Gynecomastia (English Wikipedia)

"Cigna Medical Coverage Policy" (PDF). Surgical Treatment of Gynecomastia. Cigna. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.

doi.org

Iuanow, Elaine; Kettler, Mark; Slanetz, Priscilla J. (March 2011). "Spectrum of Disease in the Male Breast". American Journal of Roentgenology. 196 (3): W247–W259. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3994. PMID 21343472.
Thiruchelvam, Paul; Walker, Jonathan Neil; Rose, Katy; Lewis, Jacqueline; Al-Mufti, Ragheed (22 September 2016). "Gynaecomastia". BMJ. 354: i4833. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4833. PMID 27659195. S2CID 220098795.
Niewoehner, CB; Schorer, AE (March 2008). "Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men". British Medical Journal. 336 (7646): 709–713. doi:10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE. PMC 2276281. PMID 18369226.
Narula, Harmeet S.; Carlson, Harold E. (November 2014). "Gynaecomastia—pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235. S2CID 40159424.
Johnson RE, Murad MH (November 2009). "Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (11): 1010–1015. doi:10.4065/84.11.1010. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
Chau, A; Jafarian, N; Rosa, M (February 2016). "Male Breast: Clinical and Imaging Evaluations of Benign and Malignant Entities with Histologic Correlation". The American Journal of Medicine (Review). 129 (8): 776–91. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009. PMID 26844632.
Shulman, D. I.; Francis, G. L.; Palmert, M. R.; Eugster, E. A.; Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics, Committee. (1 April 2008). "Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Children and Adolescents With Disorders of Growth and Adolescent Development". Pediatrics. 121 (4): e975–e983. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2081. PMID 18381525. S2CID 39852740.
de Ronde, W., de Jong, F.H. Aromatase inhibitors in men: effects and therapeutic options. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 9, 93 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-9-93
Wit, Jan M.; Hero, Matti; Nunez, Susan B. (March 2012). "Aromatase inhibitors in pediatrics". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 8 (3): 135–147. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.161. PMID 22024975. S2CID 21710403.
Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 11 (5): 779–795. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307. S2CID 22938364.
Braunstein, Glenn D. (20 September 2007). "Gynecomastia". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (12): 1229–1237. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 17881754.
Devalia HL, Layer GT (April 2009). "Current concepts in gynaecomastia". Surgeon. 7 (2): 114–19. doi:10.1016/s1479-666x(09)80026-7. PMID 19408804.
Bell, Brenda K.; Rothman, Micol S. (1 January 2009), McDermott, Michael T. (ed.), "Chapter 46 - Gynecomastia", Endocrine Secrets (Fifth Edition), Philadelphia: Mosby, pp. 394–398, doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-05885-8.00046-5, ISBN 978-0-323-05885-8, retrieved 10 September 2022
Cordova A, Moschella F (2008). "Algorithm for clinical evaluation and surgical treatment of gynaecomastia". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 61 (1): 41–9. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.033. PMID 17983883.
Rew, Lynn; Young, Cara; Harrison, Tracie; Caridi, Robert (August 2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". Journal of Adolescence. 43 (1): 206–212. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. ISSN 0140-1971. PMID 26151806.
Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (19 March 2014). "Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 18 (2): 150–58. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.129104. PMC 3987263. PMID 24741509.
Ordaz, D. Luis; Thompson, J. Kevin (September 2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004.
