Hand sanitizer (English Wikipedia)

Boyce JM, Pittet D (October 2002). "Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America" (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 51 (RR-16): 1–45, quiz CE1–4. PMID 12418624.
"Show Me the Science – When & How to Use Hand Sanitizer in Community Settings". cdc.gov. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020. CDC recommends washing hands with soap and water whenever possible because hand washing reduces the amounts of all types of germs and chemicals on hands. But if soap and water are not available, using a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol can help... sanitizers do not eliminate all types of germs... Hand sanitizers may not be as effective when hands are visibly dirty or greasy... Hand sanitizers might not remove harmful chemicals
"Clean Hands Save Lives!". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017.
"Handwashing in Communities: Clean Hands Save Lives | CDC". www.cdc.gov. October 3, 2022. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017.
"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). "Hand sanitizer alert". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 527–529. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. PMC 3291447. PMID 16710985. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
"When & How to Wash Your Hands". cdc.gov. 4 October 2018.
"Alcohol-Based Hand-Rubs and Fire Safety". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 September 2003. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2007.
"Antibacterial Household Products: Cause for Concern". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 16 August 2001. Retrieved 1 June 2001.

cnet.com

Mitroff S. "No, you shouldn't make your own hand sanitizer". CNET. Retrieved 25 March 2020.

cnn.com

"Paging Dr. Gupta, Hand sanitizer risks". CNN. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009.
Karimi F (27 June 2020). "Three people died and one is permanently blind after drinking hand sanitizer in New Mexico". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
Pratap RM, Guy J (2 February 2021). "Indian children hospitalized after ingesting hand sanitizer instead of polio drops". CNN. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
Kaur H (16 March 2020). "Distilleries are making hand sanitizer with their in-house alcohol and giving it out for free to combat coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

