Hacker (English Wikipedia)

Richterich, Annika (2016). "'Do not hack': Rules, values, and communal practices in hacker- and makerspaces". AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research. Vol. 6. Association of Internet Researchers. Retrieved June 2, 2026.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

Happe, Andreas; Cito, Jürgen (2023). "Understanding Hackers' Work: An Empirical Study of Offensive Security Practitioners". Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. pp. 1669–1680. arXiv:2308.07057. doi:10.1145/3611643.3613900.
Gerosa, Marco A.; Wiese, Igor; Trinkenreich, Bianca; Link, Georg; Robles, Gregorio; Treude, Christoph; Steinmacher, Igor; Sarma, Anita (2021). "The Shifting Sands of Motivation: Revisiting What Drives Contributors in Open Source". Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering. pp. 1046–1059. arXiv:2101.10291. doi:10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00098.
Trinkenreich, Bianca; Wiese, Igor; Sarma, Anita; Gerosa, Marco A.; Steinmacher, Igor (2022). "Women's Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature". ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. 31 (4): 1–37. arXiv:2105.08777. doi:10.1145/3510460.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

"Script kiddie". Cambridge Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved July 17, 2026.

cambridge.org

Bruggeman, Jacob A. (February 12, 2026). "Phreaking Politics in Modern America". Modern American History: 1–29. doi:10.1017/mah.2025.10083. Retrieved June 6, 2026.

catb.org (Global: 7,578^th place; English: 6,551^st place)

Raymond, Eric S. "Hacker". The Jargon File. Retrieved July 5, 2026.

certcc.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

CERT Coordination Center. "Finder/Reporter". CERT Guide to Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 19, 2026.
CERT Coordination Center. "The CERT Guide to Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure". Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved June 11, 2026.
CERT Coordination Center. "Phases of Coordinated Vulnerability Disclosure". Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved June 21, 2026.
CERT Coordination Center. "Validation". Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 10, 2026.
CERT Coordination Center. "Analysis and Remediation". Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved July 6, 2026.

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831^st place; English: 1,216^th place)

"Cybercriminal". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved June 18, 2026.

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

Shustek, Leonard J. (December 17, 2013). "The Homebrew Computer Club 2013 Reunion". Computer History Museum. Retrieved July 3, 2026.
Doub, Bo (February 23, 2016). "Community Memory: Precedents in Social Media and Movements". Computer History Museum. Retrieved June 26, 2026.
"The Homebrew Computer Club". Computer History Museum. Retrieved June 4, 2026.
Gates, Bill (May 2002) [February 3, 1976]. "An Open Letter to Hobbyists" (PDF). Core. Computer History Museum. p. 12. Retrieved June 14, 2026.

culturedigitally.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Coleman, E. Gabriella (2016). "Hacker" (PDF). In Peters, Benjamin (ed.). Digital Keywords: A Vocabulary of Information Society and Culture. Princeton University Press. pp. 158–172. Retrieved July 8, 2026.

cyber.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

Australian Cyber Security Centre. "Glossary". Australian Signals Directorate. Retrieved July 15, 2026.
Australian Cyber Security Centre. "Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)". Australian Signals Directorate. Retrieved June 15, 2026.

datasociety.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Goerzen, Matt; Coleman, Gabriella (January 14, 2022). Wearing Many Hats: The Rise of the Professional Security Hacker (PDF) (Report). Data & Society Research Institute. Retrieved June 16, 2026.

defense.gov (Global: 1,436^th place; English: 900^th place)

