Haber process (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Haber process" in English language version.

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academia.edu

Abild-pedersen, Frank; Bligaard, Thomas (1 January 2014). "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature Haber–Bosch process". Chemical Physics Letters. 598: 108. Bibcode:2014CPL...598..108V. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.003 – via academia.edu.

acs.org

pubs.acs.org

Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah; Hosono, Hideo; Shluger, Alexander L.; Sushko, Peter V. (January 2014). "Enhanced N2 Dissociation on Ru-Loaded Inorganic Electride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (6): 2216–2219. doi:10.1021/ja410925g. PMID 24483141.
Hara, Michikazu; Kitano, Masaaki; Hosono, Hideo; Sushko, Peter V. (2017). "Ru-Loaded C12A7:e– Electride as a Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesi". ACS Catalysis. 7 (4): 2313–2324. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b03357.
Kitano, Masaaki; Kujirai, Jun; Ogasawara, Kiya; Matsuishi, Satoru; Tada, Tomofumi; Abe, Hitoshi; Niwa, Yasuhiro; Hosono, Hideo (2019). "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Perovskite Oxynitride-Hydrides as Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (51): 20344–20353. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b10726. PMID 31755269. S2CID 208227325.

cen.acs.org

Ritter, Steven K. (18 August 2008). "The Haber–Bosch Reaction: An Early Chemical Impact On Sustainability". Chemical & Engineering News. 86 (33).

ajinomoto.co.jp

"Ajinomoto Co., Inc., UMI, and Tokyo Institute of Technology Professors Establish New Company to Implement the World's First On Site Production of Ammonia". Ajinomoto. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

americanscientist.org

Philip, Phylis Morrison (2001). "Fertile Minds (Book Review of Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production)". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012.

ammoniaenergy.org

Crolius, Stephen H. (17 December 2020). "Tsubame BHB Launches Joint Evaluation with Mitsubishi Chemical". Ammonia Energy Association. Retrieved 9 November 2021.

archive.org

James, Laylin K. (1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6.
Haber, Fritz (1905). Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen (in German) (1st ed.). Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86444-842-3.
Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E. (2006). "Table 15.2". Chemistry: The Central Science (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-109686-8.
Ertl, Gerhard (2010). Reactions at Solid Surfaces. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-470-26101-9.

books.google.com

Vandermeer, John (2011). The Ecology of Agroecosystems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7637-7153-9.
Brown, GI (2011). Explosives: History with a Bang (1 ed.). The History Press. ISBN 978-0752456966.
Rock, Peter A. (19 June 2013). Chemical Thermodynamics. University Science Books. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-891389-32-0.

chemguide.co.uk

Clark 2013, "The forward reaction (the production of ammonia) is exothermic. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, this will be favoured at a lower temperature. The system will respond by moving the position of equilibrium to counteract this – in other words by producing more heat. To obtain as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, as low a temperature as possible is needed". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Clark 2013, "Notice that there are 4 molecules on the left-hand side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. According to Le Chatelier's Principle, by increasing the pressure the system will respond by favouring the reaction which produces fewer molecules. That will cause the pressure to fall again. To get as much ammonia as possible in the equilibrium mixture, as high a pressure as possible is needed. 200 atmospheres is a high pressure, but not amazingly high". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Clark 2013, However, 400–450 °C isn't a low temperature! Rate considerations: The lower the temperature you use, the slower the reaction becomes. A manufacturer is trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day. It makes no sense to try to achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium".. Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Clark 2013, "Rate considerations: Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react. The higher the pressure the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. Economic considerations: Very high pressures are expensive to produce on two counts. Extremely strong pipes and containment vessels are needed to withstand the very high pressure. That increases capital costs when the plant is built". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.
Clark 2013, "At each pass of the gases through the reactor, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen converts to ammonia. (This figure also varies from plant to plant.) By continual recycling of the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen, the overall conversion is about 98%". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.

