Hand washing (English Wikipedia)

McBride ME (August 1984). "Microbial flora of in-use soap products". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 48 (2): 338–41. Bibcode:1984ApEnM..48..338M. doi:10.1128/AEM.48.2.338-341.1984. PMC 241514. PMID 6486782.
Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024). "Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1436. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1436A. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5. hdl:10071/31245. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10873354. PMID 38365869.
Zhong CB, Liljenquist K (September 2006). "Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing". Science. 313 (5792): 1451–2. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1451Z. doi:10.1126/science.1130726. PMID 16960010. S2CID 33103635.
Wheatley T, Haidt J (October 2005). "Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe". Psychological Science. 16 (10): 780–4. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x. PMID 16181440. S2CID 14114448.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Howard G, Bogh C (2002). "Chapter 8 Personal, domestic and community hygiene". Healthy villages: a guide for communities and community health workers. World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-154553-2.

bva-group.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

BreakingWeb (23 November 2015). "Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes". BVA Group (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2020.

calcalistech.com (Global: low place; English: 6,949^th place)

Pick A (3 September 2020). "This Startup Wants to Fight Coronavirus With Soap and Water". Calcalist.

cbn.com (Global: 4,800^th place; English: 2,887^th place)

www1.cbn.com

Stahl J (4 April 2020). "Interest in Israeli Smart Hand-Washing Device Surges with Coronavirus". The Christian Broadcasting Network, Inc.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

"Show Me the Science – How to Wash Your Hands". cdc.gov. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020.
Centers for Disease Control (2 April 2020). "Handwashing Facts". cdc.gov.
"About Handwashing". cdc.gov. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2025.
CDC (11 June 2024). "About Hand Hygiene for Patients in Healthcare Settings". Clean Hands. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
"When and How to Wash Your Hands | Handwashing". cdc.gov. 4 December 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
CDC (11 June 2024). "Clinical Safety: Hand Hygiene for Healthcare Workers". Clean Hands. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
"Infection Control: Frequently Asked Questions – Hand Hygiene". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
"Preventing Norovirus Infection". cdc.gov. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
"Handwashing: Clean Hands Save Lives". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
"When and How to Wash Your Hands". CDC. 10 August 2021.

conservation-us.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cool.conservation-us.org

Tumosa CS (1 September 2001). "A brief history of aluminum stearate as a component of paint". cool.conservation-us.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2017.

