Griffin (English Wikipedia)

Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (2008). Beyond Babylon: Art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1588392954. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack. pp. 222–224.
J[ames] R[obinson] Planché (1852). "Badges". The Pursuivant of Arms, or Heraldry Founded upon Facts. London: W. N. Wright [Bookseller to the Queen, 60, Pall Mall]. p. 183..
Arthur Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, pp. 231–232.

artwis.com

Neva, Elena (12 March 2008). "Central Asian Jewelry and their Symbols in Ancient Time". Artwis. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014; who cites Pugachenkova, G. (1959). "Grifon v drevnem iskusstve central'noi Azii" Грифон в древнем искусстве центральной Азии [Griffin in the ancient art of Central Asia]. Sovetskya Arheologia. 2: 70, 83.

ascsa.edu.gr

Franks (2009), p. 469. Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56, Fig. 5 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662

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gallica.bnf.fr

Delaporte, Louis-Joseph (1920). Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental : Musée du Louvre. Paris: Hachette. p. 49. Items S. 366 (Pl. 44, fig. 10); S. 367 (Pl. 44, fig. 11); S. 368 (Pl. 45, fig. 2) BnF copy. The "S" indicates Susa expedition, under the direction of J. de Morgan (1897–1912).

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The beaks on the Greeks are identified as "visor" of beasts such as seen in Urartian art, by Ghirshman (1964c), p. 108. Ghirshman, Roman (1964c). The Arts of Ancient Iran: From Its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great. Golden Press.
See the cover photo of this cauldron in Papalexandrou (2021) and Fig. 3.2. The lateral side of the griffins are hard to see on this picture shown right; the lions do not have these hanging tresses. Cf. Fig. 3.3 for another cauldron, from the Bernardini tomb [it]. Both are bronze cauldrons on a conical stand. Papalexandrou, Nassos (2021). Bronze Monsters and the Cultures of Wonder: Griffin Cauldrons in the Preclassical Mediterranean. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477323632.
Ghirshman (and others, cf. Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160, citing André Godard.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the animal is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Godard, André (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Bement, Clarence S. (1921). Descriptive Catalogue of Greek Coins selected from the cabinet. Philadelphia: American Numismatic Society. p. 43 and Plate X, 144. 144 AR [silver] Phoenician Tetradrachm; 14.94 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin seated l. on a fish, with rounded, feathered wing; around, magistrate's name Καλλιδαμασ; around, circle of dots. Rev. → Αβδηριτων on border of an incuse square; within, smaller linear square in four compartments.
Isidore of Seville (2005). Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation. Vol. 2. Translated by Throop, Priscilla. MedievalMS. xii.2.17. ISBN 9781411665262.
Litvinskij, Boris A. [in Russian] (2002). "Copper cauldrons from Gilgit and Central Asia: more about Saka and Dards and related problems". East and West. 52 (1–4): 141.
Kiperwasser, Reuven; Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2012), Secunda, Shai; Fine, Steven (eds.), "Irano-Talmudica II: Leviathan, Behemoth and the 'Domestication' of Iranian Mythological Creatures in Eschatological Narratives of the Babylonian Talmud", Shoshannat Yaakov: Jewish and Iranian studies in honor of Yaakov Elman, Brill, p. 209 and n22, ISBN 9789004235458
Henning, W. B. (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007988X, JSTOR 608983, S2CID 194111905; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, pp. 274–275
Griffith, F. Ll; Newberry, Percy Edward (1895). El Bersheh. Vol. 2. Appended by George Willoughby Fraser. Sold at the Offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund. pp. 34–35 and Pl. XVI, tomb no. 5. Another monster is seen just above; a lion with the head of a hawk, the wings of an eagle, and the horns and feathers of a god... called tesh-tesh, "the tearer-in-pieces"
Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch. Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
