Hate crime (English Wikipedia)

Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

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State Hate Crime Laws Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007.

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"10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History". americansperspective.com. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

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Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 978-1-4051-3345-6.

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"Hate Crimes". January 2012.

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Scott, Jennifer (23 September 2020). "Misogyny: Women 'should be protected' under hate crime laws". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
Newman, Melanie; Watson, Richard (27 March 2021). "Hate crimes on police 'more likely to be charged'". BBC News. Retrieved 12 December 2021.

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Angelari, Marguerite (1997). "Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women". In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-2520-8.
Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. ISBN 978-1-4522-5662-7.
McPhail, Beverly (2003). "Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review". In Barbara Perry (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-94407-6.
Quinn, Dan (10 June 1997). "the crime that's not necessarily a crime". Here Media. Retrieved 1 September 2015. ...in the real world, criminals don't calculate their moves based on the specific punishment they will suffer if caught...

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Schweppe, Jennifer (2021-01-01). Tong, Kar-wai (ed.). "What is a hate crime?". Cogent Social Sciences. 7 (1) 1902643. doi:10.1080/23311886.2021.1902643. hdl:10344/9960.
Gavrielides, Theo (2012-12-01). "Contextualizing Restorative Justice for Hate Crime". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 27 (18): 3624–3643. doi:10.1177/0886260512447575. ISSN 0886-2605. PMID 22645026.
Meyer, Doug (2014). "Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws". Critical Criminology. 22 (1): 113–125. doi:10.1007/s10612-013-9228-x. S2CID 143546829.
Boeckmann, Robert J.; Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2002). "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime". Journal of Social Issues. 58 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00257.
Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996). ""So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators". Law and Human Behavior. 20 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1007/BF01499350. S2CID 144669214.
Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (6): 945–51. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945. PMID 10596515.
Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502. S2CID 1512121.
Petach, Luke; Rumbaugh, Dustin (2024). "Hate Crime and Human Capital". Review of Black Political Economy. 52 (2): 216–235. doi:10.1177/00346446241230696.
Borell, Klas (2015). "When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 26 (4): 409–21. doi:10.1080/09596410.2015.1067063. S2CID 146687317.
Levin, Jack; Reichelmann, Ashley (2015). "From Thrill to Defensive Motivation: The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults". American Behavioral Scientist. 59 (12): 1546–1561. doi:10.1177/0002764215588812. S2CID 147697229.
Gavrielides, Theo (2025). "Addressing Violent Radicalisation and Extremism". SpringerLink. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84032-6. ISBN 978-3-031-84031-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
"A victim-centred approach to conceptualising 'hate crime'". 'Hate crime' and the city. Bristol University Press. pp. 1–22. doi:10.2307/j.ctt9qgq3n.5. ISBN 978-1-84742-357-3. Retrieved 2025-12-14.
Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.
Meyer, Doug (2010). "Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims". Sociology. 44 (5): 980–95. doi:10.1177/0038038510375737. S2CID 145147987.
Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014). "Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime". Administrating Victimization. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 59–90. doi:10.1057/9781137409270_4. ISBN 978-1-349-48857-5.
Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 978-1-4051-3345-6.
Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (3–4). doi:10.1177/0886260517746131. PMID 29295032. S2CID 41221014.

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"What We Investitgate-Hate Crimes". FBI.
"Hate Crimes". FBI. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
"2006 Hate Crime in the U.S". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
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Statistics, 2007 Hate Crime Statistics, 2007, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived 9 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
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"Latest Hate Crime Statistics Released - Annual Report Sheds Light on Serious Issue". FBI. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
"Hate Crime Statistics, 2010". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
FBI Hate Crimes 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2014
FBI Hate Crimes 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2014
FBI Hate Crimes 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014

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"2016 Hate Crime Statistics". FBI. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

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Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

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Oster, Marcy (June 2, 2020). "Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation". The Forward. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

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Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (6): 945–51. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945. PMID 10596515.
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Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.
Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (3–4). doi:10.1177/0886260517746131. PMID 29295032. S2CID 41221014.

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Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.

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openlibrary.org (Global: 185^th place; English: 154^th place)

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parliament.uk (Global: 313^th place; English: 181^st place)

pbs.org (Global: 260^th place; English: 176^th place)

pewforum.org (Global: 1,526^th place; English: 1,638^th place)

planalto.gov.br (Global: 2,185^th place; English: 5,078^th place)

pravo.by (Global: 3,080^th place; English: low place)

propublica.org (Global: 2,459^th place; English: 1,247^th place)

publico.es (Global: 1,970^th place; English: 4,832^nd place)

rada.gov.ua (Global: 211^th place; English: 1,747^th place)

religionnews.com (Global: 6,463^rd place; English: 3,574^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

sagepub.com (Global: 609^th place; English: 451^st place)

scotland.gov.uk (Global: 9,315^th place; English: 6,008^th place)

scotsman.com (Global: 502^nd place; English: 274^th place)

sejm.gov.pl (Global: 175^th place; English: 1,709^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

spiegel.de (Global: 87^th place; English: 363^rd place)

splcenter.org (Global: 2,063^rd place; English: 1,118^th place)

statcan.gc.ca (Global: 285^th place; English: 201^st place)

state.or.us (Global: 4,797^th place; English: 2,363^rd place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 286^th place; English: 209^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thenation.com (Global: 1,926^th place; English: 1,038^th place)

thetimes.com (Global: 221^st place; English: 110^th place)

theworld.org (Global: 5,753^rd place; English: 3,033^rd place)

timesofisrael.com (Global: 268^th place; English: 208^th place)

ucla.edu (Global: 885^th place; English: 584^th place)

usatoday.com (Global: 55^th place; English: 36^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

wikidata.org (Global: 10^th place; English: 98^th place)

wipo.int (Global: 1,556^th place; English: 1,531^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

wyborcza.pl (Global: 531^st place; English: 1,995^th place)