dcp-3.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Cairncross S, Valdmanis V (2006). "41: Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion" (PDF). In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. (eds.). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (Second ed.). World Bank Group. pp. 771–92. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5. ISBN 978-0-8213-6179-5. PMID 21250333.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012). "The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (8): 791–8. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019. PMC 3538484. PMID 22656243.
Bloomfield, Sally F.; Aiello, Allison E.; Cookson, Barry; O'Boyle, Carol; Larson, Elaine L. (December 2007). "The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including hand washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers". American Journal of Infection Control. 35 (10): S27–S64. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001. PMC 7115270.
Aiello, Allison E.; Coulborn, Rebecca M.; Perez, Vanessa; Larson, Elaine L. (August 2008). "Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (8): 1372–1381. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.124610. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2446461.
Paludan-Müller AS, Boesen K, Klerings I, Jørgensen KJ, Munkholm K (April 2020). "Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (7) CD013597. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013597. PMC 7192094. PMID 32343408.
de Almeida e Borges LF, Silva BL, Gontijo Filho PP (August 2007). "Hand washing: changes in the skin flora". American Journal of Infection Control. 35 (6): 417–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.012. PMID 17660014.
Boyce, John M.; Pittet, Didier (December 2002). "Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings". American Journal of Infection Control. 30 (8): S1–S46. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.130391. ISSN 0196-6553.
Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Fang VJ, Cheng CK, Fung RO, Wai W, et al. (October 2009). "Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 151 (7): 437–46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00142. PMID 19652172.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM (April 2006). "Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (4): 479–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x. PMID 16553931. S2CID 7747732.
Rhee V, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM (July 2008). "Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 162 (7): 603–8. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.603. PMC 2587156. PMID 18606930.
Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. (August 2013). "Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8) CD009382. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2. PMC 11608819. PMID 23904195. S2CID 205199671.
Przekwas, Andrzej; Chen, Zhijian (1 November 2020). "Washing hands and the face may reduce COVID-19 infection". Medical Hypotheses. 144 110261. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110261. ISSN 0306-9877. PMC 7481347.
Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 3 (5): 275–81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6. PMID 12726975.
Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA (2009). "Cochrane review: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea". Evidence-Based Child Health. 4 (2): 893–939. doi:10.1002/ebch.373. ISSN 1557-6272.
Cairncross S, Hunt C, Boisson S, Bostoen K, Curtis V, Fung IC, Schmidt WP (April 2010). "Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea". International Journal of Epidemiology. 39 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): i193-205. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq035. PMC 2845874. PMID 20348121.
Allegranzi, B.; Pittet, D. (2009). "Role of hand hygiene in health care–associated infection prevention". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 99–110. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.04.019.
McBride ME (August 1984). "Microbial flora of in-use soap products". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 48 (2): 338–41. Bibcode:1984ApEnM..48..338M. doi:10.1128/AEM.48.2.338-341.1984. PMC 241514. PMID 6486782.
Heinze JE, Yackovich F (August 1988). "Washing with contaminated bar soap is unlikely to transfer bacteria". Epidemiology and Infection. 101 (1): 135–42. doi:10.1017/s0950268800029290. PMC 2249330. PMID 3402545.
Weber DJ, Rutala WA (October 2006). "Use of germicides in the home and the healthcare setting: is there a relationship between germicide use and antibiotic resistance?". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 27 (10): 1107–19. doi:10.1086/507964. PMID 17006819. S2CID 20734025.
Montville R, Schaffner DW (November 2011). "A meta-analysis of the published literature on the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps". Journal of Food Protection. 74 (11): 1875–82. doi:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-11-122. PMID 22054188.
Michaels B, Gangar V, Schultz A, Arenas M, Curiale M, Ayers T, Paulson D (2002). "Water temperature as a factor in handwashing efficacy". Food Service Technology. 2 (3): 139–49. doi:10.1046/j.1471-5740.2002.00043.x.
Laestadius JG, Dimberg L (April 2005). "Hot water for handwashing--where is the proof?". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 47 (4): 434–5. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000158737.06755.15. PMID 15824636. S2CID 37287489.
Carrico AR, Spoden M, Wallston KA, Vandenbergh MP (July 2013). "The Environmental Cost of Misinformation: Why the Recommendation to Use Elevated Temperatures for Handwashing is Problematic". International Journal of Consumer Studies. 37 (4): 433–441. doi:10.1111/ijcs.12012. PMC 3692566. PMID 23814480.
Menegueti MG, Laus AM, Ciol MA, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Basile-Filho A, Gir E, et al. (24 June 2019). "Glycerol content within the WHO ethanol-based handrub formulation: balancing tolerability with antimicrobial efficacy". Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control. 8 (1) 109. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0553-z. PMC 6591802. PMID 31285821.
Butz AM, Laughon BE, Gullette DL, Larson EL (April 1990). "Alcohol-impregnated wipes as an alternative in hand hygiene". American Journal of Infection Control. 18 (2): 70–6. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(90)90084-6. PMID 2337257.
Baker, K.K.; Dil Farzana, F.; Ferdous, F.; Ahmed, S.; Kumar Das, S.; Faruque, A.S.G.; Nasrin, D.; Kotloff, K.L.; Nataro, J.P.; Kolappaswamy, K.; Levine, M.M. (28 April 2014). "Association between Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in Young Children in the Global Enteric Multi center Study (GEMS) and Types of Hand washing Materials Used by Caretakers in Mirzapur, Bangladesh". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 91 (1): 181–89. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0509. PMC 4080560. PMID 24778193.