David, Arlette (2016), "3. Hybridism as a Visual Mark of Divinity: The Case of Akhenaten", in David, Arlette; Milstein, Rachel; Ornan, Tallay (eds.), Picturing Royal Charisma: Kings and Rulers in the Near East from 3000 BCE to 1700 CE, Archaeopress Publishing Limited, pp. 52–53 and Table 3.1, ISBN 9781803271613
Prakash, Tara (2022). Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues: Fragments of the Late Old Kingdom. Lockwood Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780892362233.
The epithet "the Crusher" (or "Trampler") is also given by Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch, but the words do not actually occur as names/epithets in Leibovitch's reading of the inscription: "Spdw le seigneur des pays montagne, qui écrase (en les piétinant)　Sopdu the lord of the mountain countries, who crushes (trampling them)". The inscription is from Sahure (pharaoh of Fifth Dynasty of Egypt).^[25] A relief represents Sahure as an enemy-trampling griffin in the reliefs work found in his pyramid complex.^[26] Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Ghirshman (1964c), p. 434. Ghirshman, Roman (1964c). The Arts of Ancient Iran: From Its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great. Golden Press.
Ghirshman (1964c), p. 108. Ghirshman, Roman (1964c). The Arts of Ancient Iran: From Its Origins to the Time of Alexander the Great. Golden Press.
Chahin, Mack (2001) [1987]. The Kingdom of Armenia. Curzon. p. 151. ISBN 9780700714520.
Papalexandrou (2021), Fig. 3.6 Papalexandrou, Nassos (2021). Bronze Monsters and the Cultures of Wonder: Griffin Cauldrons in the Preclassical Mediterranean. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477323632.
Delaporte, Louis-Joseph (1920). Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental : Musée du Louvre. Paris: Hachette. p. 49. Items S. 366 (Pl. 44, fig. 10); S. 367 (Pl. 44, fig. 11); S. 368 (Pl. 45, fig. 2) BnF copy. The "S" indicates Susa expedition, under the direction of J. de Morgan (1897–1912).
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 106. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 107. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Fishbane, Michael A. (2005). Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9780199284207.
Álvarez-Mon (2011), p. 320. Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2011). Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Garrison, Mark B. (eds.). The Golden Griffin from Arjan. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns, imprint of Penn State University Press. pp. 299–373. ISBN 9781575066127. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Cf. Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources". Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Quibell, James Edward; Green, Frederick Wastie (1902). Hierakonpolis ...: Plates of discoveries, 1898-99, with Description of the site in detail. Vol. Part II. B. Quaritch. p. 41 and Pl. XXVIII.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110, also citing Quibell & Green (1902)^[66] Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Patch, Diana (2012). Dawn of Egyptian Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0300179521. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Teissier, Beatrice (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-3525538920. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Teissier, Beatrice (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-3525538920. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 113. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), pp. 150ff. and Pierre Amandry (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Herodotus (1909). The History of Herodotus. Vol. 2. Translated by Rawlinson, George. New York: Tandy-Thomas. III.16, IV.13 (pp. 146, 192).
Aeschylus (1870). Watson, John Selby (ed.). Aischulou Promētheus desmōtēs. The Prometheus vinctus, from the text of Dindorf. vv. 802–806, and endnotes, pp. 115–116.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9, citing Bolton (1962), p. 81 and Costello (1979), p. 75. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795. Bolton, J. D. P. (1962). Aristeas of Proconnesus. Clarendon Press. Costello, Peter (1979). The Magic Zoo. New York: Sphere Books. ISBN 9780722125533.
Pliny the Elder (1855), The Natural History of Pliny, translated by John Bostock; Henry Thomas Riley, H. G. Bohn, VII.2 (p. 123); X.70 (p.539), ISBN 9780598910769
The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Translated by F. C. Conybeare. W. Heinemann. 1912. volume I, book III. Chapter XLVIII, p. 333.