Soliman, Ashraf T; De Sanctis, Vincenzo; Yassin, Mohamed (23 August 2017). "Management of Adolescent Gynecomastia: An Update". Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 88 (2): 204–213. doi:10.23750/abm.v88i2.6665. PMC 6166145. PMID 28845839.
Nordt, Christina A; DiVasta, Amy D (August 2008). "Gynecomastia in adolescents". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 20 (4): 375–382. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07c. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 18622190. S2CID 205834072.
Farida, Chentli; Faiza, Belhimer (2013). "Severe gynecomastia due to anti androgens intake: A case report and literature review". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 17 (4): 730–2. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113770. PMC 3743379. PMID 23961495.
Gillatt, David (August 2006). "Antiandrogen treatments in locally advanced prostate cancer: are they all the same?". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 132 (S1): 17–26. doi:10.1007/s00432-006-0133-5. PMID 16845534. S2CID 23888640.
Goldspiel, Barry R.; Kohler, David R. (June 1990). "Flutamide: An Antiandrogen for Advanced Prostate Cancer". DICP. 24 (6): 616–623. doi:10.1177/106002809002400612. PMID 2193461. S2CID 26125621.
Chung, Edmund YM; Ruospo, Marinella; Natale, Patrizia; Bolignano, Davide; Navaneethan, Sankar D; Palmer, Suetonia C; Strippoli, Giovanni FM (27 October 2020). "Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD007004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007004.pub4. PMC 8094274. PMID 33107592.
Aiman, U; Haseen, MA; Rahman, SZ (December 2009). "Gynecomastia: An ADR due to drug interaction". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 41 (6): 286–287. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.59929. PMC 2846505. PMID 20407562.
Nieschlag, Eberhard; Vorona, Elena (August 2015). "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions". European Journal of Endocrinology. 173 (2): R47–R58. doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0080. PMID 25805894.
Barros, Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de; Sampaio, Marcelo de Castro Moura (2012). "Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 130 (3): 187–197. doi:10.1590/s1516-31802012000300009. PMC 10876201. PMID 22790552.
Diaz A, Luque L, Badar Z, Kornic S, Danon M (2016). "Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1515/jpem-2015-0248. PMID 26353172. S2CID 19454282.
Poon SW, Siu KK, Tsang AM (October 2020). "Isoniazid-induced gynaecomastia: report of a paediatric case and review of literature". BMC Endocr Disord (Review). 20 (1): 160. doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00639-9. PMC 7590456. PMID 33109161.
Restrepo R, Cervantes LF, Swirsky AM, Diaz A (October 2021). "Breast development in pediatric patients from birth to puberty: physiology, pathology and imaging correlation". Pediatr Radiol (Review). 51 (11): 1959–1969. doi:10.1007/s00247-021-05099-4. PMID 34236480. S2CID 235767694.
Bembo, S. A; Carlson, H. E (1 June 2004). "Gynecomastia: its features, and when and how to treat it". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 71 (6): 511–517. doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.6.511. ISSN 0891-1150. PMID 15242307. S2CID 21672450.
Iglesias, P; Carrero, JJ; Díez, JJ (January 2012). "Gonadal dysfunction in men with chronic kidney disease: clinical features, prognostic implications and therapeutic options". Journal of Nephrology. 25 (1): 31–42. doi:10.5301/JN.2011.8481. PMID 21748720.
Grunseich, C; Fischbeck, KH (November 2015). "Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy". Neurologic Clinics. 33 (4): 847–54. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.002. PMC 4628725. PMID 26515625.
Gourgari, E; Saloustros, E; Stratakis, CA (August 2012). "Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors of the testes in pediatrics". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 24 (4): 518–522. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328355a279. PMC 4132931. PMID 22732638.