Reynolds KA, Sexton JD, Norman A, McClelland DJ (January 2021). "Comparison of electric hand dryers and paper towels for hand hygiene: a critical review of the literature". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 130 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1111/jam.14796. PMC 7818469. PMID 32794646.
Boyce JM (October 2011). "Measuring healthcare worker hand hygiene activity: current practices and emerging technologies". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 32 (10): 1016–28. doi:10.1086/662015. PMID 21931253. S2CID 19428439.
Swoboda SM, Earsing K, Strauss K, Lane S, Lipsett PA (February 2004). "Electronic monitoring and voice prompts improve hand hygiene and decrease nosocomial infections in an intermediate care unit". Critical Care Medicine. 32 (2): 358–63. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000108866.48795.0F. PMID 14758148. S2CID 9817602.
Larson EL (August 1995). "APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings". American Journal of Infection Control. 23 (4): 251–69. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(95)90070-5. PMID 7503437.
Goldmann D (July 2006). "System failure versus personal accountability--the case for clean hands". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (2): 121–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMp068118. PMID 16837675.
Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, et al. (December 2006). "An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (26): 2725–32. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115. PMID 17192537.
Whitby M, Pessoa-Silva CL, McLaws ML, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Larson E, et al. (January 2007). "Behavioural considerations for hand hygiene practices: the basic building blocks". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 65 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2006.09.026. PMID 17145101.
Beggs CB, Shepherd SJ, Kerr KG (September 2008). "Increasing the frequency of hand washing by healthcare workers does not lead to commensurate reductions in staphylococcal infection in a hospital ward". BMC Infectious Diseases. 8 114. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-8-114. PMC 2553083. PMID 18764942.
Fischler GE, Fuls JL, Dail EW, Duran MH, Rodgers ND, Waggoner AL (December 2007). "Effect of hand wash agents on controlling the transmission of pathogenic bacteria from hands to food". Journal of Food Protection. 70 (12): 2873–7. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-70.12.2873. PMID 18095447.
Girou E, Loyeau S, Legrand P, Oppein F, Brun-Buisson C (August 2002). "Efficacy of handrubbing with alcohol based solution versus standard handwashing with antiseptic soap: randomised clinical trial". BMJ. 325 (7360): 362. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7360.362. PMC 117885. PMID 12183307.
Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J, Barr IG, Ballard SA, Johnson PD, et al. (February 2009). "Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 48 (3): 285–91. doi:10.1086/595845. PMID 19115974.
Jabbar U, Leischner J, Kasper D, Gerber R, Sambol SP, Parada JP, et al. (June 2010). "Effectiveness of alcohol-based hand rubs for removal of Clostridium difficile spores from hands". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 31 (6): 565–70. doi:10.1086/652772. PMID 20429659. S2CID 205994880.
Gould DJ, Moralejo D, Drey N, Chudleigh JH, Taljaard M (September 2017). "Interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance in patient care". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9) CD005186. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005186.pub4. PMC 6483670. PMID 28862335.
De Buck E, Van Remoortel H, Hannes K, Govender T, Naidoo S, Avau B, Veegaete AJ, Musekiwa A, Lutje V, Cargo M, Mosler HJ (19 May 2017). "Approaches to promote handwashing and sanitation behaviour change in low- and middle-income countries: a mixed method systematic review". Campbell Systematic Reviews. 13 (1): 1–447. doi:10.4073/csr.2017.7.
Cairncross S, Valdmanis V (2006). "41: Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Promotion" (PDF). In Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR, Alleyne G, Claeson M, Evans DB, et al. (eds.). Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries (Second ed.). World Bank Group. pp. 771–92. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6179-5. ISBN 978-0-8213-6179-5. PMID 21250333.
Moore, Wendy (25 August 2007). "Now wash your hands". BMJ. 335 (7616): 402.2–402. doi:10.1136/bmj.39314.598854.59. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1952521.
Wong, Cynthia A. (1 September 2011). "Simpson". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (9): 3365. doi:10.1172/JCI58960. ISSN 0021-9738.
Lane, Hilary J.; Blum, Nava; Fee, Elizabeth (June 2010). "Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894) and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): Preventing the Transmission of Puerperal Fever". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (6): 1008–1009. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185363. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2866610. PMID 20395569.
Tyagi, Uvi; Barwal, Kailash Chander (21 May 2020). "Ignac Semmelweis—Father of Hand Hygiene". Indian Journal of Surgery. 82 (3): 276–277. doi:10.1007/s12262-020-02386-6. ISSN 0972-2068. PMC 7240806. PMID 32837058.
Martini, Mariano; Lippi, Donatella (15 October 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the Teaching of Ignaz Semmelweis and Florence Nightingale: a Lesson of Public Health from History, after the "Introduction of Handwashing" (1847)". Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (3): E621–E624. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2021.62.3.2161. PMC 8639136. PMID 34909488.
Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024). "Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1436. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1436A. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5. hdl:10071/31245. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10873354. PMID 38365869.
"wash". to wash one's hands of. Oxford English Dictionary (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OED/5628170136. Retrieved 2 August 2016. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Zhong CB, Liljenquist K (September 2006). "Washing away your sins: threatened morality and physical cleansing". Science. 313 (5792): 1451–2. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1451Z. doi:10.1126/science.1130726. PMID 16960010. S2CID 33103635.
Wheatley T, Haidt J (October 2005). "Hypnotic disgust makes moral judgments more severe". Psychological Science. 16 (10): 780–4. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01614.x. PMID 16181440. S2CID 14114448.