As to the gold which the griffins dig up, there are rocks which are spotted with drops of gold as with sparks, which this creature can quarry because of the strength of its beak. "For these animals do exist in India" he said, "and are held in veneration as being sacred to the Sun ; and the Indian artists, when they represent the Sun, yoke four of them abreast to draw the images ; and in size and strength they resemble lions, but having this advantage over them that they have wings, they will attack them, and they get the better of elephants and of dragons. But they have no great power of flying, not more than have birds of short flight; for they are not winged as is proper with birds, but the palms of their feet are webbed with red membranes, such that they are able to revolve them, and make a flight and fight in the air; and the tiger alone is beyond their powers of attack, because in swiftness it rivals the winds".
Pomponius Mela (1998). Romer, Frank E. (ed.). Pomponius Mela's Description of the World. University of Michigan Press. Book 2.1, p. 68. ISBN 0472084526.
Claudius Aelianus (1832), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, vol. 1, Impensis Friderici Frommanni, pp. 53–54
Aelian De natura animaliumIV , 27:"Gryphem, Indicum animal, audio similiter quadrupedem, ut leonem,.."^[98] Quoted in English translation by Mayor (2011), p. 33 and excerpted with somewhat different phrasing in Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 44–45. Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Cf. Riefstahl (1956), p. 3 Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Künzl, Ernst [in German] (2016), "13 Life on Earth and Death from Heaven: The Golden Pectoral of the Scythian King from the Tolstaya Mogila (Ukraine)", in Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. K. (eds.), Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Image, Text and Context. Studies In Honour of Anthony Snodgrass, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 331–332, ISBN 9781474417105
Hirst, G. M. (1902). The Cults of Olbia. Columbia University. pp. 259–260.
Gualandri, Isabella (2020). "8. Sidonius' Intersexuality". In Kelly, Gavin (ed.). Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris. Edinburgh University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9781474461702.
Riefstahl (1956), p. 3. Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Westgate, Ruth (2011). "14. Party animals: the imagery of status, power and masculinity in Greek mosaics". In Lambert, S. D. (ed.). Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher. Classical Press of Wales. p. 298. ISBN 9781910589212.
Westgate (2011), p. 298^[112] citing Delplace (1980), pp. 372–376. Delplace, Christiane (1980). Le griffon de l'archaïsme a l'époque impériale: Étude iconographique et essai d'interpretation symbolique (in French). Brussels: Institut historique belge de Rome.
Herodotus (1921). Godley, A. D. (ed., tr.) (ed.). The History of Herodotus. Vol. 2. W. Heinemann. IV.152 (2: 355). ISBN 9780674991309.
Towne, Elana B. (1994). "13. Griffin protome". In J. Paul Getty Museum; Cleveland Museum of Art (eds.). A Passion for Antiquities: Ancient Art from the Collection of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780892362233.
Albertus Magnus (1987), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), Man and the Beasts (De Animalibus, Books 22-26), Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, p. 290, ISBN 9780866980326
Nigg (1999), p. 144. —— (1999). The Book of Fabulous Beasts: A Treasury of Writings from Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195095616. Isidore's entries contain traditional folkloric material, but without Christian allegory
Nigg (1999), p. 121. —— (1999). The Book of Fabulous Beasts: A Treasury of Writings from Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195095616. Isidore's entries contain traditional folkloric material, but without Christian allegory
McCulloch (1962), p. 122. McCulloch, Florence (1962) [1960]. Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries. North Carolina Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures 33 (revised ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 9780807890332. [ Reprint], C. N. Potter, 1976
