Han–Xiongnu War (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Han–Xiongnu War" in English language version.

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academia.edu

Cosmo, Nicola Di. "Aristocratic elites in the Xiongnu empire": 161. Retrieved 2019-01-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

archive.org

In the Xiongnu hierarchy, the Chanyu was the supreme leader (Lewis 2007, 131). Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Second to the Chanyu in power were the Tuqi Kings; the Tuqi Kings are also called the "Wise Kings", where the Xiongnu word for "Tuqi" means "Wise" (Lewis 2007, 131). Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
The Tuqi King of the Left was generally designated as the successor of the Chanyu (Lewis 2007, 131). Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Second to the Chanyu in power were the Tuqi Kings, followed by the Luli Kings (Lewis 2007, 131). Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
The translation given by Lewis (2007, 137) states: "Your servant humbly thinks back on how since his ancestor submitted to the Han we have been blessed with your support, keeping a sharp watch on the passes and providing strong armies for more than forty years. Your subjects have been born and reared in Han territory and have depended entirely on the Han for food. Each year we received gifts counted in the hundreds of millions [of cash]." Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 59. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 132–136. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Gernet 1996, 120. Gernet, Jacques (1996). A History of Chinese Civilization (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49781-7.
Lovell 2006, 71. Lovell, Julia (2006). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-AD 2000. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4297-9.
Deng 2007, 53–54. Deng, Yinke (2007). History of China (Translated ed.). Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-1098-9.
Lewis 2007, 137–138. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lovell 2006, 73. Lovell, Julia (2006). The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC-AD 2000. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4297-9.
Boulnois 2004, 82. Boulnois, Luce (2004). Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants on the Silk Road (Translated ed.). Hong Kong: Odyssey. ISBN 978-962-217-720-8.
Lewis 2007, 137. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Grousset 2002, 37–38 Grousset, René (2002). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia (8th print ed.). New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.
Lewis 2007, 138. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 137. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Bunker, Emma C. (2002). Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 100, item 67.
Bunker, Emma C. (2002). Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 29.
Lewis 2007, 21. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 149. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 150. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 140. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Lewis 2007, 145. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.
Bowman 2000, 12. Bowman, John S. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
Lewis 2007, 25. Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02477-9.

books.google.com

Nara Shiruku Rōdo-haku Kinen Kokusai Kōryū Zaidan; Shiruku Rōdo-gaku Kenkyū Sentā (2007). Opening up the Silk Road: the Han and the Eurasian world. Nara International Foundation Commemorating the Silk Road Exposition. p. 23. ISBN 978-4-916071-61-3. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto; Helfen, Otto (1 January 1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. pp. 369–370. ISBN 978-0-520-01596-8.
Monumenta Serica, Volume 52 2004, p. 81.

doi.org

Barfield 1981, 50. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Chang 1966, 158. Chang, Chun-shu (1966). "Military Aspects of Han Wu-ti's Northern and Northwestern Campaigns". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 148–173. doi:10.2307/2718463. JSTOR 2718463.
Barfield 1981, 58. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Chang 1966, 161. Chang, Chun-shu (1966). "Military Aspects of Han Wu-ti's Northern and Northwestern Campaigns". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 148–173. doi:10.2307/2718463. JSTOR 2718463.
Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). "Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis". Journal of Chinese History. 7 (1): 52. doi:10.1017/jch.2022.25.
Barfield 1981, 51. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Psarras 2004, 82. Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2004). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (II)". Monumenta Serica. 52: 37–93. doi:10.1080/02549948.2004.11731409. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727309. S2CID 193415523.

jstor.org

Barfield 1981, 50. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Chang 1966, 158. Chang, Chun-shu (1966). "Military Aspects of Han Wu-ti's Northern and Northwestern Campaigns". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 148–173. doi:10.2307/2718463. JSTOR 2718463.
Barfield 1981, 58. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Chang 1966, 161. Chang, Chun-shu (1966). "Military Aspects of Han Wu-ti's Northern and Northwestern Campaigns". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 26: 148–173. doi:10.2307/2718463. JSTOR 2718463.
Barfield 1981, 51. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Psarras 2004, 82. Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2004). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (II)". Monumenta Serica. 52: 37–93. doi:10.1080/02549948.2004.11731409. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727309. S2CID 193415523.

scmp.com

Chen, Laurie (21 August 2017). "Archaeologists discover story of China's ancient military might carved in cliff face". South China Morning Post.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Barfield 1981, 50. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Barfield 1981, 58. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Barfield 1981, 51. Barfield, Thomas J. (1981). "The Hsiung-nu Imperial Confederacy: Organization and Foreign Policy". The Journal of Asian Studies. 41 (1): 45–61. doi:10.2307/2055601. JSTOR 2055601. S2CID 145078285.
Psarras 2004, 82. Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2004). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (II)". Monumenta Serica. 52: 37–93. doi:10.1080/02549948.2004.11731409. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727309. S2CID 193415523.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Psarras 2004, 82. Psarras, Sophia-Karin (2004). "Han and Xiongnu: A Reexamination of Cultural and Political Relations (II)". Monumenta Serica. 52: 37–93. doi:10.1080/02549948.2004.11731409. ISSN 0254-9948. JSTOR 40727309. S2CID 193415523.