Saylor, PJ; Smith, MR (May 2009). "Metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer". The Journal of Urology. 181 (5): 1998–2006. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.047. PMC 2900631. PMID 19286225.
Johnson, Ruth E.; Murad, M. Hassan (November 2009). "Gynecomastia: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (11): 1010–1015. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
Ismail, A. A.; Barth, J. H. (2001). "Endocrinology of gynaecomastia". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 38 (Pt 6): 596–607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993. ISSN 0004-5632. PMID 11732643. S2CID 22948077.
Gourgari, Evgenia; Saloustros, Emmanouil; Stratakis, Constantine A. (August 2012). "Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors of the testes in pediatrics". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 24 (4): 518–522. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328355a279. ISSN 1040-8703. PMC 4132931. PMID 22732638.
Gies I, Unuane D, Velkeniers B, De Schepper J (August 2014). "Management of Klinefelter syndrome during transition". European Journal of Endocrinology. 171 (2): R67–77. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0213. PMID 24801585.
Hughes, Ieuan A.; Deeb, Asma (1 December 2006). "Androgen resistance". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Hormone Resistance Syndromes. 20 (4): 577–598. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2006.11.003. ISSN 1521-690X. PMID 17161333.
Koshy, John C.; Goldberg, Jonathan S.; Wolfswinkel, Eric M.; Ge, Yimin; Heller, Lior (January 2011). "Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 127 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c. PMID 20871489. S2CID 43048316.
Wollina, Uwe; Goldman, Alberto (June 2011). "Minimally invasive esthetic procedures of the male breast: Male breast". Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. 10 (2): 150–155. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00548.x. PMID 21649820. S2CID 39542596.
Agrawal, Sweety; Ganie, Mohd Ashraf; Nisar, Sobia (2017). "Gynaecomastia". Basics of Human Andrology. pp. 451–458. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-3695-8_26. ISBN 978-981-10-3694-1.
Kunath, Frank; Keck, Bastian; Antes, Gerd; Wullich, Bernd; Meerpohl, Joerg J (December 2012). "Tamoxifen for the management of breast events induced by non-steroidal antiandrogens in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review". BMC Medicine. 10 (1): 96. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-96. PMC 3464149. PMID 22925442.
Parker, Lawrence N.; Gray, David R.; Lai, Michael K.; Levin, Ellis R. (August 1986). "Treatment of gynecomastia with tamoxifen: A double-blind crossover study". Metabolism. 35 (8): 705–708. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(86)90237-4. PMID 3526085.
Viani, Gustavo Arruda; Bernardes da Silva, Lucas Godói; Stefano, Eduardo Jose (July 2012). "Prevention of Gynecomastia and Breast Pain Caused by Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: Tamoxifen or Radiotherapy?". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 83 (4): e519–e524. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.01.036. PMID 22704706.
Wassersug, Richard J.; Oliffe, John L. (April 2009). "The Social Context for Psychological Distress from Iatrogenic Gynecomastia with Suggestions for Its Management". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 6 (4): 989–1000. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.01053.x. PMID 19175864.
Chavoushi, Seyed Hadi; Ghabili, Kamyar; Kazemi, Abdolhassan; Aslanabadi, Arash; Babapour, Sarah; Ahmedli, Rafail; Golzari, Samad E. J. (2012). "Surgery for Gynecomastia in the Islamic Golden Age: Al-Tasrif of Al-Zahrawi (936-1013 AD)". ISRN Surgery. 2012: 934965. doi:10.5402/2012/934965. ISSN 2090-5793. PMC 3459224. PMID 23050167.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Ordaz, D. Luis; Thompson, J. Kevin (September 2015). "Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature". Body Image. 15: 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.08.004.