"Defense Secretary Ash Carter Releases Hack the Pentagon Results". United States Department of Defense. June 17, 2016. Retrieved June 12, 2026.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Haigh, Thomas (April 2021). "When Hackers Were Heroes" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 64 (4): 28–34. doi:10.1145/3451227. Retrieved June 1, 2026.
Happe, Andreas; Cito, Jürgen (2023). "Understanding Hackers' Work: An Empirical Study of Offensive Security Practitioners". Proceedings of the 31st ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering. pp. 1669–1680. arXiv:2308.07057. doi:10.1145/3611643.3613900.
Raymond, Eric S. (1998). "Homesteading the Noosphere". First Monday. 3 (10). doi:10.5210/fm.v3i10.621.
Raymond, Eric S. (1998). "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". First Monday. 3 (3). doi:10.5210/fm.v3i3.578 (inactive July 20, 2026). Retrieved July 11, 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)
Bruggeman, Jacob A. (February 12, 2026). "Phreaking Politics in Modern America". Modern American History: 1–29. doi:10.1017/mah.2025.10083. Retrieved June 6, 2026.
Gawel, Hanna (April 4, 2024). "Hacktivism" (PDF). Internet Policy Review. 13 (2). doi:10.14763/2024.2.1751. Retrieved June 13, 2026.
Vegh, Sandor (October 7, 2002). "Hacktivists or Cyberterrorists? The Changing Media Discourse on Hacking". First Monday. 7 (10). doi:10.5210/fm.v7i10.998.
Lakhani, Karim R.; Wolf, Robert G. (September 2003). Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects (Report). MIT Sloan School of Management. doi:10.2139/ssrn.443040. SSRN 443040.
Gerosa, Marco A.; Wiese, Igor; Trinkenreich, Bianca; Link, Georg; Robles, Gregorio; Treude, Christoph; Steinmacher, Igor; Sarma, Anita (2021). "The Shifting Sands of Motivation: Revisiting What Drives Contributors in Open Source". Proceedings of the 43rd International Conference on Software Engineering. pp. 1046–1059. arXiv:2101.10291. doi:10.1109/ICSE43902.2021.00098.
Coleman, E. Gabriella (2010). "The Hacker Conference: A Ritual Condensation and Celebration of a Lifeworld". Anthropological Quarterly. 83 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0112. JSTOR 20638699. Retrieved June 10, 2026.
Reagle, Joseph (January 7, 2013). "'Free as in Sexist?': Free Culture and the Gender Gap". First Monday. 18 (1). doi:10.5210/fm.v18i1.4291. Retrieved July 16, 2026.
Trinkenreich, Bianca; Wiese, Igor; Sarma, Anita; Gerosa, Marco A.; Steinmacher, Igor (2022). "Women's Participation in Open Source Software: A Survey of the Literature". ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. 31 (4): 1–37. arXiv:2105.08777. doi:10.1145/3510460.
Vegh, Sandor (February 7, 2005). "The Media's Portrayal of Hacking, Hackers, and Hacktivism Before and After September 11". First Monday. 10 (2). doi:10.5210/fm.v10i2.1206.
Pei, Jiamin; Li, Dandi; Cheng, Le (2022). "Media Portrayal of Hackers in China Daily and The New York Times: A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis". Discourse & Communication. 16 (5): 598–618. doi:10.1177/17504813221099190. Retrieved July 15, 2026.
Shires, James (2020). "Cyber-noir: Cybersecurity and Popular Culture". Contemporary Security Policy. 41 (1): 82–107. doi:10.1080/13523260.2019.1670006. Retrieved June 2, 2026.
Dillon, Roberto (March 26, 2026). "From Outcast to Hero and Back: The Shifting Portrayals of the Hacker Archetype". New Media & Society 14614448261430712. doi:10.1177/14614448261430712. Retrieved June 7, 2026.
Gruber, Karl (2019). "Biohackers: A Growing Number of Amateurs Join the Do-it-yourself Molecular Biology Movement Outside Academic Laboratories". EMBO Reports. 20 (6). e48397. doi:10.15252/embr.201948397. PMC 6549016. PMID 31118228.
Lorrimar, Victoria (2025). "What Are 'Biohackers' Hacking? Identifying Motivations and Meaning-making Frameworks". Medical Humanities. 52 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013261. PMC 13018727. PMID 40506091.
Bargoni, Augusto; Santoro, Gabriele; Messeni Petruzzelli, Antonio; Ferraris, Alberto (March 2024). "Growth Hacking: A Critical Review to Clarify Its Meaning and Guide Its Practical Application". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 200 123111. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123111. Retrieved July 11, 2026.

dol.gov (Global: 5,942^nd place; English: 3,761^st place)

United States Department of Labor. "Vulnerability Disclosure Policy". Retrieved June 20, 2026.

eff.org (Global: 4,491^st place; English: 3,102^nd place)

"A History of Protecting Freedom Where Law and Technology Collide". Electronic Frontier Foundation. October 7, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2026.

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

eur-lex.europa.eu

European Parliament and Council of the European Union (April 23, 2009). "Directive 2009/24/EC on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs". Official Journal of the European Union. Retrieved June 15, 2026.

firstmonday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Raymond, Eric S. (1998). "The Cathedral and the Bazaar". First Monday. 3 (3). doi:10.5210/fm.v3i3.578 (inactive July 20, 2026). Retrieved July 11, 2026.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2026 (link)

gabriellacoleman.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Coleman, E. Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. 16–19. ISBN 9780691144610. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2013.

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

Stallman, Richard. "The GNU Project". GNU Project. Retrieved June 30, 2026.
Free Software Foundation. "What is Free Software?". GNU Project. Retrieved June 28, 2026.

hackerspaces.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hackerspaces". Hackerspaces.org. Retrieved July 7, 2026.

