Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (English Wikipedia)

Doumanis, Nicholas (16 Dec 2009). A History of Greece.^{[permanent dead link]} Palgrave Macmillan. p. 64. ISBN 978-1137013675.
Baumer, Christoph (11 Dec 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors (Archived 2022-11-19 at the Wayback Machine) Vol. 1. I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1780760605 p. 289.
Kaushik Roy (28 July 2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia (Archived 2022-11-19 at the Wayback Machine). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317321279.
Cary, M. (1963). A History of the Greek World Form 323 to 146 B.C. p. 75.
Beckwith 2009, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see Hitch 2010, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Hitch, Doug (2010). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (4): 654–658. Bibcode:2010IJNAr..39..207P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019). The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 103. ISBN 978-1-78969-407-9.
Frank Lee Holt, (1988), Alexander the Great and Bactria: The formation of a Greek frontier in central Asia, Brill Archive p. 2 [1]
Iconography of Balarāma, Nilakanth Purushottam Joshi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, p.22 [2]
Peter Thonemann, (2016), The Hellenistic World: Using coins as sources, Cambridge University Press, p. 101 [3]

brewminate.com

The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan Brewminate, Archived 2021-09-24 at the Wayback Machine - Matthew A. McIntosh

britannica.com

"Bactria | Map, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-30. Retrieved 2024-10-11.
"Eucratides | King of Bactria & Greco-Bactrian Empire | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-07-10.

businesswire.com

"The mausoleum of China's first emperor partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to reveal groundbreaking evidence that China was in contact with the west during the reign of the first emperor" (Press release). 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2016-10-12.

chinatoday.com.cn

Ancient Chinese weapons Archived 2005-03-07 at the Wayback Machine A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period. Archived 2012-05-27 at archive.today

cngcoins.com

"CNG: Feature Auction CNG 99. BAKTRIA, Greco-Baktrian Kingdom. Uncertain. Early-mid 1st century BC(?). AR Obol (11mm, 0.49 g, 1h)". www.cngcoins.com. Retrieved 2024-06-19.

coinindia.com

"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Eucratides I (Eukratides I)". coinindia.com. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Antimachus I (Antimachos I)". coinindia.com. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Pantaleon". coinindia.com. Retrieved 2024-07-10.
"The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Greek: Apollodotus I (Apollodotos I)". coinindia.com. Retrieved 2024-06-29.

coinweek.com

"NGC Ancient Coins: Unusual Bactrian Portraits". CoinWeek: Rare Coin, Currency, and Bullion News for Collectors. Numismatic Guaranty Company. 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2024-07-10.

colostate.edu

cemml.colostate.edu

"Afghanistan: Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom". 2020-12-23. Archived from the original on 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2023-10-06.

doi.org

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3–4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
Narain 1990, p. 153. Narain, A. K. (1990). "Indo-Europeans in Central Asia". In Sinor, Denis (ed.). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–177. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007. ISBN 978-1-139-05489-8.
Beckwith 2009, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see Hitch 2010, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Hitch, Doug (2010). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (4): 654–658. Bibcode:2010IJNAr..39..207P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2015-01-02.

earlychristianwritings.com

"Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV". Archived from the original on 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2005-12-18.

geohack.toolforge.org

Possibly present day Qarshi; Encyclopaedia Metropolitana: Or Universal Dictionary of Knowledge, Volume 23, ed. by Edward Smedley, Hugh James Rose, Henry John Rose, 1923, p. 260: "Eucratidia, named from its ruler, (Strabo, xi. p. 516.) was, according to Ptolemy, 2° North and 1° West of Bactra." As these coordinates are relative to, and close to, Bactra, it is reasonable to disregard the imprecision in Ptolemy's coordinates and accept them without adjustment. If the coordinates for Bactra are taken to be 36°45′N 66°55′E / 36.750°N 66.917°E / 36.750; 66.917, then the coordinates 38°45′N 65°55′E / 38.750°N 65.917°E / 38.750; 65.917 can be seen to be close to the modern day city of Qarshi.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Beckwith 2009, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see Hitch 2010, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Hitch, Doug (2010). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (4): 654–658. Bibcode:2010IJNAr..39..207P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2015-01-02.

iranicaonline.org

"Euthydemus". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

issuu.com

"EMPIRES OF MYSTERY: Collecting Greco-Baktrian Coins by David S. Michaels". Issuu. Retrieved 2024-07-10.

jstor.org

Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3–4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
Litvinskii, B.A.; Pichikian, I.R. (1994). "The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 8: 47–66. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24048765.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). "A faience head of a Graeco-Bactrian king from Ai Khanum". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 12: 27. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049090.
"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.15". JSTOR 24049089. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.13-22". JSTOR 24049089. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-08-31.

livescience.com

"Why China's terracotta warriors are stirring controversy". Live Science. 20 November 2016.