elsevierhealth.com

us.elsevierhealth.com

Ali, Omar (2020), "Gynecomastia", Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Elsevier, pp. 3000–3001.e1, ISBN 9780323529501

lexico.com

"Gynaecomastia | Definition of Gynaecomastia by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English. OxfordDictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2020.

lww.com

journals.lww.com

Nordt, Christina A; DiVasta, Amy D (August 2008). "Gynecomastia in adolescents". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 20 (4): 375–382. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07c. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 18622190. S2CID 205834072.

mayoclinic.com

Mayo Clinic Staff (2010). "Tests and diagnosis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 3 February 2013.

mayoclinic.org

"Enlarged breasts in men (gynecomastia) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.

medicalnewstoday.com

"Gynecomastia: Surgery, treatment, causes, and symptoms". www.medicalnewstoday.com. 11 January 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2021.

medlineplus.gov

"Breast enlargement in males: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2020. Updated by Brent Wisse (10 November 2018)

merriam-webster.com

"Definition of Gynecomastia". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 17 November 2020.

nejm.org

Braunstein, Glenn D. (20 September 2007). "Gynecomastia". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (12): 1229–1237. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 17881754.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Iuanow, Elaine; Kettler, Mark; Slanetz, Priscilla J. (March 2011). "Spectrum of Disease in the Male Breast". American Journal of Roentgenology. 196 (3): W247–W259. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.3994. PMID 21343472.
Thiruchelvam, Paul; Walker, Jonathan Neil; Rose, Katy; Lewis, Jacqueline; Al-Mufti, Ragheed (22 September 2016). "Gynaecomastia". BMJ. 354: i4833. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4833. PMID 27659195. S2CID 220098795.
Niewoehner, CB; Schorer, AE (March 2008). "Gynaecomastia and breast cancer in men". British Medical Journal. 336 (7646): 709–713. doi:10.1136/bmj.39511.493391.BE. PMC 2276281. PMID 18369226.
Narula, Harmeet S.; Carlson, Harold E. (November 2014). "Gynaecomastia—pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 10 (11): 684–698. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.139. PMID 25112235. S2CID 40159424.
Johnson RE, Murad MH (November 2009). "Gynecomastia: pathophysiology, evaluation, and management". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (11): 1010–1015. doi:10.4065/84.11.1010. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
Chau, A; Jafarian, N; Rosa, M (February 2016). "Male Breast: Clinical and Imaging Evaluations of Benign and Malignant Entities with Histologic Correlation". The American Journal of Medicine (Review). 129 (8): 776–91. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.01.009. PMID 26844632.
Shulman, D. I.; Francis, G. L.; Palmert, M. R.; Eugster, E. A.; Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society Drug and Therapeutics, Committee. (1 April 2008). "Use of Aromatase Inhibitors in Children and Adolescents With Disorders of Growth and Adolescent Development". Pediatrics. 121 (4): e975–e983. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2081. PMID 18381525. S2CID 39852740.
Dickson, Gretchen (1 April 2012). "Gynecomastia". American Family Physician. 85 (7): 716–722. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 22534349.
Wit, Jan M.; Hero, Matti; Nunez, Susan B. (March 2012). "Aromatase inhibitors in pediatrics". Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 8 (3): 135–147. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.161. PMID 22024975. S2CID 21710403.
Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 11 (5): 779–795. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307. S2CID 22938364.
Braunstein, Glenn D. (20 September 2007). "Gynecomastia". New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (12): 1229–1237. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp070677. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 17881754.
Devalia HL, Layer GT (April 2009). "Current concepts in gynaecomastia". Surgeon. 7 (2): 114–19. doi:10.1016/s1479-666x(09)80026-7. PMID 19408804.
Cordova A, Moschella F (2008). "Algorithm for clinical evaluation and surgical treatment of gynaecomastia". J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 61 (1): 41–9. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.033. PMID 17983883.
Rew, Lynn; Young, Cara; Harrison, Tracie; Caridi, Robert (August 2015). "A systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men". Journal of Adolescence. 43 (1): 206–212. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.06.007. ISSN 0140-1971. PMID 26151806.
Cuhaci N, Polat SB, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B (19 March 2014). "Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management". Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 18 (2): 150–58. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.129104. PMC 3987263. PMID 24741509.
Dickson, G (1 April 2012). "Gynecomastia". American Family Physician. 85 (7): 716–22. PMID 22534349.
Swerdloff, Ronald S.; Ng, Chiu Ming (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Anawalt, Bradley; Boyce, Alison; Chrousos, George (eds.), "Gynecomastia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment", Endotext, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc., PMID 25905330, retrieved 9 September 2022
Soliman, Ashraf T; De Sanctis, Vincenzo; Yassin, Mohamed (23 August 2017). "Management of Adolescent Gynecomastia: An Update". Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 88 (2): 204–213. doi:10.23750/abm.v88i2.6665. PMC 6166145. PMID 28845839.
Nordt, Christina A; DiVasta, Amy D (August 2008). "Gynecomastia in adolescents". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 20 (4): 375–382. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328306a07c. ISSN 1040-8703. PMID 18622190. S2CID 205834072.