Isidore of Seville (1912), Brehaut, Ernest (tr.) (ed.), An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville, Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences, 48, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 225. "Griffin"@eaudrey.com
Servius's commentary on Virgil's eighth Eclogue (1. 27), accord. to McCulloch (1962), p. 122 McCulloch, Florence (1962) [1960]. Mediaeval Latin and French Bestiaries. North Carolina Studies in Romance Languages and Literatures 33 (revised ed.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 122–123. ISBN 9780807890332. [ Reprint], C. N. Potter, 1976
South (1987), p. 89 citing Costello (1979), pp. 73–76 South, Malcolm (1987). Mythical and Fabulous Creatures: A Source Book and Research. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313243387. Costello, Peter (1979). The Magic Zoo. New York: Sphere Books. ISBN 9780722125533.
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1886). The Writings of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, with Bibliographical and Critical Notes. Vol. 10. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. pp. 338, 351–352.
Millington (1858), p. 277. Millington, Ellen J. (1858). Heraldry in History, Poetry, and Romance. Chapman and Hall.
Bedingfeld, Henry; Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1993). Heraldry. Wigston: Magna Books. pp. 80–81. ISBN 1-85422-433-6. Goblets in the shape of gryphon's claws or eggs were highly prized in the courts of medieval Europe, and were usually made from antelope horns and ostrich eggs.
Mayor (2022), pp. 43–48. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Mayor (2022), pp. 43–44. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Mayor (2022), p. 44. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Mayor (2022), p. 47. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Millington (1858), pp. 278–279. Millington, Ellen J. (1858). Heraldry in History, Poetry, and Romance. Chapman and Hall.
London, Hugh Stanford (1956). Royal Beasts. p. 17 n5 apud Edwards (2005), p. 225 n10 Edwards, Karen L. (2005). Milton and the Natural World: Science and Poetry in Paradise Lost. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521017480.
Mayor (2022), pp. 42–43, 47–48. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Millington (1858), p. 278. Millington, Ellen J. (1858). Heraldry in History, Poetry, and Romance. Chapman and Hall.
Mayor (2022), pp. 44–45. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Mayor (2022), p. 46. Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Hand, Wayland D. (2021). Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine in the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America. University of California Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780520306783.
Lewis, Thomas P. (2021). "Singing Bone". The Pro/Am Book of Music and Mythology. Pro/Am Music Resources. pp. 721–723. ISBN 9780912483511.
Brewster, Paul G. (1953). The Two Sisters. FF Communications, 147. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 55.
Endnotes, volume 2, p. 869, to : Zipes, Jack; Russo, Joseph, eds. (2009), "79. The King of Naples—Lu Re di Napuli", The Collected Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Giuseppe Pitrè, vol. 1&2, Routledge, pp. 348–349, ISBN 9781135861377
Oliver, Stefan (1997). Introduction to Heraldry. Quantum Books. pp. 44, 69. ISBN 1861601433.; Reprint: David & Charles 2002.
Edwards (2005), p. 100. Edwards, Karen L. (2005). Milton and the Natural World: Science and Poetry in Paradise Lost. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521017480.
Mayor, Adrienne (November–December 1994). "Guardians of The Gold". Archaeology Magazine. 47 (6): 53–59. JSTOR 41766590.; Mayor (2011), pp. xvii, xxv, 49. Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130.
Mayor (2022), pp. 23, 25, 27 Mayor, Adrienne (2022). Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691211183.
Mayor (1994), p. 58; Mayor (2011), pp. 49, 71 Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130.

