Gunpowder (English Wikipedia)

Filipek, W; Broda, K (2017). "Experimental verification of the concept of the use of controlled pyrotechnic reaction as a source of energy as a part of the transport system from the seabed". Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. 121 (49). doi:10.17402/205. citing Papliński, A; Surma, Z; Dębski, A (2009). "Teoretyczna i eksperymentalna analiza parametrów balistycznych prochu czarnego". Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne (in Polish). 1: 89–94.

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Hammer, Paul E. J. (2017). Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Routledge. p. 505. ISBN 978-1351873765.
Ayalon, David (2013). Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom: A Challenge to Medieval Society (1956). Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-136-27732-0.
McNeill, William H. (1992). The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community. University of Chicago Press. p. 492. ISBN 978-0-226-56141-7. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Kohn, Michael (2006), Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land, RDR Books, p. 28, ISBN 978-1-57143-155-4, retrieved 29 July 2011
Iqtidar Alam Khan (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.
Tenney L. Davis (1943). The Chemistry of Powder and Explosives. Pickle Partners. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-78625-896-0. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
US Department of Agriculture (1917). Department Bulleting No. 316: Willows: Their growth, use, and importance. The Department. p. 31.
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Rediker, Marcus (1989). Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700–1750 (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-521-37983-0.

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"A Cartridge Collector's Glossary - International Ammunition Association". cartridgecollectors.org.

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Ross, Charles (1997). The Custom of the Castle: From Malory to Macbeth. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 130–31.
Frängsmyr, Tore; Heilbron, J.L.; Rider, Robin E., eds. (1990). The Quantifying Spirit in the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 292.

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Wakeman, Randy. "Blackpowder to Pyrodex and Beyond". Retrieved 31 August 2014.

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gladius.revistas.csic.es

Zaky, A. Rahman (1967). "Gunpowder and Arab Firearms in Middle Ages". Gladius. VI: 45–58. doi:10.3989/GLADIUS.1967.186.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). "The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 213 (1114): 285–310. Bibcode:1952RSPSA.213..285B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127. S2CID 55581169. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
Zaky, A. Rahman (1967). "Gunpowder and Arab Firearms in Middle Ages". Gladius. VI: 45–58. doi:10.3989/GLADIUS.1967.186.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1987). "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 500 (1): 153–166 [160]. Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..153A. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x. S2CID 84287076.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). "L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises" (PDF). Arts Asiatiques. 32: 233–268. doi:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103. S2CID 191565174. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2020.
Ritchie et al. 2021. Ritchie, Tessy S.; Riegner, Kathleen E.; Seals, Robert J.; Rogers, Clifford J.; Riegner, Dawn E. (24 August 2021), "Evolution of Medieval Gunpowder: Thermodynamic and Combustion Analysis", ACS Omega, 6 (35): 22848–22856, doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03380, PMC 8427773, PMID 34514256.
Filipek, W; Broda, K (2017). "Experimental verification of the concept of the use of controlled pyrotechnic reaction as a source of energy as a part of the transport system from the seabed". Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. 121 (49). doi:10.17402/205. citing Papliński, A; Surma, Z; Dębski, A (2009). "Teoretyczna i eksperymentalna analiza parametrów balistycznych prochu czarnego". Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne (in Polish). 1: 89–94.

dtic.mil (Global: 833^rd place; English: 567^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

"The Noble-Abel Equation of State: Thermodynamic Derivations for Ballistics Modelling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2011.

du.edu (Global: 9,263^rd place; English: 6,521^st place)

mysite.du.edu

Flash! Bang! Whiz! Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Denver

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Cocroft 2000. Cocroft, Wayne (2000), Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon, UK: English Heritage, ISBN 978-1-85074-718-5.

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Heller, Cornelia (December 2009). "Stassfurt" (PDF). STASSFURT – FAD. Ministry of Regional Development and Transport Saxony-Anhalt. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.

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"Early printing, 15th and 16th century" (PDF). Asher Rare Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.

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Larrey is quoted in French at Dr Béraud, Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Musée des Familles (1841–42).

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Wright, Chris (21 January 2015). "How To Load and Fire A Black Powder Rifle". Gear Patrol. Retrieved 17 February 2021.

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"Black Powder 9mm Test | Ghostarchive". ghostarchive.org.
"Glock Torture Test with Black Powder | Ghostarchive". ghostarchive.org.
"AK 47 with blackpowder loads. | Ghostarchive". ghostarchive.org.
"SKS blackpowder loads | Ghostarchive". ghostarchive.org.
Frezzoti, Carlo (18 July 2019). Would a Modern Automatic Gun Work With Black Powder?. Backyard Ballistics. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023 – via YouTube.
"Mughal Matchlock". YouTube. 7 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.

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"Cowboy Action Black Powder Glock (VIDEO) :: Guns.com". Guns.com.