doi.org

Jing JL, Pei Yi T, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T (May 2020). "Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (9): 3326. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093326. PMC 7246736. PMID 32403261.
de Witt Huberts J, Greenland K, Schmidt WP, Curtis V (July 2016). "Exploring the potential of antimicrobial hand hygiene products in reducing the infectious burden in low-income countries: An integrative review". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (7): 764–771. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.045. PMID 27061254.
Meadows E, Le Saux N (November 2004). "A systematic review of the effectiveness of antimicrobial rinse-free hand sanitizers for prevention of illness-related absenteeism in elementary school children". BMC Public Health. 4: 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4-50. PMC 534108. PMID 15518593.
Bolon MK (September 2016). "Hand Hygiene: An Update". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 591–607. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.007. PMID 27515139. In 2002, the CDC released an updated hand hygiene guideline and, for the first time, endorsed the use of alcohol-based hand rubs for the majority of clinical interactions, provided that hands are not visibly soiled
Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, et al. (September 2019). "Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients". mSphere. 4 (5). doi:10.1128/mSphere.00474-19. PMC 6751490. PMID 31533996. For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water. Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a few.
Block SS (2001). "Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation". Soil Science. 124 (6). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 14. Bibcode:1977SoilS.124..378B. doi:10.1097/00010694-197712000-00013. ISBN 9780683307405. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). "Hand sanitizer alert". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 527–529. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. PMC 3291447. PMID 16710985.
Willmott M, Nicholson A, Busse H, MacArthur GJ, Brookes S, Campbell R (January 2016). "Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 101 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308875. PMC 4717429. PMID 26471110.
Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Lockwood C, Stern C, McAneney H, Barker TH (April 2020). "Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (4): CD012566. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012566.pub2. PMC 7141998. PMID 32270476.
Trampuz A, Widmer AF (January 2004). "Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 79 (1): 109–116. doi:10.4065/79.1.109. PMC 7094481. PMID 14708954. alcohol effectively kills all coronaviruses. The virucidal activity of alcohol against enveloped viruses (such as influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus) is good, except for rabies virus.
Hibbard JS (May–June 2005). "Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review". Journal of Infusion Nursing. 28 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1097/00129804-200505000-00008. PMID 15912075. S2CID 5555893.
Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D (April 2002). "Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels". Lancet. 359 (9316): 1489–1490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08426-X. PMID 11988252. S2CID 30450670.
Pietsch H (August 2001). "Hand antiseptics: rubs versus scrubs, alcoholic solutions versus alcoholic gels". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 48 (Supl A): S33–S36. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(01)90010-6. PMID 11759022.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). "Hand sanitizer alert". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 527–529. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. PMC 3291447. PMID 16710985. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002). "Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial". BMJ. 325 (7360): 362. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362. PMC 117885. PMID 12183307. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005). "Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection". The British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (6): 1142–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (February 2005). "Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation". Contact Dermatitis. 52 (2): 82–87. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00504.x. PMID 15725285. S2CID 24691060.
Boyce JM (July 2000). "Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 21 (7): 438–441. doi:10.1086/501784. PMID 10926392.
Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N (July 2000). "Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 21 (7): 442–448. doi:10.1086/501785. PMID 10926393. S2CID 22772488.
Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA (November 2012). "Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands". American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (9): 806–809. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.016. PMID 22325728.
Khaliq O, Mkhize PZ, Moodley JM (June 2021). "Raising awareness about the unintended consequences of hand sanitiser in children". South African Family Practice. 63 (1): e1–e3. doi:10.4102/safp.v63i1.5278. PMC 8378183. PMID 34212752.
Aiello AE, Larson EL, Levy SB (September 2007). "Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (Suppl 2): S137–S147. doi:10.1086/519255. hdl:2027.42/55477. PMID 17683018.
Löffler H, Kampf G (October 2008). "Hand disinfection: how irritant are alcohols?". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 70 (Suppl 1): 44–48. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60010-9. PMID 18994681.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005). "Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection". The British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (6): 1142–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931.
Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, et al. (2019-06-24). "Glycerol content within the WHO ethanol-based handrub formulation: balancing tolerability with antimicrobial efficacy". Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 8 (1): 109. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z. PMC 6591802. PMID 31285821.
Gormley NJ, Bronstein AC, Rasimas JJ, Pao M, Wratney AT, Sun J, et al. (January 2012). "The rising incidence of intentional ingestion of ethanol-containing hand sanitizers". Critical Care Medicine. 40 (1): 290–294. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822f09c0. PMC 3408316. PMID 21926580.
Yip L, Bixler D, Brooks DE, Clarke KR, Datta SD, Dudley S, et al. (August 2020). "Serious Adverse Health Events, Including Death, Associated with Ingesting Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Containing Methanol - Arizona and New Mexico, May-June 2020". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 69 (32): 1070–1073. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6932e1. PMC 7440116. PMID 32790662.
Kampf G, Ostermeyer C (April 2003). "Inter-laboratory reproducibility of the hand disinfection reference procedure of EN 1500". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 53 (4): 304–306. doi:10.1053/jhin.2002.1357. PMID 12660128.
AKimitsu N, Hamamoto H, Inoue R, Shoji M, Akamine A, Takemori K, et al. (December 1999). "Increase in resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to beta-lactams caused by mutations conferring resistance to benzalkonium chloride, a disinfectant widely used in hospitals". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 43 (12): 3042–3043. doi:10.1128/AAC.43.12.3042. PMC 89614. PMID 10651623.
Pidot SJ, Gao W, Buultjens AH, Monk IR, Guerillot R, Carter GP, et al. (August 2018). "Increasing tolerance of hospital Enterococcus faecium to handwash alcohols". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (452): eaar6115. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6115. PMID 30068573.
McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB (August 1998). "Triclosan targets lipid synthesis". Nature. 394 (6693): 531–532. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..531M. doi:10.1038/28970. PMID 9707111. S2CID 4365434.
Heidler J, Halden RU (January 2007). "Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment". Chemosphere. 66 (2): 362–369. Bibcode:2007Chmsp..66..362H. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.066. PMID 16766013.
Capdevielle M, Van Egmond R, Whelan M, Versteeg D, Hofmann-Kamensky M, Inauen J, et al. (January 2008). "Consideration of exposure and species sensitivity of triclosan in the freshwater environment". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 4 (1): 15–23. Bibcode:2008IEAM....4...15C. doi:10.1897/ieam_2007-022.1. PMID 18260205. S2CID 28986794.
Wisk JD, Cooper KR (1990). "Comparison of the toxicity of several polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)". Chemosphere. 20 (3–4): 361–377. Bibcode:1990Chmsp..20..361W. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90067-4.
Aranami K, Readman JW (January 2007). "Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater". Chemosphere. 66 (6): 1052–6. Bibcode:2007Chmsp..66.1052A. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010. PMID 16930676.
Sanchez-Prado L, Llompart M, Lores M, García-Jares C, Bayona JM, Cela R (November 2006). "Monitoring the photochemical degradation of triclosan in wastewater by UV light and sunlight using solid-phase microextraction". Chemosphere. 65 (8): 1338–1347. Bibcode:2006Chmsp..65.1338S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.025. PMID 16735047.
de Groot AC (July 1987). "Contact allergy to cosmetics: causative ingredients". Contact Dermatitis. 17 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1987.tb02640.x. PMID 3652687. S2CID 72677422.