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"Griffin". Buffaloah.com. Illustrated Dictionary of Egyptian Mythology. Retrieved 2 January 2012.

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Pantless Man-Bird To Lead William and Mary Into Battle. Deadspin.com (7 April 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

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Asadi, Arezoo; Darvishi, Farangis (Winter 2020). "The Reflection of Mythological Concepts in Achaemenid Jewelry Art". Journal of Iranian Studies. 18 (36). Faculty of Literature and Humanities Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman: 21–41.

doi.org

Ghirshman (and others, cf. Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160, citing André Godard.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the animal is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Godard, André (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
That later griffin protomes are Greek-made is "without question" (Goldman (1960), p. 321). Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Taheri (2013). Taheri, Sadreddin (2013). "Gopat and Shirdal in the Ancient Middle East" (PDF). Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی (in Persian). 17 (4): 13–22. doi:10.22059/jfava.2013.30063.
Harper, P. O. (1961), "The Sēnmurw", Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Series 2, 20 (3): 95–101, doi:10.2307/3257932, JSTOR 3257932 apud Schmidt.^[12]
Henning, W. B. (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007988X, JSTOR 608983, S2CID 194111905; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, pp. 274–275
Goldman (1960), p. 321. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 322. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), pp. 320–321. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 322 and note 22. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
The positioning is between the brows, yet looks to be at the top of the head, as seen on the example Goldman (1960), p. 324 provides: Plate 90, fig. 1 (adapted from GG 75). Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 321: "the top-knob on the cauldron griffin is a straight-forward carryover from its oriental counterparts". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 321: "wart-like protuberances between the eyes..natural property of the lion". An example from the east is given as Fig. 10: "Lion-griffin. Middle Assyrian (after Corpus 596)". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 106. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 107. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Goldman (1960), p. 324 and pl. 90, fig. 15 Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 324 and Pl. 90, Fig. 12 "Luristan lion head" (which has the beak-like feature) Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 324. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Cf. Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources". Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Ghirshman (1958) BibO 15 p. 259, apud Goldman (1960), p. 319, note 3 Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110, also citing Quibell & Green (1902)^[66] Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 113. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Goldman (1960), p. 326: "the griffin-headed bird appears in the orientalizing phase of seventh century B.C. Greek art". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Jantzen (1951). "Die Bedeutung der Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos". Festschrift für Hans Jantzen; also Jantzen (1955) GG. Cited by Goldman (1960), p. 319 Jantzen, Ulf [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), abbreviated GG. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), pp. 150ff. and Pierre Amandry (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Phillips (1955), pp. 161–163. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Phillips (1955), p. 161. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Phillips (1955), p. 163. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9, citing Bolton (1962), p. 81 and Costello (1979), p. 75. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795. Bolton, J. D. P. (1962). Aristeas of Proconnesus. Clarendon Press. Costello, Peter (1979). The Magic Zoo. New York: Sphere Books. ISBN 9780722125533.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42 and n11, citing Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 40, 42 : "Pliny wrote: 'Arimaspeans... are always fighting for gold with the griffins, winged animals whose appearance is well known. The griffins toss up gold when they make their burrows.'" and n11, citing 11. Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Aelian De natura animaliumIV , 27:"Gryphem, Indicum animal, audio similiter quadrupedem, ut leonem,.."^[98] Quoted in English translation by Mayor (2011), p. 33 and excerpted with somewhat different phrasing in Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 44–45. Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n14: "Aelian is the last literary text dealing with the griffin considered here; after his account,.. no new information about the gryps was added, except for 'agate eggs'" Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Franks (2009), p. 469. Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56, Fig. 5 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n4 citing Nigg (1982), p. 51 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795. Nigg, Joe (1982). The Book of Gryphons: A History of the Most Majestic of All Mythical Creatures. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-0918222374.
Witton, Mark P.; Hing, Richard A. (20 June 2024). "Did the horned dinosaur Protoceratops inspire the griffin?". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 49 (3–4): 363–388. Bibcode:2024ISRv...49..363W. doi:10.1177/03080188241255543. ISSN 0308-0188.

eaudrey.com

Isidore of Seville (1912), Brehaut, Ernest (tr.) (ed.), An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville, Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences, 48, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 225. "Griffin"@eaudrey.com

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GA-ASI Introduces Griffin Eye Manned ISR System Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. GA-ASI.com (20 July 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

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Philostratus & Conybeare tr. (1912), vol. II, book VI.I., p. 5
And the griffins of the Indians and the ants of the Ethiopians, though they are dissimilar in form, yet, from what we hear, play similar parts; for in each country they are, according to the tales of poets, the guardians of gold, and devoted to the gold reefs of the two countries.
Herodotus & Rawlinson tr. (1909), IV.152 (p. 284)

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Image of Persian griffin. granger.com (picture). The Granger Collection. Retrieved 26 May 2014.

