Great black-backed gull (English Wikipedia)

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Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.). "Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.330.
Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.). "Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.330. Retrieved 19 December 2012.

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Marcotte, Bob (24 June 2011). "A marked decline in Great Black-backed Gulls". Democrat and Chronicle.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013.

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BirdLife International (2018). "Larus marinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694324A132342572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694324A132342572.en. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.). "Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.330.
Hüppop, O.; Wurm, S. (2000). "Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus in the south-eastern North Sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 241–247. Bibcode:2000MEPS..194..241H. doi:10.3354/meps194241.
Good, Thomas P. (1998). Poole, A. (ed.). "Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus)". The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.330. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
Threlfall, W. (1968a). "The food of three species of gull in Newfoundland". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 82 (3): 176–180. doi:10.5962/p.342875.
Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M.; Hall, C.S.; Kress, S.W. (2007). "Effects of gull predation and predator control on tern nesting success at Eastern Egg Rock, Maine". Waterbirds. 30 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0029:EOGPAP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86328050.
Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M. (2008). "Gull Predation and Breeding Success of Common Eiders on Stratton Island, Maine" (PDF). Waterbirds. 31 (3): 454–462. doi:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.454. S2CID 86007882.
Donehower, C.E. (2006). "Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls" (PDF). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 118 (3): 420–422. doi:10.1676/05-113.1. JSTOR 20455898. S2CID 86547842.

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Hüppop, O.; Wurm, S. (2000). "Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus in the south-eastern North Sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 241–247. Bibcode:2000MEPS..194..241H. doi:10.3354/meps194241.

iucnredlist.org

BirdLife International (2018). "Larus marinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694324A132342572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694324A132342572.en. Retrieved 29 August 2023.

jstor.org

Wells, J.V. (1994). "Correlates of the distribution and abundance of wintering gulls in Maine". Journal of Field Ornithology. 65 (3): 283–294. JSTOR 4513942.
Donehower, C.E. (2006). "Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls" (PDF). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 118 (3): 420–422. doi:10.1676/05-113.1. JSTOR 20455898. S2CID 86547842.

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Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M. (2008). "Gull Predation and Breeding Success of Common Eiders on Stratton Island, Maine" (PDF). Waterbirds. 31 (3): 454–462. doi:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.454. S2CID 86007882.
Donehower, C.E. (2006). "Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls" (PDF). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 118 (3): 420–422. doi:10.1676/05-113.1. JSTOR 20455898. S2CID 86547842.

researchgate.net

Hüppop, O.; Wurm, S. (2000). "Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus in the south-eastern North Sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 194: 241–247. Bibcode:2000MEPS..194..241H. doi:10.3354/meps194241.

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Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M.; Hall, C.S.; Kress, S.W. (2007). "Effects of gull predation and predator control on tern nesting success at Eastern Egg Rock, Maine". Waterbirds. 30 (1): 29–39. doi:10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0029:EOGPAP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86328050.
Donehower, C.E.; Bird, D.M. (2008). "Gull Predation and Breeding Success of Common Eiders on Stratton Island, Maine" (PDF). Waterbirds. 31 (3): 454–462. doi:10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.454. S2CID 86007882.
Donehower, C.E. (2006). "Likely Predation of Adult Glossy Ibis by Great Black-backed Gulls" (PDF). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 118 (3): 420–422. doi:10.1676/05-113.1. JSTOR 20455898. S2CID 86547842.

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"Longevity, ageing, and life history of Larus marinus". Genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 23 August 2012.

unm.edu

sora.unm.edu

Duncan, Robert A. (1981). "The Great Black-backed Gull: a Gulf Coast status review" (PDF). American Birds. 35 (2).

web.archive.org

"Great Black-backed Gull". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
Tarry, Emmalee. "Sea Bird Colonies of Ireland, Wales and Scotland". New England Seabirds. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
Hagen, Yngvar (1950). "Noen iakttagelser over hubro (Bubo bubo L.) i Rogaland" [Some observations of owls (Bubo Bubo L.) in Rogaland] (PDF). Stavanger Museums årbok (in Norwegian). 60: 93–110. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-10. Retrieved 2017-05-22.

wildlifetrusts.org

"Great black-backed gull". The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved 9 July 2021.

worldcat.org

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Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004). Gulls: of North America, Europe, and Asia. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691119977. OCLC 869139988.

youtube.com

Great Skua vs. GBB Gull, Shetland. YouTube. 9 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12. Retrieved 19 December 2012.