Hardtop (English Wikipedia)

Forbes, Kingston (1922). The principles of automobile body design, covering the fundamentals of open and closed passenger body design. Ware Bros. pp. 245–249. Retrieved 9 February 2014. Springfield type construction has a folding upper frame on the doors stored under seat posts between.

ateupwithmotor.com

"Pillarless Pioneer: The 1949 Buick Roadmaster Riviera". ateupwithmotor.com. 2 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
Severson, Aaron (22 February 2015). "Pillarless Under the Rising Sun: Japan's Four-Door Hardtops". ateupwithmotor.com. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

autos.ca

"Motoring Memories - Hardtop convertibles". autos.ca. Retrieved 10 June 2018.

books.google.com

Flammang, James M. (1989). Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1976-1986. Krause Publications. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 978-0-87341-133-2. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via Google Books. Two-door hardtop: The term hardtop, as used for postwar cars up to the mid - 1970s, describes an automobile styled to resemble a convertible, but with a rigid metal (or fiberglass) top.
Gunnell, John (1982). Standard catalog of American cars, 1946-1975. Krause Publications. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87341-027-4.
Mort, Norm (15 September 2010). American 'Independent' Automakers: AMC to Willys 1945 to 1960. Veloce Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-1-84584-239-0. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via Google Books.
Cranswick, Marc (22 December 2011). The Cars of American Motors: An Illustrated History. McFarland. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-7864-8570-3. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via Google Books. The '63 American pillarless hardtop, designed to resemble a convertible with its top up
Segal, David J.; McGrath, Martin T. (1980). Analytical Study for Evaluation of Rollover Test Devices. Final Report. U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. p. 21. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Mays, James C. (2006). Savvy Guide to Buying Collector Cars at Auction. Sams Technical Publishing. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-7906-1322-2. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Cullen, T.F. (1 February 1922). "Price situation results in many improvements in cars". Automobile Trade Journal. 25 (8): 28–29. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"A source of year 'round profit for dealers that sell Nash cars". Automobile Topics: 96. 25 February 1922. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
Norbye, John P. (October 1965). "How Car Buying Has Changed in 20 Years". Popular Science. Vol. 187, no. 4. p. 65.
Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 621. ISBN 978-0-7864-5230-9.
Niemeyer, Daniel (2013). 1950s American Style: A Reference Guide. Lulu. pp. 147, 148, 151. ISBN 978-1-304-20165-2.
Flory Jr., J. "Kelly" (2008). American Cars, 1946–1959: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 701. ISBN 978-0-7864-5230-9.
"Rambler has everything new - even a hardtop wagon". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 105, no. 1. January 1956. pp. 116–117. Retrieved 1 April 2022 – via Google Books.
"the 67's: Solid citizens of Detroit". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 126, no. 4. October 1966. p. 114.
Flory Jr., J. Kelly (2012). American Cars, 1973-1980: Every Model, Year by Year. McFarland. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-7864-4352-9.
Classic Car: The Definitive Visual History. Penguin. 2016. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-4654-5907-7. Designed for the 1970s, the Crown followed US styling trends
"Business Trends - Tokyo Report". Business Japan. Vol. 36. 1991. p. 20.
"Subaru Leone Series was Reborn". Diamond's Economic Journal Industria. 10: 40. 1980.

caranddriver.com

Marcus, Frank (June 2002). "1949 Kaiser Virginian". Car and Driver. Retrieved 6 March 2018.

cbsnews.com

"The up-and-down history of the convertible". CBS News. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

classiccarclub.org

"Glossary – A guide to speaking the language of CCCA". classiccarclub.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.

curbsideclassic.com

"Automotive History: Nissan Cedric – When The Pupil Becomes A Master". curbsideclassic.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.

engineering-dictionary.org

"Hardtop meaning". Engineering Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

gmheritagecenter.com

history.gmheritagecenter.com

"1955, The Hardtop Goes "Pillarless"". gmheritagecenter.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.

hemmings.com

Howley, Tim (April 2006). "A History of Hardtops". Hemmings Classic Car. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

howstuffworks.com

auto.howstuffworks.com

"1946 Chrysler Town & Country Hardtop". Auto | HowStuffWorks. 15 October 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
"1950 Kaiser Virginian". How Stuff Works. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

kbb.com

"2015 Mini Hardtop 4-door: A stretch in size and appeal". kbb.com. Retrieved 5 June 2018.

lov2xlr8.no

"1946 Chrysler Town and Country brochure". lov2xlr8.no. p. 4. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

macsmotorcitygarage.com

McGuire, Bill (21 December 2014). "A look at the hardtop station wagon". macsmotorcitygarage.com. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

popularmechanics.com

"The Evolution of the Convertible". popularmechanics.com. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2018.

toyota-global.com

"Vehicle Lineage - Toyopet Corona 3rd". toyota-global.com. Retrieved 2 May 2024.

unc.edu

hsrc.unc.edu

Campbell, Bob J. (1970). "Driver Injury in Automobile Accidents Involving Certain Car Models" (PDF). University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.

vintagecarheritage.com

"1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top". vintagecarheritage.com. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Spajic, Igor (21 February 2012). "1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top". Vintage Car Heritage. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.

web.archive.org

"Hardtop meaning". Engineering Dictionary. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
Campbell, Bob J. (1970). "Driver Injury in Automobile Accidents Involving Certain Car Models" (PDF). University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center. pp. 43–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
"Glossary – A guide to speaking the language of CCCA". classiccarclub.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Spajic, Igor (21 February 2012). "1925 Studebaker Big Six California Top". Vintage Car Heritage. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
"1950 Kaiser Virginian". How Stuff Works. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2022.