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

Falk, Jeanette; Nolte; et al. (2022). "The Future of Hackathon Research and Practice". Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction. 6 (CSCW2). Article 330.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Coleman, E. Gabriella (2010). "The Hacker Conference: A Ritual Condensation and Celebration of a Lifeworld". Anthropological Quarterly. 83 (1): 47–72. doi:10.1353/anq.0.0112. JSTOR 20638699. Retrieved June 10, 2026.

justice.gov (Global: 884^th place; English: 477^th place)

United States Department of Justice (April 3, 2024). "Vulnerability Disclosure Policy". Retrieved June 24, 2026.
United States Department of Justice (May 2022). "9-48.000 - Computer Fraud and Abuse Act". Justice Manual. Retrieved June 25, 2026.

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

"Hack". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 17, 2026.
"Hacker". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 7, 2026.
"Phreaker". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 9, 2026.
"Hacktivism". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 5, 2026.
"Hackathon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 23, 2026.
"Life Hack". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

tmrc.mit.edu

Tech Model Railroad Club. "Abridged Dictionary of the TMRC Language". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2026.
Tech Model Railroad Club. "A Brief History of the Tech Model Railroad Club". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved June 8, 2026.

tech.mit.edu

Lichstein, Henry (November 20, 1963). "Telephone Hackers Active" (PDF). The Tech. Vol. 83, no. 24. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2026.

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

Yagoda, Ben (March 6, 2014). "A Short History of "Hack"". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 13, 2026.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gruber, Karl (2019). "Biohackers: A Growing Number of Amateurs Join the Do-it-yourself Molecular Biology Movement Outside Academic Laboratories". EMBO Reports. 20 (6). e48397. doi:10.15252/embr.201948397. PMC 6549016. PMID 31118228.
Lorrimar, Victoria (2025). "What Are 'Biohackers' Hacking? Identifying Motivations and Meaning-making Frameworks". Medical Humanities. 52 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013261. PMC 13018727. PMID 40506091.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gruber, Karl (2019). "Biohackers: A Growing Number of Amateurs Join the Do-it-yourself Molecular Biology Movement Outside Academic Laboratories". EMBO Reports. 20 (6). e48397. doi:10.15252/embr.201948397. PMC 6549016. PMID 31118228.
Lorrimar, Victoria (2025). "What Are 'Biohackers' Hacking? Identifying Motivations and Meaning-making Frameworks". Medical Humanities. 52 (1): 105–113. doi:10.1136/medhum-2025-013261. PMC 13018727. PMID 40506091.

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

csrc.nist.gov

"Rules of Engagement (ROE)". Computer Security Resource Center Glossary. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved June 9, 2026.

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

"hacker, n." Oxford University Press. University of Oxford.

opengovdata.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

Tauberer, Joshua (August 2014). "Civic Hacking". Open Government Data: The Book (2nd ed.). Retrieved July 9, 2026.

oshwa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Open Source Hardware Association. "Open Source Hardware Definition". Retrieved June 22, 2026.

policyreview.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gawel, Hanna (April 4, 2024). "Hacktivism" (PDF). Internet Policy Review. 13 (2). doi:10.14763/2024.2.1751. Retrieved June 13, 2026.

reagle.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Reagle, Joseph (January 7, 2013). "'Free as in Sexist?': Free Culture and the Gender Gap". First Monday. 18 (1). doi:10.5210/fm.v18i1.4291. Retrieved July 16, 2026.

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

journals.sagepub.com

Pei, Jiamin; Li, Dandi; Cheng, Le (2022). "Media Portrayal of Hackers in China Daily and The New York Times: A Corpus-Based Critical Discourse Analysis". Discourse & Communication. 16 (5): 598–618. doi:10.1177/17504813221099190. Retrieved July 15, 2026.
Dillon, Roberto (March 26, 2026). "From Outcast to Hero and Back: The Shifting Portrayals of the Hacker Archetype". New Media & Society 14614448261430712. doi:10.1177/14614448261430712. Retrieved June 7, 2026.

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Bargoni, Augusto; Santoro, Gabriele; Messeni Petruzzelli, Antonio; Ferraris, Alberto (March 2024). "Growth Hacking: A Critical Review to Clarify Its Meaning and Guide Its Practical Application". Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 200 123111. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2023.123111. Retrieved July 11, 2026.

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

papers.ssrn.com

Lakhani, Karim R.; Wolf, Robert G. (September 2003). Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects (Report). MIT Sloan School of Management. doi:10.2139/ssrn.443040. SSRN 443040.

studioxx.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dpi.studioxx.org

Toupin, Sophie (2013). "Feminist Hackerspaces as Safer Spaces?". .dpi (27). Retrieved June 27, 2026.