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Witton, Mark P.; Hing, Richard A. (20 June 2024). "Did the horned dinosaur Protoceratops inspire the griffin?". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 49 (3–4): 363–388. Bibcode:2024ISRv...49..363W. doi:10.1177/03080188241255543. ISSN 0308-0188.

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Schmidt, Hanns-Peter (2003). "Simorg". Encyclopedia Iranica. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.

jstor.org

Ghirshman (and others, cf. Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160, citing André Godard.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the animal is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Godard, André (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
That later griffin protomes are Greek-made is "without question" (Goldman (1960), p. 321). Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Harper, P. O. (1961), "The Sēnmurw", Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Series 2, 20 (3): 95–101, doi:10.2307/3257932, JSTOR 3257932 apud Schmidt.^[12]
Henning, W. B. (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007988X, JSTOR 608983, S2CID 194111905; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, pp. 274–275
Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch. Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
The epithet "the Crusher" (or "Trampler") is also given by Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch, but the words do not actually occur as names/epithets in Leibovitch's reading of the inscription: "Spdw le seigneur des pays montagne, qui écrase (en les piétinant)　Sopdu the lord of the mountain countries, who crushes (trampling them)". The inscription is from Sahure (pharaoh of Fifth Dynasty of Egypt).^[25] A relief represents Sahure as an enemy-trampling griffin in the reliefs work found in his pyramid complex.^[26] Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Benson (1960), p. 60 et passim. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Third Group GG, p. 56 apud Benson (1960), pp. 59–60. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Goldman (1960), p. 321. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 322. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), pp. 320–321. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 322 and note 22. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
The positioning is between the brows, yet looks to be at the top of the head, as seen on the example Goldman (1960), p. 324 provides: Plate 90, fig. 1 (adapted from GG 75). Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 321: "the top-knob on the cauldron griffin is a straight-forward carryover from its oriental counterparts". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 63. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Benson (1960), p. 62 and Fig. 5, griffin protome of stone, from Nimrud. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Goldman (1960), p. 321: "wart-like protuberances between the eyes..natural property of the lion". An example from the east is given as Fig. 10: "Lion-griffin. Middle Assyrian (after Corpus 596)". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 64. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 106. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 107. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Goldman (1960), p. 324 and pl. 90, fig. 15 Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 324 and Pl. 90, Fig. 12 "Luristan lion head" (which has the beak-like feature) Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), p. 324. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Cf. Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources". Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Benson (1960), p. 63 and Pl. 2, #3 (monochrome photograph) Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Ghirshman (1958) BibO 15 p. 259, apud Goldman (1960), p. 319, note 3 Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110, also citing Quibell & Green (1902)^[66] Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 113. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Benson (1960), p. 58. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521.
Goldman (1960), p. 326: "the griffin-headed bird appears in the orientalizing phase of seventh century B.C. Greek art". Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Jantzen (1951). "Die Bedeutung der Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos". Festschrift für Hans Jantzen; also Jantzen (1955) GG. Cited by Goldman (1960), p. 319 Jantzen, Ulf [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), abbreviated GG. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), pp. 150ff. and Pierre Amandry (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Phillips (1955), pp. 161–163. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Phillips (1955), p. 161. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Phillips (1955), p. 163. Phillips, E. D. (1955). "The Legend of Aristeas: Fact and Fancy in Early Greek Notions of East Russia, Siberia, and Inner Asia". Artibus Asiae. 18 (2): 161–177. doi:10.2307/3248792. JSTOR 3248792.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9, citing Bolton (1962), p. 81 and Costello (1979), p. 75. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795. Bolton, J. D. P. (1962). Aristeas of Proconnesus. Clarendon Press. Costello, Peter (1979). The Magic Zoo. New York: Sphere Books. ISBN 9780722125533.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42 and n11, citing Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 40, 42 : "Pliny wrote: 'Arimaspeans... are always fighting for gold with the griffins, winged animals whose appearance is well known. The griffins toss up gold when they make their burrows.'" and n11, citing 11. Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Aelian De natura animaliumIV , 27:"Gryphem, Indicum animal, audio similiter quadrupedem, ut leonem,.."^[98] Quoted in English translation by Mayor (2011), p. 33 and excerpted with somewhat different phrasing in Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 44–45. Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130. Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n14: "Aelian is the last literary text dealing with the griffin considered here; after his account,.. no new information about the gryps was added, except for 'agate eggs'" Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795.
Cf. Riefstahl (1956), p. 3 Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Riefstahl (1956), p. 3. Riefstahl, Elizabeth (Spring 1956). "Nemesis and the Wheel of Fate". Brooklyn Museum Bulletin. 17 (3): 1–7. JSTOR 26458409.
Mayor & Heaney (1993), n4 citing Nigg (1982), p. 51 Mayor, Adrienne; Heaney, Michael (1993). "Griffins and Arimaspeans". Folklore. 104 (1–2): 40–66. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1993.9715853. JSTOR 1260795. Nigg, Joe (1982). The Book of Gryphons: A History of the Most Majestic of All Mythical Creatures. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-0918222374.
Mayor, Adrienne (November–December 1994). "Guardians of The Gold". Archaeology Magazine. 47 (6): 53–59. JSTOR 41766590.; Mayor (2011), pp. xvii, xxv, 49. Mayor, Adrienne (2011) [2000]. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691150130.

