Hanseatic League (English Wikipedia)

Siliņa-Piņķe, Renāte (August 2019). "Spuren des Mittelniederdeutschen in den lettischen Eigennamen". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (in German). 86 (2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 229–243. doi:10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009 (inactive 12 July 2025). S2CID 239339448. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 (link)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. [...] Opvallend is dat de Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. [...] Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. [...] Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. [...] Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. [...] Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen. A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. [...] It is striking that the Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. [...] All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. [...] The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. [...] Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. [...] According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (Brand & Egge 2010, pp. 36–39). Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Gabrielsson, Artur (1983). "Die Verdrängung der mittelniederdeutschen durch die neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache" [The displacement of the Middle Low German by the New High German written language]. In Cordes, Gerhard; Möhn, Dieter (eds.). Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach – und Literaturwissenschaft [Handbook on Low German Linguistics and Literature Studies] (in German). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. pp. 119–181. ISBN 978-3-503-01645-7.
Weststrate, Job (2010). Handel en transport over land en rivieren [Trade and transport over land and rivers]. Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Sartorius Von Waltershausen, Georg-Friedrich-Christoph (1830). Lappenberg, J. M. (ed.). Urkundliche Geschichte des Ursprunges der deutschen Hanse [History of the origin of the German Hanse in documents] (in German). Vol. 2. Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes. p. 94.
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (27 January 2015). The Early Hansas. BRILL. pp. 15–63. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Braunmüller, Kurt (2002). 135. Language contacts in the Late Middle Ages and in Early Modern Times. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025. Bandle et al. 2005 Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1101-7149-5.
Laurén, Christer (2002). 208. Special languages and their social and functional dimensions 1: Socially dependent varieties. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1933. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5. Archived from the original on 17 November 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025. Bandle et al. 2005 Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1101-7149-5.
Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2008). Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers, and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-8704-041-3 – via books.google.co.uk.
Lloyd, T. H. (1991). "The winning of the Hanse franchises, 1157–1361". England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-52214-4. Retrieved 2 February 2020. [A] grant of about 1157 [...] conferred perpetual protection upon the homines et cives Colonienses. As long as they paid established dues they were to be treated as the king's men and no fresh charges would be levied on them without their consent. By this time they had some form of corporate organization with a headquarters in London [...].
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Dollinger, P. (2000). The German Hansa. Routledge. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Brand, Hanno. De bestuurlijke slagkracht van de 'Stedenhanze' [The organizational strength of the Hanseatic Cities]. p. 36. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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Looper, Bert. De Nederlandse Hanzesteden: scharnieren in de Europese economie 1250–1550 [The Dutch Hanseatic cities: Pivots in the European economy 1250–1550]. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Sarnowsky, Jürgen (27 January 2015). The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League. BRILL. pp. 64–100. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. Archived from the original on 21 November 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
Burkhardt, Mike (27 January 2015). 'Kontors' and Outposts. BRILL. pp. 127–161. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. Archived from the original on 24 November 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Weststrate, Job. Handel en transport over land en rivieren [Trade and transport over land and rivers]. p. 145. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Jahnke, Carsten. 7. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen [The Hanseatic League and the European economy in the Middle Ages]. p. 45. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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North, Michael (27 January 2015). The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period. BRILL. pp. 101–124. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Henn, Volker. Het ontstaan van de Hanze [The coming into being of the Hanseatic League]. p. 19. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010). De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod [The Kontors of the Hanseatic League: Bergen, Brugge, London and Novgorod]. p. 91. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Benders, Jeroen. De stad Groningen en de Hanze tot het eind van de zestiende eeuw [The city Groningen and the Hanseatic League till the end of the sixteenth century]. p. 184. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf. Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft [How the Hansa disappeared and rises on the threshold of the 20th to the 21st century again]. p. 191. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015) [2005]. "Hanseatic League". Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. Vol. 2 (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7656-8058-7. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via books.google.com. To facilitate trade in foreign countries, the Hansa established counters (Kontore) [...]. [...] The counters operated as the equivalent of an early stock exchange.
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Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. [...] Opvallend is dat de Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. [...] Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. [...] Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. [...] Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. [...] Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen. A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. [...] It is striking that the Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. [...] All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. [...] The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. [...] Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. [...] According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (Brand & Egge 2010, pp. 36–39). Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. Archived from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
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Blank, Angelika (1 June 2008). "Die Hanse – Bündnis mit Tradition" [The Hanseatic League – an alliance with tradition] (in German). wendland-net.de. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2021.

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Rotz, Rhiman A. (1977). "The Lubeck Uprising of 1408 and the Decline of the Hanseatic League". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 121 (1): 1–45. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986565. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
Reibstein, Ernst (1956). "Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse" [The international law of the German Hanseatic League] (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht [Journal for Foreign Public Law and International Law] (in German). 17 (1). Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. ISSN 0044-2348. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010 – via www.zaoerv.de.

zaoerv.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

Reibstein, Ernst (1956). "Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse" [The international law of the German Hanseatic League] (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht [Journal for Foreign Public Law and International Law] (in German). 17 (1). Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. ISSN 0044-2348. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2010 – via www.zaoerv.de.

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Walford, Cornelius (1881). "An Outline History of the Hanseatic League, More Particularly in Its Bearings upon English Commerce". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 9: 82–136. doi:10.2307/3677937. JSTOR 3677937. S2CID 155018451. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020. The following cities were also connected with the league, but did not have representation in the Diet, nor responsibility: (...) Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Marseilles, Messina, Naples (...)

Hanseatic League (English Wikipedia)

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