Hard water (English Wikipedia)

Canadian Water Quality Association. "Water Hardness/Total Households Canadian Cities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.

defra.gov.uk

dwi.defra.gov.uk

"Map showing the rate of hardness in mg/L as Calcium carbonate in England and Wales" (PDF). DEFRA/ Drinking Water Inspectorate. 2009.

doi.org

Weingärtner, Herman] (December 2006). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry - Water. Weinheim: Wiley–VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_001.
Christian Nitsch, Hans-Joachim Heitland, Horst Marsen, Hans-Joachim Schlüussler, "Cleansing Agents" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley–VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_137
Sorg, Thomas J.; Schock, Michael R.; Lytle, Darren A. (August 1999). "Ion Exchange Softening: Effects on Metal Concentrations". Journal AWWA. 91 (8): 85–97. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08685.x. ISSN 1551-8833. S2CID 94253149. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Packham RF (April 1981). "Studies of water quality and cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom". Sci. Total Environ. 18: 25–34. Bibcode:1981ScTEn..18...25P. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(81)80047-2. PMID 7233165.
Marque S, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF, Commenges D (2003). "Cardiovascular mortality and calcium and magnesium in drinking water: an ecological study in elderly people" (PDF). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 18 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1023/A:1023618728056. PMID 12803370. S2CID 1834547.
Rubenowitz E, Axelsson G, Rylander R (January 1999). "Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women". Epidemiology. 10 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1097/00001648-199901000-00007. PMID 9888277.
Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Ung CY, Alexander H, Gurung N, Chalmers J, Danby S, et al. (March 2021). "The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta-analysis". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 51 (3): 430–451. doi:10.1111/cea.13797. PMID 33259122. S2CID 227245344.
Langelier, W. F. (October 1936). "The Analytical Control of Anti-Corrosion Water Treatment". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 28 (10): 1500–1521. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1936.tb13785.x. JSTOR 41226418.
Ryznar, John W.; Langelier, W. F. (April 1944). "A New Index for Determining Amount of Calcium Carbonate Scale Formed by a Water". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 36 (4): 472–486. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1944.tb20016.x. JSTOR 23345279.

dwi.gov.uk

dwi.gov.uk

epa.ie

Section 36 "Hardness" https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/water/quality/Water_Quality.pdf

globalseafood.org

Boyd, Claude E. "Prof. Boyd offers a guide for preparing artificial seawater". Global Seafood Alliance. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

gvrd.bc.ca

"GVRD Wash Smart – Water Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2008-01-23.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Packham RF (April 1981). "Studies of water quality and cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom". Sci. Total Environ. 18: 25–34. Bibcode:1981ScTEn..18...25P. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(81)80047-2. PMID 7233165.

hdcymru.co.uk

"Check my water quality". Hafren Dyfrdwy.

hobartcity.com.au

"Hobart City Council, Tasmania Australia". hobartcity.com.au. Archived from the original on 2008-02-10.

jstor.org

Langelier, W. F. (October 1936). "The Analytical Control of Anti-Corrosion Water Treatment". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 28 (10): 1500–1521. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1936.tb13785.x. JSTOR 41226418.
Ryznar, John W.; Langelier, W. F. (April 1944). "A New Index for Determining Amount of Calcium Carbonate Scale Formed by a Water". Journal of the American Water Works Association. 36 (4): 472–486. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1944.tb20016.x. JSTOR 23345279.

kluweronline.com

Marque S, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF, Commenges D (2003). "Cardiovascular mortality and calcium and magnesium in drinking water: an ecological study in elderly people" (PDF). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 18 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1023/A:1023618728056. PMID 12803370. S2CID 1834547.

melbournewater.com.au

"Quarterly Report" (PDF). melbournewater.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2006-12-17.

modernhomepulse.com

"Got Hard Water? Here's What You Need To Know About It". Modern Home Pulse. 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2018-09-22.

montreal.qc.ca

www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca

"Ville de Montréal - L'eau de Montréal". .ville.montreal.qc.ca. 2013-01-22. Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2013-01-26.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sengupta, Pallav (August 2013). "Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 4 (8): 866–875. ISSN 2008-7802. PMC 3775162. PMID 24049611.
Pocock SJ, Shaper AG, Packham RF (April 1981). "Studies of water quality and cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom". Sci. Total Environ. 18: 25–34. Bibcode:1981ScTEn..18...25P. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(81)80047-2. PMID 7233165.
Marque S, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF, Commenges D (2003). "Cardiovascular mortality and calcium and magnesium in drinking water: an ecological study in elderly people" (PDF). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 18 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1023/A:1023618728056. PMID 12803370. S2CID 1834547.
Rubenowitz E, Axelsson G, Rylander R (January 1999). "Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and death from acute myocardial infarction in women". Epidemiology. 10 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1097/00001648-199901000-00007. PMID 9888277.
Sengupta P (August 2013). "Potential health impacts of hard water". International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Review). 4 (8): 866–875. PMC 3775162. PMID 24049611.
Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Ung CY, Alexander H, Gurung N, Chalmers J, Danby S, et al. (March 2021). "The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta-analysis". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 51 (3): 430–451. doi:10.1111/cea.13797. PMID 33259122. S2CID 227245344.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Sengupta, Pallav (August 2013). "Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 4 (8): 866–875. ISSN 2008-7802. PMC 3775162. PMID 24049611.
Sengupta P (August 2013). "Potential health impacts of hard water". International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Review). 4 (8): 866–875. PMC 3775162. PMID 24049611.

nt.gov.au

"Darwin Water Quality" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-12-17.

ottawa.ca

Public Works and Environmental Services Dept. (2019-05-07). "Drinking water - Frequently asked questions". ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-06-19.