markwitton-com.blogspot.pt

Mark Witton, Why Protoceratops Almost Certainly Wasn't The Inspiration For Griffin Legend

ox.ac.uk

trinity.ox.ac.uk

Trinity.ox.ac.uk. Trinity.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

philamuseum.org

Philadelphia Museum of Art – Giving : Giving to the Museum : Specialty License Plates. Philamuseum.org. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

princeton.edu

artmuseum.princeton.edu

"Red-figure hydria with Apollo riding a griffin, ca. 380–360 B.C. (Object number: 2003-92)". Princeton University Art Museum. Retrieved 4 July 2023.

purdue.edu

Traditions. Big Ten. Purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

qantara-med.org

"The griffon of Pisa". Quantara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

reed.edu

"The New (Olde) Reed Almanac (continued): Griffin". Reed College.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Ghirshman (and others, cf. Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160, citing André Godard.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the animal is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Godard, André (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Henning, W. B. (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007988X, JSTOR 608983, S2CID 194111905; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, pp. 274–275
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 106. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 107. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Cf. Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources". Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110, also citing Quibell & Green (1902)^[66] Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 113. Frankfort, Henri (1936–1937), "Notes on the Cretan Griffin", The Annual of the British School at Athens, 37: 106–122, doi:10.1017/S0068245400018025, JSTOR 30096666, S2CID 162323614
Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Benson (1960), p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), pp. 150ff. and Pierre Amandry (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff. Benson, J. L. (1960). "Unpublished Griffin Protomes in American Collections". Antike Kunst. 3 (2): 58–70. JSTOR 41318521. Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (Autumn 1956). "Urartian Bronzes in Etruscan Tombs". Iraq. 18 (2): 150–167. doi:10.2307/4199609. JSTOR 419960. S2CID 163723570.
Franks (2009), p. 469. Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56, Fig. 5 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662
Franks (2009), p. 469, n56 Franks, Hallie Malcolm (2009), "Hunting the Eschata: An Imagined Persian Empire on the Lekythos of Xenophantos" (PDF), Hesperia, 78 (4): 455–480, doi:10.2972/hesp.78.4.455, S2CID 191569662

themorgan.org

"Worshiper pouring libation before goddess standing on lion-griffin that draws chariot driven by weather god". Morgan Library & Museum. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.

tufts.edu

perseus.tufts.edu

The word for "eared" in the text is aurita in declined form. auritus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project. gives the definition: "Furnished with ears (acc. to auris, l.), having long or large ears".

