References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Haber process" in the English version

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

James, Laylin K. (1993). Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901–1992 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-8412-2690-6.

Haber, Fritz (1905). Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen [Thermodynamics of technical gas reactions] (in German) (1st ed.). Paderborn: Salzwasser Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86444-842-3. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

Brown, Theodore L.; LeMay, H. Eugene Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E. (2006). "Table 15.2". Chemistry: The Central Science (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-109686-8.

Ertl, Gerhard (2010). Reactions at Solid Surfaces. John Wiley & Sons. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-470-26101-9.

chemguide.co.uk (Global: 9,416^th place; English: 8,275^th place)

Clark 2013, However, 400–450 °C isn't a low temperature! Rate considerations: The lower the temperature you use, the slower the reaction becomes. A manufacturer is trying to produce as much ammonia as possible per day. It makes no sense to try to achieve an equilibrium mixture which contains a very high proportion of ammonia if it takes several years for the reaction to reach that equilibrium".. Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.

Clark 2013, "Rate considerations: Increasing the pressure brings the molecules closer together. In this particular instance, it will increase their chances of hitting and sticking to the surface of the catalyst where they can react. The higher the pressure the better in terms of the rate of a gas reaction. Economic considerations: Very high pressures are expensive to produce on two counts. Extremely strong pipes and containment vessels are needed to withstand the very high pressure. That increases capital costs when the plant is built". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.

Clark 2013, "At each pass of the gases through the reactor, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen converts to ammonia. (This figure also varies from plant to plant.) By continual recycling of the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen, the overall conversion is about 98%". Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. "The Haber Process". Retrieved 15 December 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Appl, Max (2006). "Ammonia". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.

Sheppard, Deri (25 January 2017). "Robert Le Rossignol, 1884–1976: Engineer of the 'Haber' process". Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. 71 (3): 263–296. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2016.0019. PMC 5554788. PMID 31390408.

Bozso, F.; Ertl, G.; Grunze, M.; Weiss, M. (1977). "Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces: I. Fe(100) and Fe(111)". Journal of Catalysis. 49 (1): 18–41. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(77)90237-8.

Imbihl, R.; Behm, R.J.; Ertl, G.; Moritz, W. (December 1982). "The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)". Surface Science. 123 (1): 129–140. Bibcode:1982SurSc.123..129I. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90135-2.

Ertl, G.; Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 515–526. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..515E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6.

Ertl, G. (1983). "Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 1 (2): 1247–1253. Bibcode:1983JVSTA...1.1247E. doi:10.1116/1.572299.

Song, Yang; Hensley, Dale; Bonnesen, Peter; Liang, Liango; Huang, Jingsong; Baddorf, Arthur; Tschaplinski, Timothy; Engle, Nancy; Wu, Zili; Cullen, David; Meyer, Harry III; Sumpter, Bobby; Rondinone, Adam (2 May 2018). "A physical catalyst for the electrolysis of nitrogen to ammonia". Science Advances. 4 (4) e1700336. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Bibcode:2018SciA....4..336S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700336. PMC 5922794. PMID 29719860. Retrieved 15 December 2018. Ammonia synthesis consumes 3 to 5% of the world's natural gas, making it a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

Zhao, Fu; Fan, Ying; Zhang, Shaohui; Eichhammer, Wolfgang; Haendel, Michael; Yu, Songmin (1 April 2022). "Exploring pathways to deep de-carbonization and the associated environmental impact in China's ammonia industry". Environmental Research Letters. 17 (4): 045029. Bibcode:2022ERL....17d5029Z. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac614a.

Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah; Hosono, Hideo; Shluger, Alexander L.; Sushko, Peter V. (January 2014). "Enhanced N2 Dissociation on Ru-Loaded Inorganic Electride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 136 (6): 2216–2219. Bibcode:2014JAChS.136.2216K. doi:10.1021/ja410925g. PMID 24483141.

Hara, Michikazu; Kitano, Masaaki; Hosono, Hideo; Sushko, Peter V. (2017). "Ru-Loaded C12A7:e– Electride as a Catalyst for Ammonia Synthesi". ACS Catalysis. 7 (4): 2313–2324. doi:10.1021/acscatal.6b03357.

Kitano, Masaaki; Kujirai, Jun; Ogasawara, Kiya; Matsuishi, Satoru; Tada, Tomofumi; Abe, Hitoshi; Niwa, Yasuhiro; Hosono, Hideo (2019). "Low-Temperature Synthesis of Perovskite Oxynitride-Hydrides as Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (51): 20344–20353. Bibcode:2019JAChS.14120344K. doi:10.1021/jacs.9b10726. PMID 31755269.