doe.gov

eia.doe.gov

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doi.org

Appl, Max (2006). "Ammonia". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
Bozso, F.; Ertl, G.; Grunze, M.; Weiss, M. (1977). "Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces: I. Fe(100) and Fe(111)". Journal of Catalysis. 49 (1): 18–41. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(77)90237-8.
Imbihl, R.; Behm, R. J.; Ertl, G.; Moritz, W. (1982). "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)" (PDF). Surface Science. 123 (1): 129–140. Bibcode:1982SurSc.123..129I. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90135-2.
Ertl, G.; Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 515–526. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..515E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6.
Ertl, G. (1983). "Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 1 (2): 1247–1253. Bibcode:1983JVSTA...1.1247E. doi:10.1116/1.572299.
Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4). Oak Ridge National Laboratory: e1700336. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.
Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah; Hosono, Hideo; Shluger, Alexander L.; Sushko, Peter V. (January 2014). "Enhanced N2 Dissociation on Ru-Loaded Inorganic Electride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (6): 2216–2219. doi:10.1021/ja410925g. PMID 24483141.
Hara, Michikazu; Kitano, Masaaki; Hosono, Hideo; Sushko, Peter V. (2017). "Ru-Loaded C12A7:e– Electride as a Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesi". ACS Catalysis. 7 (4): 2313–2324. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b03357.
Kitano, Masaaki; Kujirai, Jun; Ogasawara, Kiya; Matsuishi, Satoru; Tada, Tomofumi; Abe, Hitoshi; Niwa, Yasuhiro; Hosono, Hideo (2019). "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Perovskite Oxynitride-Hydrides as Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (51): 20344–20353. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b10726. PMID 31755269. S2CID 208227325.
Wang, Ying; Meyer, Thomas J. (14 March 2019). "A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber–Bosch Process". Chem. 5 (3): 496–497. Bibcode:2019Chem....5..496W. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2019.02.021. S2CID 134713643.
Schneider, Stefan; Bajohr, Siegfried; Graf, Frank; Kolb, Thomas (13 January 2020). "State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas". ChemBioEng Reviews. 7 (5): 150–158. doi:10.1002/cben.202000014. S2CID 221708661 – via Wiley Online Library.
Zhang, Xiaoping; Su, Rui; Li, Jingling; Huang, Liping; Yang, Wenwen; Chingin, Konstantin; Balabin, Roman; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Xinglei; Zhu, Weifeng; Huang, Keke; Feng, Shouhua; Chen, Huanwen (2024). "Efficient catalyst-free N₂ fixation by water radical cations under ambient conditions". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 1535: 1535. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1535Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45832-9. PMC 10879522. PMID 38378822.
Abild-pedersen, Frank; Bligaard, Thomas (1 January 2014). "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature Haber–Bosch process". Chemical Physics Letters. 598: 108. Bibcode:2014CPL...598..108V. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.003 – via academia.edu.
Mittasch, Alwin (1926). "Bemerkungen zur Katalyse". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 59: 13–36. doi:10.1002/cber.19260590103.
Max Appl (2006). "Ammonia". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
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Ertl, Gerhard (1983). "Zum Mechanismus der Ammoniak-Synthese". Nachrichten aus Chemie, Technik und Laboratorium (in German). 31 (3): 178–182. doi:10.1002/nadc.19830310307.
Tavasoli, Ahmad; Trépanier, Mariane; Malek Abbaslou, Reza M.; Dalai, Ajay K.; Abatzoglou, Nicolas (1 December 2009). "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes". Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (12): 1486–1494. Bibcode:2009FuPrT..90.1486T. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.07.007. ISSN 0378-3820.
You, Zhixiong; Inazu, Koji; Aika, Ken-ichi; Baba, Toshihide (October 2007). "Electronic and structural promotion of barium hexaaluminate as a ruthenium catalyst support for ammonia synthesis". Journal of Catalysis. 251 (2): 321–331. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2007.08.006.
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Højlund Nielsen, P. E. (1995), Nielsen, Anders (ed.), "Poisoning of Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts", Ammonia: Catalysis and Manufacture, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 191–198, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79197-0_5, ISBN 978-3-642-79197-0, retrieved 30 July 2022
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Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Adsorption of nitrogen on potassium promoted Fe(111) and (100) surfaces". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 527–545. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..527E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90703-8.
Gavnholt, Jeppe; Schiøtz, Jakob (2008). "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles" (PDF). Physical Review B. 77 (3): 035404. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..77c5404G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035404. S2CID 49236953.
Smith, Barry E. (September 2002). "Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets". Science. 297 (5587): 1654–1655. doi:10.1126/science.1076659. PMID 12215632. S2CID 82195088.
Kanter, David R.; Bartolini, Fabio; Kugelberg, Susanna; Leip, Adrian; Oenema, Oene; Uwizeye, Aimable (2 December 2019). "Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm". Nature Food. 1: 27–32. doi:10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5. ISSN 2662-1355.
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Howarth, R. W. (2008). "Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally". Harmful Algae. 8 (1): 14–20. Bibcode:2008HAlga...8...14H. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.015.
Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion" (PDF). Nature. 400 (6743): 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672. S2CID 4301828.

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Gavnholt, Jeppe; Schiøtz, Jakob (2008). "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles" (PDF). Physical Review B. 77 (3): 035404. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..77c5404G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035404. S2CID 49236953.