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

Shires, James (2020). "Cyber-noir: Cybersecurity and Popular Culture". Contemporary Security Policy. 41 (1): 82–107. doi:10.1080/13523260.2019.1670006. Retrieved June 2, 2026.

tomandmaria.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Haigh, Thomas (April 2021). "When Hackers Were Heroes" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 64 (4): 28–34. doi:10.1145/3451227. Retrieved June 1, 2026.

uni-hannover.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

itsec.uni-hannover.de

Leibniz University Hannover (February 3, 2026). "'I'm In' - Portrayal of Hacking in Movies and TV Shows". Institute of Information Security. Retrieved July 1, 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Coleman, E. Gabriella (2013). Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. 16–19. ISBN 9780691144610. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2013.
Shapiro, Fred R. (March–April 2015). "The Birth of the Hacker". Yale Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2026.
Tech Model Railroad Club. "Abridged Dictionary of the TMRC Language". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on September 14, 2024. Retrieved July 18, 2026.
Lichstein, Henry (November 20, 1963). "Telephone Hackers Active" (PDF). The Tech. Vol. 83, no. 24. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2026.

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

World Intellectual Property Organization. "Copyright Protection of Computer Software". Retrieved June 1, 2026.

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

Brown, Scott (July 21, 2008). "WarGames: A Look Back at the Film That Turned Geeks and Phreaks Into Stars". Wired. Retrieved June 3, 2026.

yalealumnimagazine.com (Global: low place; English: 9,394^th place)

Shapiro, Fred R. (March–April 2015). "The Birth of the Hacker". Yale Alumni Magazine. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2026.

Hacker (English Wikipedia)

aoir.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

spir.aoir.org

arxiv.org (Global: 49th place; English: 31st place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

dictionary.cambridge.org

cambridge.org

catb.org (Global: 7,578th place; English: 6,551st place)

certcc.github.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831st place; English: 1,216th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702nd place; English: 1,789th place)

culturedigitally.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cyber.gov.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

datasociety.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

defense.gov (Global: 1,436th place; English: 900th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

dol.gov (Global: 5,942nd place; English: 3,761st place)

eff.org (Global: 4,491st place; English: 3,102nd place)

europa.eu (Global: 62nd place; English: 100th place)

eur-lex.europa.eu

firstmonday.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

gabriellacoleman.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901st place; English: 1,743rd place)

hackerspaces.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ieee.org (Global: 912th place; English: 722nd place)

ieeexplore.ieee.org

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

justice.gov (Global: 884th place; English: 477th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425th place; English: 373rd place)

mit.edu (Global: 476th place; English: 340th place)

tmrc.mit.edu

tech.mit.edu

newyorker.com (Global: 191st place; English: 122nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

nist.gov (Global: 708th place; English: 742nd place)

csrc.nist.gov

oed.com (Global: 743rd place; English: 419th place)

opengovdata.io (Global: low place; English: low place)

oshwa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

policyreview.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

reagle.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609th place; English: 451st place)

journals.sagepub.com

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137th place; English: 146th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907th place; English: 529th place)

papers.ssrn.com

studioxx.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dpi.studioxx.org

tandfonline.com (Global: 286th place; English: 209th place)

tomandmaria.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

uni-hannover.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

itsec.uni-hannover.de

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,556th place; English: 1,531st place)

wired.com (Global: 254th place; English: 178th place)

yalealumnimagazine.com (Global: low place; English: 9,394th place)

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

catb.org (Global: 7,578^th place; English: 6,551^st place)

collinsdictionary.com (Global: 1,831^st place; English: 1,216^th place)

computerhistory.org (Global: 2,702^nd place; English: 1,789^th place)

defense.gov (Global: 1,436^th place; English: 900^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dol.gov (Global: 5,942^nd place; English: 3,761^st place)

eff.org (Global: 4,491^st place; English: 3,102^nd place)

europa.eu (Global: 62^nd place; English: 100^th place)

gnu.org (Global: 1,901^st place; English: 1,743^rd place)

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

justice.gov (Global: 884^th place; English: 477^th place)

merriam-webster.com (Global: 425^th place; English: 373^rd place)

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

newyorker.com (Global: 191^st place; English: 122^nd place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nist.gov (Global: 708^th place; English: 742^nd place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

ssrn.com (Global: 907^th place; English: 529^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

wired.com (Global: 254^th place; English: 178^th place)

yalealumnimagazine.com (Global: low place; English: 9,394^th place)