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May, Timothy (2006), May on Khan, 'Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India', Humanities and Social Sciences Online, retrieved 16 October 2016

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

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Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). "The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 213 (1114): 285–310. Bibcode:1952RSPSA.213..285B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127. S2CID 55581169. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1987). "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 500 (1): 153–166 [160]. Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..153A. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x. S2CID 84287076.

history-science-technology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hassan, Ahmad Y. al. "Transfer of Islamic Technology to the West: Part III". History of Science and Technology in Islam.
Hassan, Ahmad Y. al. "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.

inventionsarchive.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Beverly, Damon N. (29 November 2025). "Gunpowder weapons [Medieval Inventions Series]". InventionsArchive.com. Retrieved 3 December 2025.

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Piddock, Susan (2007). "Slate, slate, everywhere slate: The cultural landscapes of the Willunga slate quarries, South Australia". Australasian Historical Archaeology. 25: 5–18. JSTOR 29544573.

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James, Susan (15 April 2020). "A history of tunneling and underground construction and the factors driving current and future demand". Graduate Programs. Retrieved 21 September 2023.

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"Fireworks". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.

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Black Powder Recipes Archived 11 September 2012 at archive.today, Ulrich Bretscher

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ritchie et al. 2021. Ritchie, Tessy S.; Riegner, Kathleen E.; Seals, Robert J.; Rogers, Clifford J.; Riegner, Dawn E. (24 August 2021), "Evolution of Medieval Gunpowder: Thermodynamic and Combustion Analysis", ACS Omega, 6 (35): 22848–22856, doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03380, PMC 8427773, PMID 34514256.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ritchie et al. 2021. Ritchie, Tessy S.; Riegner, Kathleen E.; Seals, Robert J.; Rogers, Clifford J.; Riegner, Dawn E. (24 August 2021), "Evolution of Medieval Gunpowder: Thermodynamic and Combustion Analysis", ACS Omega, 6 (35): 22848–22856, doi:10.1021/acsomega.1c03380, PMC 8427773, PMID 34514256.

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"MasterBlaster System". Remington Products. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010.

royalsocietypublishing.org (Global: 1,993^rd place; English: 3,231^st place)

Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). "The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 213 (1114): 285–310. Bibcode:1952RSPSA.213..285B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127. S2CID 55581169. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). "The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 213 (1114): 285–310. Bibcode:1952RSPSA.213..285B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127. S2CID 55581169. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
Ahmad Y. al-Hassan (1987). "Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 500 (1): 153–166 [160]. Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..153A. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x. S2CID 84287076.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). "L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises" (PDF). Arts Asiatiques. 32: 233–268. doi:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103. S2CID 191565174. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2020.

state.ne.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

ngpc.state.ne.us

Farrar, Jon. "The History and Art of Shotshells". Nebraskaland Magazine. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007.

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"Swiss Handguns 1882". www.swissrifles.com.

utah.edu (Global: 2,446^th place; English: 1,661^st place)

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Nelson, Cameron Rubaloff (2010). Manufacture and transportation of gunpowder in the Ottoman Empire: 1400–1800 (M.A.). University of Utah.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Blackwood, J.D.; Bowden, F.P. (7 January 1952). "The initiation, burning and thermal decomposition of gunpowder". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 213 (1114): 285–310. Bibcode:1952RSPSA.213..285B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1952.0127. S2CID 55581169. Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2023.
"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East". History Channel. 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) (Part 4 Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine and Part 5 Archived 28 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
Hassan, Ahmad Y. al. "Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises in Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". History of Science and Technology in Islam. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
"Early printing, 15th and 16th century" (PDF). Asher Rare Books. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
"Fireworks". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
"The Noble-Abel Equation of State: Thermodynamic Derivations for Ballistics Modelling" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2011.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). "L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises" (PDF). Arts Asiatiques. 32: 233–268. doi:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103. S2CID 191565174. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 May 2020.
Farrar, Jon. "The History and Art of Shotshells". Nebraskaland Magazine. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Archived from the original on 14 November 2007.
Flash! Bang! Whiz! Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine, University of Denver
Heller, Cornelia (December 2009). "Stassfurt" (PDF). STASSFURT – FAD. Ministry of Regional Development and Transport Saxony-Anhalt. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2012. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
"MasterBlaster System". Remington Products. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010.
Larrey is quoted in French at Dr Béraud, Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Musée des Familles (1841–42).

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Jecock, Marcus; Dunn, Christopher; et al. (2009). "Gatebeck Low Gunpowder Works and the Workers' Settlements of Endmoor and Gatebeck, Cumbria". Research Department Report Series. 63. English Heritage. ISSN 1749-8775.

youtube.com (Global: 9^th place; English: 13^th place)

"1911 Black Powder 45ACP Torture Test!".
Frezzoti, Carlo (18 July 2019). Would a Modern Automatic Gun Work With Black Powder?. Backyard Ballistics. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023 – via YouTube.
"Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East". History Channel. 2007. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) (Part 4 Archived 16 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine and Part 5 Archived 28 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
"Mughal Matchlock". YouTube. 7 July 2008. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.

Gunpowder (English Wikipedia)

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