europeantissue.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Redway K, Fawdar S (November 2008). A comparative study of three different hand drying methods: paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer (PDF) (Report). The School of Biosciences, University of Westminster London.

everydayhealth.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Too-Clean Hands Can Lead to Eczema". EverydayHealth.com. Retrieved 24 January 2020.

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"The Hygiene Improvement Project (HIP) – Tippy-Tap: A simple low-cost technology for handwashing when water is scarce". USAID. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

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globalhandwashing.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

PPPHW (2014). Global Handwashing Day Planner's Guide (3rd ed.). FHI 360 for the Global Public-Private Partnership for Handwashing with Soap.

handhygiene.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Larson EL (August 1995). "APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings". American Journal of Infection Control. 23 (4): 251–69. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(95)90070-5. PMID 7503437.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024). "Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1436. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1436A. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5. hdl:10071/31245. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10873354. PMID 38365869.

hi-tm.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Double hand washing with a fingernail brush. HACCP – HITM: food science safety and HACCP training and certification provider". 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2 July 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020.

ids.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: 9,442^nd place)

Coultas, M. and Iyer, R. with Myers, J. (2020). Handwashing Compendium for Low Resource Settings: A Living Document. Edition 1, The Sanitation Learning Hub, Brighton: IDS, ISBN 978-1-78118-638-1 (alternative URL)

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Bloomfield SF, Nath KJ (October 2009). Use of ash and mud for handwashing in low income communities. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene (IFH). Somerset, England.

jci.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Wong, Cynthia A. (1 September 2011). "Simpson". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (9): 3365. doi:10.1172/JCI58960. ISSN 0021-9738.

jlm-biocity.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Joe (7 April 2020). "Soapy Washes Your Hands Clean of Corona!". JLM-BioCity.

jpmh.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Martini, Mariano; Lippi, Donatella (15 October 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and the Teaching of Ignaz Semmelweis and Florence Nightingale: a Lesson of Public Health from History, after the "Introduction of Handwashing" (1847)". Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene. 62 (3): E621–E624. doi:10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2021.62.3.2161. PMC 8639136. PMID 34909488.

kiro7.com (Global: low place; English: 7,773^rd place)

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lshtm.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk

Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. (August 2013). "Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8) CD009382. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2. PMC 11608819. PMID 23904195. S2CID 205199671.

mayoclinic.org (Global: 2,191^st place; English: 1,798^th place)