fda.gov

"Tentative Final Monograph for Health-Care Antiseptic Drug Products; Proposed Rule" (PDF). United States Federal Food and Drug Administration. March 2009. pp. 12613–12617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2010.
"Q&A for Consumers | Hand Sanitizers and COVID-19". Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023-05-12.
"FDA issues proposed rule to address data gaps for certain active ingredients in health care antiseptics". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 30 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015.
"Consumers Warned Not to Use Clarcon Skin Products". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 15 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
"FDA advises consumers not to use hand sanitizer products manufactured by Eskbiochem". fda.gov. Food and Drug Administration. 19 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
"FDA updates on hand sanitizers consumers should not use". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 10 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
"COVID-19". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.

firstcoastnews.com

"Hand Sanitizers Could Be A Dangerous Poison To Unsupervised Children". NBC News Channel. Retrieved 15 July 2007.

forbes.com

"White House Works With Distillers to Increase Hand Sanitizer Production", Forbes, 18 March 2020

fox6now.com

"71° Store shelves wiped clean? Here's how you can make homemade hand sanitizer". Fox 6 Now. Fox Television Stations, LLC. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.

gojo.com

"PURELL Hand Sanitizer Ingredients". www.gojo.com. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

World Health Organization (2015). The selection and use of essential medicines. Twentieth report of the WHO Expert Committee 2015 (including 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and 5th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/189763. ISBN 9789240694941. ISSN 0512-3054. WHO technical report series; no. 994.
World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
Aiello AE, Larson EL, Levy SB (September 2007). "Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (Suppl 2): S137–S147. doi:10.1086/519255. hdl:2027.42/55477. PMID 17683018.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Block SS (2001). "Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation". Soil Science. 124 (6). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: 14. Bibcode:1977SoilS.124..378B. doi:10.1097/00010694-197712000-00013. ISBN 9780683307405. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017.
McMurry LM, Oethinger M, Levy SB (August 1998). "Triclosan targets lipid synthesis". Nature. 394 (6693): 531–532. Bibcode:1998Natur.394..531M. doi:10.1038/28970. PMID 9707111. S2CID 4365434.
Heidler J, Halden RU (January 2007). "Mass balance assessment of triclosan removal during conventional sewage treatment". Chemosphere. 66 (2): 362–369. Bibcode:2007Chmsp..66..362H. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.066. PMID 16766013.
Capdevielle M, Van Egmond R, Whelan M, Versteeg D, Hofmann-Kamensky M, Inauen J, et al. (January 2008). "Consideration of exposure and species sensitivity of triclosan in the freshwater environment". Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management. 4 (1): 15–23. Bibcode:2008IEAM....4...15C. doi:10.1897/ieam_2007-022.1. PMID 18260205. S2CID 28986794.
Wisk JD, Cooper KR (1990). "Comparison of the toxicity of several polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran in embryos of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)". Chemosphere. 20 (3–4): 361–377. Bibcode:1990Chmsp..20..361W. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(90)90067-4.
Aranami K, Readman JW (January 2007). "Photolytic degradation of triclosan in freshwater and seawater". Chemosphere. 66 (6): 1052–6. Bibcode:2007Chmsp..66.1052A. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.010. PMID 16930676.
Sanchez-Prado L, Llompart M, Lores M, García-Jares C, Bayona JM, Cela R (November 2006). "Monitoring the photochemical degradation of triclosan in wastewater by UV light and sunlight using solid-phase microextraction". Chemosphere. 65 (8): 1338–1347. Bibcode:2006Chmsp..65.1338S. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.04.025. PMID 16735047.