regionofwaterloo.ca

"REGION OF WATERLOO Residential Water Softener Performance Study Testing Report #1 April, 2011" (PDF). Regionofwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2013-01-26.

saintjohn.ca

"Public Information Notice: West Side Water Supply | Saint John". www.saintjohn.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.

saskatoon.ca

"Frequently Asked Questions". Saskatoon.ca. Retrieved 2013-01-26.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sorg, Thomas J.; Schock, Michael R.; Lytle, Darren A. (August 1999). "Ion Exchange Softening: Effects on Metal Concentrations". Journal AWWA. 91 (8): 85–97. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08685.x. ISSN 1551-8833. S2CID 94253149. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
Marque S, Jacqmin-Gadda H, Dartigues JF, Commenges D (2003). "Cardiovascular mortality and calcium and magnesium in drinking water: an ecological study in elderly people" (PDF). Eur. J. Epidemiol. 18 (4): 305–9. doi:10.1023/A:1023618728056. PMID 12803370. S2CID 1834547.
Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Ung CY, Alexander H, Gurung N, Chalmers J, Danby S, et al. (March 2021). "The effect of water hardness on atopic eczema, skin barrier function: A systematic review, meta-analysis". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 51 (3): 430–451. doi:10.1111/cea.13797. PMID 33259122. S2CID 227245344.

southernwater.co.uk

"Southern Water — SO14 area". Southern Water. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

stwater.co.uk

"Severn Trent Water — B1 1DB". Severn Trent Water. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

sydneywater.com.au

"Sydney Typical Drinking Water Analysis". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2006-12-17.

thameswater.co.uk

"EC1A 7BE — Water quality in your area". Thames Water. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

thekrib.com

"Water Hardness". thekrib.com.

toronto.ca

"Water - Services - Living In Toronto - City of Toronto". toronto.ca. 2017-07-14.

ufl.edu

edis.ifas.ufl.edu

Wilson, P. Chris. "Water Quality Notes: Alkalinity and Hardness". University of Florida IFAS Extension.

unitedutilities.com

"Table 2 Drinking Water Hardness". United Utilities. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
"Drinking water quality". United Utilities. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

usgs.gov

water.usgs.gov

USGS - U.S. Geological Survey Office of Water Quality. "USGS Water-Quality Information: Water Hardness and Alkalinity". usgs.gov.

vccs.edu

water.me.vccs.edu

"Lime Softening". Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2011.

water-research.net

"Drinking Water Hardwater Hardness Calcium Magnesium Scale Stained Laundry". Water-research.net. Retrieved 2013-01-26.

watercorporation.com.au

"Water Corporation of WA - 404" (PDF). watercorporation.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-04.

web.archive.org

World Health Organization Hardness in Drinking-Water Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, 2003
"Lime Softening". Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
PP Coetzee (1998). "Scale reduction and scale modification effects induced by Zn" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
Sorg, Thomas J.; Schock, Michael R.; Lytle, Darren A. (August 1999). "Ion Exchange Softening: Effects on Metal Concentrations". Journal AWWA. 91 (8): 85–97. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08685.x. ISSN 1551-8833. S2CID 94253149. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
František Kožíšek Health significance of drinking water calcium and magnesium Archived 2013-04-18 at the Wayback Machine, February 2003
Corrosion by water Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
"Dishwasher and water hardness - Canberra water quality - About Us". actewagl.com.au. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26.
"Quarterly Report" (PDF). melbournewater.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-13. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
"Sydney Typical Drinking Water Analysis". Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
"Water Corporation of WA - 404" (PDF). watercorporation.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-04.
"Brisbane Drinking Water". Archived from the original on 2007-11-02. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
"Adelaide Water Quality". Archived from the original on 2013-03-15. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
"Darwin Water Quality" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2006-12-17.
"Ville de Montréal - L'eau de Montréal". .ville.montreal.qc.ca. 2013-01-22. Archived from the original on 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
Canadian Water Quality Association. "Water Hardness/Total Households Canadian Cities" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
"GVRD Wash Smart – Water Facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-03. Retrieved 2008-01-23.
"REGION OF WATERLOO Residential Water Softener Performance Study Testing Report #1 April, 2011" (PDF). Regionofwaterloo.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-13. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
"Public Information Notice: West Side Water Supply | Saint John". www.saintjohn.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2017-10-10.
Public Works and Environmental Services Dept. (2019-05-07). "Drinking water - Frequently asked questions". ottawa.ca. Archived from the original on 2020-04-26. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
"Table 2 Drinking Water Hardness". United Utilities. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
"Severn Trent Water — B1 1DB". Severn Trent Water. Archived from the original on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
"Bristol water hardness level". Bristol Water. Archived from the original on 2011-08-01. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
"Southern Water — SO14 area". Southern Water. Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
"EC1A 7BE — Water quality in your area". Thames Water. Archived from the original on 2012-05-27. Retrieved 2012-03-03.

wellowner.org

"Hard water". National Groundwater Association. Retrieved 28 June 2019.

who.int

World Health Organization Hardness in Drinking-Water Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, 2003

wi.gov

dnr.wi.gov

Wisconsin DNR - Carbonate chemistry

winnipeg.ca

2006 Winnipeg drinking water quality test results

worldcat.org

Sengupta, Pallav (August 2013). "Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water". International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 4 (8): 866–875. ISSN 2008-7802. PMC 3775162. PMID 24049611.
Sorg, Thomas J.; Schock, Michael R.; Lytle, Darren A. (August 1999). "Ion Exchange Softening: Effects on Metal Concentrations". Journal AWWA. 91 (8): 85–97. doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08685.x. ISSN 1551-8833. S2CID 94253149. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-11-23.

wrc.org.za

PP Coetzee (1998). "Scale reduction and scale modification effects induced by Zn" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-09. Retrieved 2010-03-29.