Hanging (English Wikipedia)

"Former Afghan commander executed". BBC News. 27 April 2004. Retrieved 4 January 2026.
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"Top Saddam aide sentenced to hang". BBC News. 12 February 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
"Japanese school killer executed". BBC News. 14 September 2004. Retrieved 17 June 2008.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

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Hughes, Robert (11 January 2012). The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 33ff. ISBN 978-0-307-81560-6. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014. Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was 'turned off' or 'twisted' by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.
Potter, John Deane (1965). The Art of Hanging. A. S. Barnes. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-498-07387-8. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ... condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'—they were literally turned off the ladder.
"The Gallows Chamber". Life, 28 October 1946. Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Bennis, Phyllis (2003). Before and After. Olive Branch Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-56656-462-5.
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Brown, Michael L. (1992). Our Hands Are Stained with Blood. Destiny Image. p. 190. ISBN 978-1-56043-068-1.
Rogers, Horatio (2009). Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston. Archived 15 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 1–2. BiblioBazaar.
Tengler, U. "Layenspiegel". Archived 13 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. p.119
Cohen, Esther (1993). The Crossroads of Justice: Law and Culture in Late Medieval France. Archived 13 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Brill. p.92–93
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Haym, R. (1861). Preussische Jahrbücher. Vol. 8. Archived 12 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Berlin: Georg Reimer. p.122–23
von Heister, Carl (1863). Geschichtliche Untersuchungen über Israel: Die Juden: aufgebürdete Verbrechen. Erlittene Verfolgung. Angethane Schmach. Vol. 3. Naumburg: Tauerschmidt. p. 38. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Tschamser, P. F. Malachiam (1864) [1724]. Annales oder Jahrs-Geschichten der Saarfüseren oder Minderen Brüdern S. Franc. ord., insgemein Conventualen genannt, zu Thann. Vol. 1. Colmar: K. A. Hoffmann. p. 250. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
The author regards this as probably the last case in which a Jew (although in this case dead) was hanged up by the feet in Germany. Schnitzler, Norbert (2002). "Juden vor Gericht: Soziale Ausgrenzung durch Sanktionen". In Schlosser, Hans; Sprandel, Rolf; Willoweit, Daniel (eds.). Herrschaftliches Strafen seit dem Hochmittelalter: Formen und Entwicklungsstufen (in German). Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. p. 292. ISBN 978-3-412-08601-5.
On Kisch's assessment, see for example: Kisch, Guido (1943). Historia Judaica: A Journal of Studies in Jewish History, Especially in Legal and Economic History of the Jews. Vol. 5–6. Historia Judaica. p. 119. On locus in Adam of Bremen's text, see Adam of Bremen (2013). History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Translated by Tschan, Francis J.; Reuter, Timothy. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-231-50085-2. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328. London: Conitunuum Books. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-8264-3514-9. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Hurton, William (1862). Hearts of Oak, or Naval Yarns. London: Richard Bentley. p. 84.
Müller, Gerhard F. (1762). Sammlung Rußischer Geschichte, 1st and 2nd Part of 7th Volume. St. Petersburg: Kayserl. Academie der Wißenschafften. p. 23. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.

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Hellier, C.; Connolly, R. (2009). "Cause of death in judicial hanging: a review and case study". Medicine, Science, and the Law. 49 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.49.1.18. PMID 19306616. S2CID 34469210.
Merrill, Louis Taylor (1945). "The Puritan Policeman". American Sociological Review. 10 (6). American Sociological Association: 766–776. doi:10.2307/2085847. JSTOR 2085847.

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Craies, William Feilden (1911). "Hanging" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 917–918.

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Hellier, C.; Connolly, R. (2009). "Cause of death in judicial hanging: a review and case study". Medicine, Science, and the Law. 49 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1258/rsmmsl.49.1.18. PMID 19306616. S2CID 34469210.

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Sauvageau, Anny; Racette, Stéphanie (2007). "Agonal Sequences in a Filmed Suicidal Hanging: Analysis of Respiratory and Movement Responses to Asphyxia by Hanging". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 52 (4): 957–959. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2007.00459.x. PMID 17524058. S2CID 32188375.
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Hughes, Robert (11 January 2012). The Fatal Shore: The epic of Australia's founding. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 33ff. ISBN 978-0-307-81560-6. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014. Before the invention of the hinged trapdoor through which the victim was dropped, he or she was 'turned off' or 'twisted' by the hangman who pulled the ladder away.
Potter, John Deane (1965). The Art of Hanging. A. S. Barnes. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-498-07387-8. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014. ... condemned persons still mounted a ladder which was turned round, leaving them dangling. This led to the phrase 'turned off'—they were literally turned off the ladder.
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