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Imbihl, R.; Behm, R. J.; Ertl, G.; Moritz, W. (1982). "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)" (PDF). Surface Science. 123 (1): 129–140. Bibcode:1982SurSc.123..129I. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90135-2.
Ertl, G.; Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 515–526. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..515E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6.
Ertl, G. (1983). "Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 1 (2): 1247–1253. Bibcode:1983JVSTA...1.1247E. doi:10.1116/1.572299.
Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4). Oak Ridge National Laboratory: e1700336. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.
Wang, Ying; Meyer, Thomas J. (14 March 2019). "A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber–Bosch Process". Chem. 5 (3): 496–497. Bibcode:2019Chem....5..496W. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2019.02.021. S2CID 134713643.
Zhang, Xiaoping; Su, Rui; Li, Jingling; Huang, Liping; Yang, Wenwen; Chingin, Konstantin; Balabin, Roman; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Xinglei; Zhu, Weifeng; Huang, Keke; Feng, Shouhua; Chen, Huanwen (2024). "Efficient catalyst-free N₂ fixation by water radical cations under ambient conditions". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 1535: 1535. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1535Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45832-9. PMC 10879522. PMID 38378822.
Abild-pedersen, Frank; Bligaard, Thomas (1 January 2014). "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature Haber–Bosch process". Chemical Physics Letters. 598: 108. Bibcode:2014CPL...598..108V. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.003 – via academia.edu.
Tavasoli, Ahmad; Trépanier, Mariane; Malek Abbaslou, Reza M.; Dalai, Ajay K.; Abatzoglou, Nicolas (1 December 2009). "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes". Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (12): 1486–1494. Bibcode:2009FuPrT..90.1486T. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.07.007. ISSN 0378-3820.
Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Adsorption of nitrogen on potassium promoted Fe(111) and (100) surfaces". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 527–545. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..527E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90703-8.
Gavnholt, Jeppe; Schiøtz, Jakob (2008). "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles" (PDF). Physical Review B. 77 (3): 035404. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..77c5404G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035404. S2CID 49236953.
Howarth, R. W. (2008). "Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally". Harmful Algae. 8 (1): 14–20. Bibcode:2008HAlga...8...14H. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.015.
Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion" (PDF). Nature. 400 (6743): 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672. S2CID 4301828.

iipnetwork.org

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Blain, Loz (3 September 2021). "Green ammonia: The rocky pathway to a new clean fuel". New Atlas. Retrieved 23 March 2023.

nih.gov

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Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4). Oak Ridge National Laboratory: e1700336. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.
Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah; Hosono, Hideo; Shluger, Alexander L.; Sushko, Peter V. (January 2014). "Enhanced N2 Dissociation on Ru-Loaded Inorganic Electride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (6): 2216–2219. doi:10.1021/ja410925g. PMID 24483141.
Kitano, Masaaki; Kujirai, Jun; Ogasawara, Kiya; Matsuishi, Satoru; Tada, Tomofumi; Abe, Hitoshi; Niwa, Yasuhiro; Hosono, Hideo (2019). "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Perovskite Oxynitride-Hydrides as Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (51): 20344–20353. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b10726. PMID 31755269. S2CID 208227325.
Zhang, Xiaoping; Su, Rui; Li, Jingling; Huang, Liping; Yang, Wenwen; Chingin, Konstantin; Balabin, Roman; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Xinglei; Zhu, Weifeng; Huang, Keke; Feng, Shouhua; Chen, Huanwen (2024). "Efficient catalyst-free N₂ fixation by water radical cations under ambient conditions". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 1535: 1535. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1535Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45832-9. PMC 10879522. PMID 38378822.
Smith, Barry E. (September 2002). "Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets". Science. 297 (5587): 1654–1655. doi:10.1126/science.1076659. PMID 12215632. S2CID 82195088.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4). Oak Ridge National Laboratory: e1700336. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.
Zhang, Xiaoping; Su, Rui; Li, Jingling; Huang, Liping; Yang, Wenwen; Chingin, Konstantin; Balabin, Roman; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Xinglei; Zhu, Weifeng; Huang, Keke; Feng, Shouhua; Chen, Huanwen (2024). "Efficient catalyst-free N₂ fixation by water radical cations under ambient conditions". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 1535: 1535. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1535Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45832-9. PMC 10879522. PMID 38378822.

nobelprize.org

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nytimes.com

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ornl.gov

Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4). Oak Ridge National Laboratory: e1700336. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

patents.google.com

Bosch, Carl (2 March 1908). U.S. patent 990,191.

phys.org

"Electrochemically-produced ammonia could revolutionize food production". 9 July 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia manufacturing consumes 1 to 2% of total global energy and is responsible for approximately 3% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

researchgate.net

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schoolscience.co.uk

resources.schoolscience.co.uk

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science.org

https://www.science.org/content/article/ammonia-renewable-fuel-made-sun-air-and-water-could-power-globe-without-carbon

sciencedirect.com

Tavasoli, Ahmad; Trépanier, Mariane; Malek Abbaslou, Reza M.; Dalai, Ajay K.; Abatzoglou, Nicolas (1 December 2009). "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes". Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (12): 1486–1494. Bibcode:2009FuPrT..90.1486T. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.07.007. ISSN 0378-3820.

semanticscholar.org

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