health.com

"It's the Season for Hand Sanitizer. Should You Replace Old Bottles?". Health. Retrieved 2023-12-08.

insidemainland.com

Okafor W (31 March 2020). "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers can kill virus — Pharmacist". InsideMainland.

issa.com

Wagner DS (2000). "GENERAL GUIDE TO CHEMICAL CLEANING PRODUCT REGULATION" (PDF). International Sanitary Supply Association, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2009.

lshtm.ac.uk

researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk

de Witt Huberts J, Greenland K, Schmidt WP, Curtis V (July 2016). "Exploring the potential of antimicrobial hand hygiene products in reducing the infectious burden in low-income countries: An integrative review". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (7): 764–771. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.045. PMID 27061254.

mercurynews.com

"Dirty Hands Spread Dangerous Diseases like H1N1 (aka swine flu)". San Jose Mercury News. 25 April 2009.

newssourcegy.com

"Purcill Hand Sanitizer being recalled for low alcohol content". News Source Guyana. 9 April 2020.

newtimes.co.rw

"Origin of ordinary things: Hand sanitizer". The New Times. Rwanda. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Boyce JM, Pittet D (October 2002). "Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America" (PDF). MMWR. Recommendations and Reports. 51 (RR-16): 1–45, quiz CE1–4. PMID 12418624.
Jing JL, Pei Yi T, Bose RJ, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T (May 2020). "Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 17 (9): 3326. doi:10.3390/ijerph17093326. PMC 7246736. PMID 32403261.
de Witt Huberts J, Greenland K, Schmidt WP, Curtis V (July 2016). "Exploring the potential of antimicrobial hand hygiene products in reducing the infectious burden in low-income countries: An integrative review". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (7): 764–771. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.045. PMID 27061254.
Meadows E, Le Saux N (November 2004). "A systematic review of the effectiveness of antimicrobial rinse-free hand sanitizers for prevention of illness-related absenteeism in elementary school children". BMC Public Health. 4: 50. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-4-50. PMC 534108. PMID 15518593.
Bolon MK (September 2016). "Hand Hygiene: An Update". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 30 (3): 591–607. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.007. PMID 27515139. In 2002, the CDC released an updated hand hygiene guideline and, for the first time, endorsed the use of alcohol-based hand rubs for the majority of clinical interactions, provided that hands are not visibly soiled
Hirose R, Nakaya T, Naito Y, Daidoji T, Bandou R, Inoue K, et al. (September 2019). "Situations Leading to Reduced Effectiveness of Current Hand Hygiene against Infectious Mucus from Influenza Virus-Infected Patients". mSphere. 4 (5). doi:10.1128/mSphere.00474-19. PMC 6751490. PMID 31533996. For many reasons, alcohol hand sanitizers are increasingly being used as disinfectants over hand washing with soap and water. Their ease of availability, no need for water or plumbing, and their proven effectiveness in reducing microbial load are just a few.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). "Hand sanitizer alert". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 527–529. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. PMC 3291447. PMID 16710985.
Willmott M, Nicholson A, Busse H, MacArthur GJ, Brookes S, Campbell R (January 2016). "Effectiveness of hand hygiene interventions in reducing illness absence among children in educational settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 101 (1): 42–50. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2015-308875. PMC 4717429. PMID 26471110.
Munn Z, Tufanaru C, Lockwood C, Stern C, McAneney H, Barker TH (April 2020). "Rinse-free hand wash for reducing absenteeism among preschool and school children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020 (4): CD012566. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012566.pub2. PMC 7141998. PMID 32270476.
Trampuz A, Widmer AF (January 2004). "Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 79 (1): 109–116. doi:10.4065/79.1.109. PMC 7094481. PMID 14708954. alcohol effectively kills all coronaviruses. The virucidal activity of alcohol against enveloped viruses (such as influenza virus or human immunodeficiency virus) is good, except for rabies virus.
Hibbard JS (May–June 2005). "Analyses comparing the antimicrobial activity and safety of current antiseptic agents: a review". Journal of Infusion Nursing. 28 (3): 194–207. doi:10.1097/00129804-200505000-00008. PMID 15912075. S2CID 5555893.
Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D (April 2002). "Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels". Lancet. 359 (9316): 1489–1490. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08426-X. PMID 11988252. S2CID 30450670.
Pietsch H (August 2001). "Hand antiseptics: rubs versus scrubs, alcoholic solutions versus alcoholic gels". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 48 (Supl A): S33–S36. doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(01)90010-6. PMID 11759022.
Reynolds SA, Levy F, Walker ES (March 2006). "Hand sanitizer alert". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 527–529. doi:10.3201/eid1203.050955. PMC 3291447. PMID 16710985. Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2007.
Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002). "Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial". BMJ. 325 (7360): 362. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362. PMC 117885. PMID 12183307. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005). "Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection". The British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (6): 1142–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021.
Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (February 2005). "Short-term effects of alcohol-based disinfectant and detergent on skin irritation". Contact Dermatitis. 52 (2): 82–87. doi:10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00504.x. PMID 15725285. S2CID 24691060.
Boyce JM (July 2000). "Using alcohol for hand antisepsis: dispelling old myths". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 21 (7): 438–441. doi:10.1086/501784. PMID 10926392.
Boyce JM, Kelliher S, Vallande N (July 2000). "Skin irritation and dryness associated with two hand-hygiene regimens: soap-and-water hand washing versus hand antisepsis with an alcoholic hand gel". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 21 (7): 442–448. doi:10.1086/501785. PMID 10926393. S2CID 22772488.
Larson EL, Cohen B, Baxter KA (November 2012). "Analysis of alcohol-based hand sanitizer delivery systems: efficacy of foam, gel, and wipes against influenza A (H1N1) virus on hands". American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (9): 806–809. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.10.016. PMID 22325728.
Gold NA, Mirza TM, Avva U (2018). "Alcohol Sanitizer". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 30020626.
Khaliq O, Mkhize PZ, Moodley JM (June 2021). "Raising awareness about the unintended consequences of hand sanitiser in children". South African Family Practice. 63 (1): e1–e3. doi:10.4102/safp.v63i1.5278. PMC 8378183. PMID 34212752.
Aiello AE, Larson EL, Levy SB (September 2007). "Consumer antibacterial soaps: effective or just risky?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 45 (Suppl 2): S137–S147. doi:10.1086/519255. hdl:2027.42/55477. PMID 17683018.
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Pedersen LK, Held E, Johansen JD, Agner T (December 2005). "Less skin irritation from alcohol-based disinfectant than from detergent used for hand disinfection". The British Journal of Dermatology. 153 (6): 1142–1146. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06875.x. PMID 16307649. S2CID 46265931.
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