You (2010). You, Zi'an (2010). 敷化宇內:清代以來關帝善書及其信仰的傳播(PDF). Journal of Chinese Studies No. 50 (in Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Guoshi (國士) could loosely translated as "gentleman of the state". It referred to persons who had made very outstanding contributions to their countries. See the dictionary definition of 國士.