megalithic.co.uk

"C.Michael Hogan, Silk Road, North China, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham". Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2008-02-20.

researchgate.net

Viglas, Katelis (2016). "Chaldean and Neo-Platonic Theology". Philosophia e-Journal of Philosophy and Culture (14): 171–189. The name "Chaldeans" refers generally to the Chaldean people who lived in the land of Babylonia, and especially to the Chaldean "magi" of Babylon. ... The "Chaldeans" were the guardians of the sacred science: The astrological knowledge and the divination mixed with religion and magic. They were considered the last representatives of the Babylonian sages. ... In Classical Antiquity, the name "Chaldeans" primarily stood for the priests of the Babylonian temples. In Hellenistic times, the term "Chaldeos" was synonymous with the words "mathematician" and "astrologer". ... The Neo-Platonists connected the Chaldean Oracles with the ancient Chaldeans, obtaining a prestige coming from the East and legitimizing their existence as bearers and successors of an ancient tradition.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

"Strabo 11.11.2". Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Strabo XI.XI.I". Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Polybius 11.34". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius". Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Strabo 11-8-1 on the nomadic invasions of Bactria". Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.

web.archive.org

The Ancient Greco-Bactrian kingdom and Hellenistic Afghanistan Brewminate, Archived 2021-09-24 at the Wayback Machine - Matthew A. McIntosh
Baumer, Christoph (11 Dec 2012). The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors (Archived 2022-11-19 at the Wayback Machine) Vol. 1. I. B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1780760605 p. 289.
Kaushik Roy (28 July 2015). Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia (Archived 2022-11-19 at the Wayback Machine). Routledge. ISBN 978-1317321279.
"Strabo 11.11.2". Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Afghanistan: Graeco-Bactrian Kingdom". 2020-12-23. Archived from the original on 2020-12-23. Retrieved 2023-10-06.
"Justin XLI, paragraph 4". Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2006-01-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Justin XLI, paragraph 1". Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2006-01-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Strabo XI.XI.I". Archived from the original on 2008-04-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Justin XLI". Archived from the original on 2019-11-10. Retrieved 2006-01-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Polybius 11.34". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Polybius 10.49, Battle of the Arius". Archived from the original on 2008-03-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
"Polybius 11.34 Siege of Bactra". Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
Shane Wallace Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries Archived 2020-01-12 at the Wayback Machine p.206
Osmund Bopearachchi, Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans Archived 2021-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, p.48
Shane Wallace Greek Culture in Afghanistan and India: Old Evidence and New Discoveries Archived 2020-01-12 at the Wayback Machine p. 211
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"Justin XXXVI, 1,1". Archived from the original on 2005-11-20. Retrieved 2006-02-11.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
"Strabo 11-8-1 on the nomadic invasions of Bactria". Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2021-02-20.
Beckwith 2009, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see Hitch 2010, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Hitch, Doug (2010). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (4): 654–658. Bibcode:2010IJNAr..39..207P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2015-01-02.
"BBC Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say". BBC News. 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-03-16. Retrieved 2018-06-21.
"The mausoleum of China's first emperor partners with the BBC and National Geographic Channel to reveal groundbreaking evidence that China was in contact with the west during the reign of the first emperor" (Press release). 12 October 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2016-10-12.
"Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria". Archived from the original on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2004-10-30.
Ancient Chinese weapons Archived 2005-03-07 at the Wayback Machine A halberd of copper-nickel alloy, from the Warring States Period. Archived 2012-05-27 at archive.today
"C.Michael Hogan, Silk Road, North China, Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham". Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
"Clement of Alexandria "The Stromata, or Miscellanies" Book I, Chapter XV". Archived from the original on 2010-05-10. Retrieved 2005-12-18.
"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.15". JSTOR 24049089. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-08-31.
"John Boardman, "The Origins of Indian Stone Architecture", p.13-22". JSTOR 24049089. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-08-31.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

McLaughlin, Raoul (2016). The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes : the Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Havertown: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-8982-8. OCLC 961065049.
Litvinskii, B.A.; Pichikian, I.R. (1994). "The Hellenistic architecture and art of the Temple of the Oxus" (PDF). Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 8: 47–66. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24048765.
Bopearachchi, Osmund (1998). "A faience head of a Graeco-Bactrian king from Ai Khanum". Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 12: 27. ISSN 0890-4464. JSTOR 24049090.

worldcat.org

McLaughlin, Raoul (2016). The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes : the Ancient World Economy and the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia and Han China. Havertown: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-4738-8982-8. OCLC 961065049.

worldhistory.org

Crabben, Jan van der. "Bactria". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2024-10-11.

ynlc.ca

Beckwith 2009, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see Hitch 2010, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars." Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-2994-1. Hitch, Doug (2010). "Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 130 (4): 654–658. Bibcode:2010IJNAr..39..207P. doi:10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-26. Retrieved 2015-01-02.