ut.ac.ir

jfava.ut.ac.ir

Taheri (2013). Taheri, Sadreddin (2013). "Gopat and Shirdal in the Ancient Middle East" (PDF). Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Honar-Ha-Ye-Tajassomi نشریه هنرهای زیبا- هنرهای تجسمی (in Persian). 17 (4): 13–22. doi:10.22059/jfava.2013.30063.

vu.nl

VU university Amsterdam. About the griffin. Retrieved on 5 November 2013.

web.archive.org

Neva, Elena (12 March 2008). "Central Asian Jewelry and their Symbols in Ancient Time". Artwis. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014; who cites Pugachenkova, G. (1959). "Grifon v drevnem iskusstve central'noi Azii" Грифон в древнем искусстве центральной Азии [Griffin in the ancient art of Central Asia]. Sovetskya Arheologia. 2: 70, 83.
"The griffon of Pisa". Quantara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
The City Arms, City of London Corporation, hosted by webarchive
Glassteelandstone.com^[usurped], Philadelphia Museum of Art: Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, Glass Steel and Stone
GA-ASI Introduces Griffin Eye Manned ISR System Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. GA-ASI.com (20 July 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

wikipedia.org

de.wikipedia.org

Jantzen (1955), pp. 20, 69–70. Jantzen, Ulf [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), abbreviated GG.
Jantzen (1955). Jantzen, Ulf [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), abbreviated GG.
Jantzen (1951). "Die Bedeutung der Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos". Festschrift für Hans Jantzen; also Jantzen (1955) GG. Cited by Goldman (1960), p. 319 Jantzen, Ulf [in German] (1955). Griechische Greifenkessel. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), abbreviated GG. Goldman, Bernard (October 1960). "The Development of the Lion-Griffin". American Journal of Archaeology. 64 (4): 319–328. doi:10.2307/501330. JSTOR 501330.
Künzl, Ernst [in German] (2016), "13 Life on Earth and Death from Heaven: The Golden Pectoral of the Scythian King from the Tolstaya Mogila (Ukraine)", in Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. K. (eds.), Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Image, Text and Context. Studies In Honour of Anthony Snodgrass, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 331–332, ISBN 9781474417105

ru.wikipedia.org

Litvinskij, Boris A. [in Russian]; Pičikian, Igor R. (1995), Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), "An Achaemenian griffin handle from the Temple of the Oxus: the makhaira in Northern Bactria", In the Land of the Gryphons: Papers on Central Asian Archaeology in Antiquity, Le lettere, p. 123, ISBN 9788871662480
Litvinskij, Boris A. [in Russian] (2002). "Copper cauldrons from Gilgit and Central Asia: more about Saka and Dards and related problems". East and West. 52 (1–4): 141.

it.wikipedia.org

See the cover photo of this cauldron in Papalexandrou (2021) and Fig. 3.2. The lateral side of the griffins are hard to see on this picture shown right; the lions do not have these hanging tresses. Cf. Fig. 3.3 for another cauldron, from the Bernardini tomb [it]. Both are bronze cauldrons on a conical stand. Papalexandrou, Nassos (2021). Bronze Monsters and the Cultures of Wonder: Griffin Cauldrons in the Preclassical Mediterranean. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477323632.

wm.edu

W&M welcomes newest member of the Tribe. Wm.edu (8 April 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Rose, Carol (2001). Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: an Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 279. ISBN 0393322114. OCLC 48798119.
Witton, Mark P.; Hing, Richard A. (20 June 2024). "Did the horned dinosaur Protoceratops inspire the griffin?". Interdisciplinary Science Reviews. 49 (3–4): 363–388. Bibcode:2024ISRv...49..363W. doi:10.1177/03080188241255543. ISSN 0308-0188.

youtube.com

Family Guy - "What's your name?", 12 March 2016, retrieved 2 January 2023