Wang, Ying; Meyer, Thomas J. (14 March 2019). "A Route to Renewable Energy Triggered by the Haber–Bosch Process". Chem. 5 (3): 496–497. Bibcode:2019Chem....5..496W. doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2019.02.021.

Schneider, Stefan; Bajohr, Siegfried; Graf, Frank; Kolb, Thomas (13 January 2020). "State of the Art of Hydrogen Production via Pyrolysis of Natural Gas". ChemBioEng Reviews. 7 (5): 150–158. doi:10.1002/cben.202000014.

Kyriakou, V.; Garagounis, I.; Vasileiou, E.; Vourros, A.; Stoukides, M. (May 2017). "Progress in the Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia". Catalysis Today. 286: 2–13. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2016.06.014.

Zhang, Xiaoping; Su, Rui; Li, Jingling; Huang, Liping; Yang, Wenwen; Chingin, Konstantin; Balabin, Roman; Wang, Jingjing; Zhang, Xinglei; Zhu, Weifeng; Huang, Keke; Feng, Shouhua; Chen, Huanwen (2024). "Efficient catalyst-free N₂ fixation by water radical cations under ambient conditions". Nature Communications. 15 (1) 1535: 1535. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1535Z. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45832-9. PMC 10879522. PMID 38378822.

De Alwis Jayasinghe, Dukula; Chen, Yinlin; Li, Jiangnan; Rogacka, Justyna M.; Kippax-Jones, Meredydd; Lu, Wanpeng; Sapchenko, Sergei; Yang, Jinyue; Chansai, Sarayute; Zhou, Tianze; Guo, Lixia; Ma, Yujie; Dong, Longzhang; Polyukhov, Daniil; Shan, Lutong; Han, Yu; Crawshaw, Danielle; Zeng, Xiangdi; Zhu, Zhaodong; Hughes, Lewis; Frogley, Mark D.; Manuel, Pascal; Rudić, Svemir; Cheng, Yongqiang; Hardacre, Christopher; Schröder, Martin; Yang, Sihai (8 November 2024). "A Flexible Phosphonate Metal–Organic Framework for Enhanced Cooperative Ammonia Capture". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 146 (46): 32040–32048. Bibcode:2024JAChS.14632040D. doi:10.1021/jacs.4c12430. PMC 11583364. PMID 39513623.

Abild-pedersen, Frank; Bligaard, Thomas (January 2014). "Exploring the limits: A low-pressure, low-temperature Haber–Bosch process". Chemical Physics Letters. 598: 108. Bibcode:2014CPL...598..108V. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2014.03.003.

Mittasch, Alwin (1926). "Bemerkungen zur Katalyse". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series). 59: 13–36. doi:10.1002/cber.19260590103.

Max Appl (2006). "Ammonia". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.

Jozwiak, W. K.; Kaczmarek, E. (2007). "Reduction behavior of iron oxides in hydrogen and carbon monoxide atmospheres". Applied Catalysis A: General. 326 (1): 17–27. Bibcode:2007AppCA.326...17J. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2007.03.021.

Liu, Huazhang; Han, Wenfeng; Huo, Chao; Cen, Yaqing (15 September 2020). "Development and application of wüstite-based ammonia synthesis catalysts". Catalysis Today. SI: Energy and the Environment. 355: 110–127. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2019.10.031.

Ertl, Gerhard (1983). "Zum Mechanismus der Ammoniak-Synthese". Nachrichten aus Chemie, Technik und Laboratorium (in German). 31 (3): 178–182. doi:10.1002/nadc.19830310307.

Bowker, Michael (1993). "Promotion in Ammonia Synthesis". Coadsorption, Promoters and Poisons. The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces. Vol. 6. pp. 225–268. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-81468-5.50012-1. ISBN 978-0-444-81468-5.

Tavasoli, Ahmad; Trépanier, Mariane; Malek Abbaslou, Reza M.; Dalai, Ajay K.; Abatzoglou, Nicolas (December 2009). "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis on mono- and bimetallic Co and Fe catalysts supported on carbon nanotubes". Fuel Processing Technology. 90 (12): 1486–1494. Bibcode:2009FuPrT..90.1486T. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.07.007.