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nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Huang C, Ma W, Stack S (August 2012). "The hygienic efficacy of different hand-drying methods: a review of the evidence". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 87 (8): 791–8. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019. PMC 3538484. PMID 22656243.
Paludan-Müller AS, Boesen K, Klerings I, Jørgensen KJ, Munkholm K (April 2020). "Hand cleaning with ash for reducing the spread of viral and bacterial infections: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4 (7) CD013597. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013597. PMC 7192094. PMID 32343408.
de Almeida e Borges LF, Silva BL, Gontijo Filho PP (August 2007). "Hand washing: changes in the skin flora". American Journal of Infection Control. 35 (6): 417–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.07.012. PMID 17660014.
Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Fang VJ, Cheng CK, Fung RO, Wai W, et al. (October 2009). "Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 151 (7): 437–46. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-7-200910060-00142. PMID 19652172.
Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Painter J, Altaf A, Billhimer W, Keswick B, Hoekstra RM (April 2006). "Combining drinking water treatment and hand washing for diarrhoea prevention, a cluster randomised controlled trial". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 11 (4): 479–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01592.x. PMID 16553931. S2CID 7747732.
Rhee V, Mullany LC, Khatry SK, Katz J, LeClerq SC, Darmstadt GL, Tielsch JM (July 2008). "Maternal and birth attendant hand washing and neonatal mortality in southern Nepal". Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 162 (7): 603–8. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.7.603. PMC 2587156. PMID 18606930.
Dangour AD, Watson L, Cumming O, Boisson S, Che Y, Velleman Y, et al. (August 2013). "Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8) CD009382. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009382.pub2. PMC 11608819. PMID 23904195. S2CID 205199671.
Curtis V, Cairncross S (May 2003). "Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 3 (5): 275–81. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00606-6. PMID 12726975.
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worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

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Aiello, Allison E.; Coulborn, Rebecca M.; Perez, Vanessa; Larson, Elaine L. (August 2008). "Effect of Hand Hygiene on Infectious Disease Risk in the Community Setting: A Meta-Analysis". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (8): 1372–1381. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.124610. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2446461.
Boyce, John M.; Pittet, Didier (December 2002). "Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings". American Journal of Infection Control. 30 (8): S1–S46. doi:10.1067/mic.2002.130391. ISSN 0196-6553.
Przekwas, Andrzej; Chen, Zhijian (1 November 2020). "Washing hands and the face may reduce COVID-19 infection". Medical Hypotheses. 144 110261. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110261. ISSN 0306-9877. PMC 7481347.
Ejemot RI, Ehiri JE, Meremikwu MM, Critchley JA (2009). "Cochrane review: Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea". Evidence-Based Child Health. 4 (2): 893–939. doi:10.1002/ebch.373. ISSN 1557-6272.
Rao A (11 September 2014). "When Low-Tech Solutions Win". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339.
Moore, Wendy (25 August 2007). "Now wash your hands". BMJ. 335 (7616): 402.2–402. doi:10.1136/bmj.39314.598854.59. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 1952521.
Wong, Cynthia A. (1 September 2011). "Simpson". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 121 (9): 3365. doi:10.1172/JCI58960. ISSN 0021-9738.
Lane, Hilary J.; Blum, Nava; Fee, Elizabeth (June 2010). "Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894) and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): Preventing the Transmission of Puerperal Fever". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (6): 1008–1009. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185363. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 2866610. PMID 20395569.
Tyagi, Uvi; Barwal, Kailash Chander (21 May 2020). "Ignac Semmelweis—Father of Hand Hygiene". Indian Journal of Surgery. 82 (3): 276–277. doi:10.1007/s12262-020-02386-6. ISSN 0972-2068. PMC 7240806. PMID 32837058.
Andrighetto, Giulia; Szekely, Aron; Guido, Andrea; Gelfand, Michele; Abernathy, Jered; Arikan, Gizem; Aycan, Zeynep; Bankar, Shweta; Barrera, Davide; Basnight-Brown, Dana; Belaus, Anabel; Berezina, Elizaveta; Blumen, Sheyla; Boski, Paweł; Bui, Huyen Thi Thu (2024). "Changes in social norms during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic across 43 countries". Nature Communications. 15 (1): 1436. Bibcode:2024NatCo..15.1436A. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-44999-5. hdl:10071/31245. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10873354. PMID 38365869.

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"JMP handwashing dataset". Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2017. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation

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"WHO: How to handwash? With soap and water". 20 October 2015 – via YouTube.

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