Farida, Chentli; Faiza, Belhimer (2013). "Severe gynecomastia due to anti androgens intake: A case report and literature review". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 17 (4): 730–2. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113770. PMC 3743379. PMID 23961495.
Gillatt, David (August 2006). "Antiandrogen treatments in locally advanced prostate cancer: are they all the same?". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 132 (S1): 17–26. doi:10.1007/s00432-006-0133-5. PMID 16845534. S2CID 23888640.
Goldspiel, Barry R.; Kohler, David R. (June 1990). "Flutamide: An Antiandrogen for Advanced Prostate Cancer". DICP. 24 (6): 616–623. doi:10.1177/106002809002400612. PMID 2193461. S2CID 26125621.
Chung, Edmund YM; Ruospo, Marinella; Natale, Patrizia; Bolignano, Davide; Navaneethan, Sankar D; Palmer, Suetonia C; Strippoli, Giovanni FM (27 October 2020). "Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (10): CD007004. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007004.pub4. PMC 8094274. PMID 33107592.
Aiman, U; Haseen, MA; Rahman, SZ (December 2009). "Gynecomastia: An ADR due to drug interaction". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 41 (6): 286–287. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.59929. PMC 2846505. PMID 20407562.
Nieschlag, Eberhard; Vorona, Elena (August 2015). "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions". European Journal of Endocrinology. 173 (2): R47–R58. doi:10.1530/EJE-15-0080. PMID 25805894.
Barros, Alfredo Carlos Simões Dornellas de; Sampaio, Marcelo de Castro Moura (2012). "Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment". Sao Paulo Medical Journal. 130 (3): 187–197. doi:10.1590/s1516-31802012000300009. PMC 10876201. PMID 22790552.
Diaz A, Luque L, Badar Z, Kornic S, Danon M (2016). "Prepubertal gynecomastia and chronic lavender exposure: report of three cases". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 29 (1): 103–107. doi:10.1515/jpem-2015-0248. PMID 26353172. S2CID 19454282.
Poon SW, Siu KK, Tsang AM (October 2020). "Isoniazid-induced gynaecomastia: report of a paediatric case and review of literature". BMC Endocr Disord (Review). 20 (1): 160. doi:10.1186/s12902-020-00639-9. PMC 7590456. PMID 33109161.
Restrepo R, Cervantes LF, Swirsky AM, Diaz A (October 2021). "Breast development in pediatric patients from birth to puberty: physiology, pathology and imaging correlation". Pediatr Radiol (Review). 51 (11): 1959–1969. doi:10.1007/s00247-021-05099-4. PMID 34236480. S2CID 235767694.
Bembo, S. A; Carlson, H. E (1 June 2004). "Gynecomastia: its features, and when and how to treat it". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. 71 (6): 511–517. doi:10.3949/ccjm.71.6.511. ISSN 0891-1150. PMID 15242307. S2CID 21672450.
Iglesias, P; Carrero, JJ; Díez, JJ (January 2012). "Gonadal dysfunction in men with chronic kidney disease: clinical features, prognostic implications and therapeutic options". Journal of Nephrology. 25 (1): 31–42. doi:10.5301/JN.2011.8481. PMID 21748720.
Grunseich, C; Fischbeck, KH (November 2015). "Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy". Neurologic Clinics. 33 (4): 847–54. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.002. PMC 4628725. PMID 26515625.
Fukami, M; Miyado, M; Nagasaki, K; Shozu, M; Ogata, T (March 2014). "Aromatase excess syndrome: a rare autosomal dominant disorder leading to pre- or peri-pubertal onset gynecomastia". Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews. 11 (3): 298–305. PMID 24716396.
Gourgari, E; Saloustros, E; Stratakis, CA (August 2012). "Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors of the testes in pediatrics". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 24 (4): 518–522. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328355a279. PMC 4132931. PMID 22732638.
Saylor, PJ; Smith, MR (May 2009). "Metabolic complications of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer". The Journal of Urology. 181 (5): 1998–2006. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.047. PMC 2900631. PMID 19286225.
Johnson, Ruth E.; Murad, M. Hassan (November 2009). "Gynecomastia: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Management". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 84 (11): 1010–1015. doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(11)60671-X. PMC 2770912. PMID 19880691.
Ismail, A. A.; Barth, J. H. (2001). "Endocrinology of gynaecomastia". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 38 (Pt 6): 596–607. doi:10.1258/0004563011900993. ISSN 0004-5632. PMID 11732643. S2CID 22948077.
Gourgari, Evgenia; Saloustros, Emmanouil; Stratakis, Constantine A. (August 2012). "Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumors of the testes in pediatrics". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 24 (4): 518–522. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328355a279. ISSN 1040-8703. PMC 4132931. PMID 22732638.
Gies I, Unuane D, Velkeniers B, De Schepper J (August 2014). "Management of Klinefelter syndrome during transition". European Journal of Endocrinology. 171 (2): R67–77. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0213. PMID 24801585.
Hughes, Ieuan A.; Deeb, Asma (1 December 2006). "Androgen resistance". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. Hormone Resistance Syndromes. 20 (4): 577–598. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2006.11.003. ISSN 1521-690X. PMID 17161333.
Koshy, John C.; Goldberg, Jonathan S.; Wolfswinkel, Eric M.; Ge, Yimin; Heller, Lior (January 2011). "Breast Cancer Incidence in Adolescent Males Undergoing Subcutaneous Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: Is Pathologic Examination Justified? A Retrospective and Literature Review". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 127 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181f9581c. PMID 20871489. S2CID 43048316.
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