You, Zhixiong; Inazu, Koji; Aika, Ken-ichi; Baba, Toshihide (October 2007). "Electronic and structural promotion of barium hexaaluminate as a ruthenium catalyst support for ammonia synthesis". Journal of Catalysis. 251 (2): 321–331. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2007.08.006.

Rosowski, F.; Hornung, A.; Hinrichsen, O.; Herein, D.; Muhler, M. (April 1997). "Ruthenium catalysts for ammonia synthesis at high pressures: Preparation, characterization, and power-law kinetics". Applied Catalysis A: General. 151 (2): 443–460. Bibcode:1997AppCA.151..443R. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(96)00304-3.

Højlund Nielsen, P. E. (1995). "Poisoning of Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts". Ammonia. pp. 191–198. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79197-0_5. ISBN 978-3-642-79199-4.

P. Häussinger u. a.: Noble Gases. In: Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2006. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485

Travis, Anthony S. (2022). "Historiography of the chemical industry: Technologies and products versus corporate history". Bulletin for the History of Chemistry (1): 50–61. doi:10.70359/bhc2022v047p050.

Leibnitz, E.; Koch, H.; Götze, A. (1961). "Über die drucklose Aufbereitung von Braunkohlenkokereigas auf Starkgas nach dem Girbotol-Verfahren". Journal für Praktische Chemie (in German). 13 (3–4): 215–236. doi:10.1002/prac.19610130315.

Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Adsorption of nitrogen on potassium promoted Fe(111) and (100) surfaces". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 527–545. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..527E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90703-8.

Gavnholt, Jeppe; Schiøtz, Jakob (2008). "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles". Physical Review B. 77 (3) 035404. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..77c5404G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035404.

Smith, Barry E. (September 2002). "Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets". Science. 297 (5587): 1654–1655. doi:10.1126/science.1076659. PMID 12215632.

Kanter, David R.; Bartolini, Fabio; Kugelberg, Susanna; Leip, Adrian; Oenema, Oene; Uwizeye, Aimable (2 December 2019). "Nitrogen pollution policy beyond the farm". Nature Food. 1: 27–32. doi:10.1038/s43016-019-0001-5.

Oenema, O.; Witzke, H. P.; Klimont, Z.; Lesschen, J. P.; Velthof, G. L. (2009). "Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses in agriculture in EU-27". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 133 (3–4): 280–288. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.025.

Howarth, R. W. (2008). "Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally". Harmful Algae. 8 (1): 14–20. Bibcode:2008HAlga...8...14H. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2008.08.015.

Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion". Nature. 400 (6743): 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672.

"Ammonia—a renewable fuel made from sun, air, and water—could power the globe without carbon". 28 March 2021. doi:10.1126/science.aau7489. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

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Ertl, G.; Lee, S. B.; Weiss, M. (1982). "Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111)". Surface Science. 114 (2–3): 515–526. Bibcode:1982SurSc.114..515E. doi:10.1016/0039-6028(82)90702-6.

Ertl, G. (1983). "Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A. 1 (2): 1247–1253. Bibcode:1983JVSTA...1.1247E. doi:10.1116/1.572299.

Gavnholt, Jeppe; Schiøtz, Jakob (2008). "Structure and reactivity of ruthenium nanoparticles". Physical Review B. 77 (3) 035404. Bibcode:2008PhRvB..77c5404G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.035404.

Smil, Vaclav (1999). "Detonator of the population explosion". Nature. 400 (6743): 415. Bibcode:1999Natur.400..415S. doi:10.1038/22672.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Smith, Barry E. (September 2002). "Structure. Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets". Science. 297 (5587): 1654–1655. doi:10.1126/science.1076659. PMID 12215632.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ornl.gov (Global: 5,534^th place; English: 4,538^th place)

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"Robert Le Rossignol, 1884–1976: Professional Chemist" (PDF), ChemUCL Newsletter, p. 8, 2009, archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2011.

Philip, Phylis Morrison (2001). "Fertile Minds (Book Review of Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production)". American Scientist. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012.

"Nobel Award to Haber" (PDF). The New York Times. 3 February 1920. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2010.

"Ammonia". Industrial Efficiency Technology & Measures. 30 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

"3.1 Ammonia synthesis". resources.schoolscience.co.uk. Archived from the original on 6 July 2020.

Fertilizer statistics. "Raw material reserves". www.fertilizer.org. International Fertilizer Industry Association. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008.

Smil, Vaclav (2011). "Nitrogen cycle and world food production" (PDF). World Agriculture. 2: 9–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2013.

Haber process (English Wikipedia)

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