4 pages)
[…] Der um die Mitte des J[ahres] 1874 patenti[e]rte, ebenfalls dem Highton'schen verwandte Typendrucker des französischen Telegraphen-Verwaltungsbeamten Baudot wurde bei seiner 1875 patenti[e]rten Weiterentwicklung in einen fünffachen umgewandelt […]
[…] In 1874, Schaeffler invented another printing telegraph, a quadruple system like the Baudot, but mechanically more sophisticated. The Hughes telegraph had two synchronously rotating fingers, one in the sender and one in the receiver. By a piano-like keyboard the operator selected a letter and thereby made contact with the rotating finger in the corresponding direction. Since the receiving finger was in the same direction at this moment, the receiver could print the correct letter. The Baudot and the Schaeffler printing telegraphs use a five-bit binary code. ... Schaeffler's code is a reflected binary code! What F. Gray patented in 1953 for PCM, Schaeffler had applied in his telegraph in 1874, and for a similar reason: reliability. He had contact fingers sensing on five cams consecutively all combinations; the right one triggers printing. If the fingers are to make a minimal number of movements, the solution is the reflected binary code. For Schaeffler, this idea was a minor one. More exactly, the code is described in a letter by the Austrian Post employee, J[ohann] N[epomuk] Teufelhart, inserted there as a footnote and telling that Schaeffler found the code by combining wooden bars with the different combinations until he had the best solution. Another Post employee, Alexander Wilhelm Lambert of Linz, claims to have shown this code to Schaeffler as early as 1872, but this claim is not clear and cannot be checked. […](6 pages)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) [3] (4 pages){{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) [3] (4 pages)[…] The complete dispatching operation, gauging, and remote control is integrated into one single unitized system when a "Varec" Pulse Code Telemetering System is installed. […]
[…] The type of code wheel most popular in optical encoders contains a cyclic binary code pattern designed to give a cyclic sequence of "on-off" outputs. The cyclic binary code is also known as the cyclic progression code, the reflected binary code, and the Gray code. This code was originated by G. R. Stibitz, of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and was first proposed for pulse-code modulation systems by Frank Gray, also of BTL. Thus the name Gray code. The Gray or cyclic code is used mainly to eliminate the possibility of errors at code transition which could result in gross ambiguities. […]