Hanseatic League (English Wikipedia)

Siliņa-Piņķe, Renāte (August 2019). "Spuren des Mittelniederdeutschen in den lettischen Eigennamen". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (in German). 86 (2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 229–243. doi:10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009 (inactive 26 November 2024). S2CID 239339448. Retrieved 24 February 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

books.google.com

Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. [...] Opvallend is dat de Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. [...] Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. [...] Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. [...] Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. [...] Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen. A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. [...] It is striking that the Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. [...] All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. [...] The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. [...] Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. [...] According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (Brand & Egge 2010, pp. 36–39). Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Gabrielsson, Artur (1983). "Die Verdrängung der mittelniederdeutschen durch die neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache" [The displacement of the Middle Low German by the New High German written language]. In Cordes, Gerhard; Möhn, Dieter (eds.). Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach – und Literaturwissenschaft [Handbook on Low German Linguistics and Literature Studies] (in German). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. pp. 119–181. ISBN 978-3-503-01645-7.
Weststrate, Job (2010). Handel en transport over land en rivieren [Trade and transport over land and rivers]. Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Sartorius Von Waltershausen, Georg-Friedrich-Christoph (1830). Lappenberg, J. M. (ed.). Urkundliche Geschichte des Ursprunges der deutschen Hanse [History of the origin of the German Hanse in documents] (in German). Vol. 2. Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes. p. 94.
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf. The Early Hansas. pp. 15–63. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Braunmüller, Kurt. 135. Language contacts in the Late Middle Ages and in Early Modern Times. Bandle et al. 2005 Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1101-7149-5.
Laurén, Christer. 208. Special languages and their social and functional dimensions 1: Socially dependent varieties. p. 1933. Bandle et al. 2005 Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1101-7149-5.
Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2008). Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers, and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-8704-041-3 – via books.google.co.uk.
Lloyd, T. H. (1991). "The winning of the Hanse franchises, 1157–1361". England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-52214-4. Retrieved 2 February 2020. [A] grant of about 1157 [...] conferred perpetual protection upon the homines et cives Colonienses. As long as they paid established dues they were to be treated as the king's men and no fresh charges would be levied on them without their consent. By this time they had some form of corporate organization with a headquarters in London [...].
Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003). Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants, c. 1000 – c. 1300 (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press (published 2003). ISBN 978-0-521-52193-2.
Korpiola, Mia (2018). "18. Customary Law and the Influence of the ius commune in High and Late Medieval East Central Europe: III 'Germanisation' of East Central European Law: Towns as conduits of Reception". In Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History. Oxford University Press.
Brand, Hanno. De bestuurlijke slagkracht van de 'Stedenhanze' [The organizational strength of the Hanseatic Cities]. p. 36. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Jahnke, Carsten. The Baltic Trade. pp. 194–240.
Looper, Bert. De Nederlandse Hanzesteden: scharnieren in de Europese economie 1250–1550 [The Dutch Hanseatic cities: Pivots in the European economy 1250–1550]. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Sarnowsky, Jürgen. The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League. pp. 64–100.
Burkhardt, Mike. 'Kontors' and Outposts. pp. 127–161. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Weststrate, Job. Handel en transport over land en rivieren [Trade and transport over land and rivers]. p. 145. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Jahnke, Carsten. 7. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen [The Hanseatic League and the European economy in the Middle Ages]. p. 45. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Heidrink, Ingo (2012). "The Business of Shipping: An Historical Perspective". In Talley, Wayne K. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics (hardcover) (1st ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3024-3.
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Hansen, Lars Ivar (2020). "The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century". In Berg, Sigrun Høgetveit; Bergesen, Rognald Heiseldal; Kristiansen, Roald Ernst (eds.). The Protracted Reformation in the North. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110686210.
North, Michael. The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period. pp. 101–124. in Harreld 2015 Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9.
Henn, Volker. Het ontstaan van de Hanze [The coming into being of the Hanseatic League]. p. 19. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
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Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010). De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod [The Kontors of the Hanseatic League: Bergen, Brugge, London and Novgorod]. p. 91. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Benders, Jeroen. De stad Groningen en de Hanze tot het eind van de zestiende eeuw [The city Groningen and the Hanseatic League till the end of the sixteenth century]. p. 184. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf. Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft [How the Hansa disappeared and rises on the threshold of the 20th to the 21st century again]. p. 191. in Brand & Egge 2010 Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6.
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Boestad, Tobias (2021). "Legitimizing interurban cooperation in the Middle Ages: the legal system of the Hanse". In Aust, Helmut P.; Marcenko, Miha; Nijman, Janne E. (eds.). Research Handbook on International Law and Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78897-328-1.
Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015) [2005]. "Hanseatic League". Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. Vol. 2 (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7656-8058-7. Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via books.google.com. To facilitate trade in foreign countries, the Hansa established counters (Kontore) [...]. [...] The counters operated as the equivalent of an early stock exchange.
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Siliņa-Piņķe, Renāte (August 2019). "Spuren des Mittelniederdeutschen in den lettischen Eigennamen". Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (in German). 86 (2). Franz Steiner Verlag: 229–243. doi:10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009 (inactive 26 November 2024). S2CID 239339448. Retrieved 24 February 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Conybeare, John (1985). "Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts". World Politics. 38 (1): 147–172. doi:10.2307/2010354. JSTOR 2010354. S2CID 154401136.
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wikisource.org

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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hanseatic League". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

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Rotz, Rhiman A. (1977). "The Lubeck Uprising of 1408 and the Decline of the Hanseatic League". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 121 (1): 1–45. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986565.
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zaoerv.de

Reibstein, Ernst (1956). "Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse" [The international law of the German Hanseatic League] (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) [Journal for foreign public law and international law] (in German). 17 (1). Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. ISSN 0044-2348. Retrieved 30 April 2010 – via www.zaoerv.de.

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Walford, Cornelius (1881). "An Outline History of the Hanseatic League, More Particularly in Its Bearings upon English Commerce". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 9. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Vol. 9 (1881), pp. 82–136: 82–136. doi:10.2307/3677937. JSTOR 3677937. S2CID 155018451. The following cities were also connected with the League, but did not have representation in the Diet, nor responsibility: (...) Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Marseilles, Messina,Naples (...)