Hate crime (English Wikipedia)

Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

adl.org

ADL. "Hate Crimes". ADL.org. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
State Hate Crime Laws Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007.

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Greg Bluestein; Maya T. Prabhu (June 28, 2020). "Georgia governor signs hate-crimes measure into law: 'Ahmaud Arbery's death will not be in vain'". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

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"Canada sees surge in hate crimes during pandemic, new data shows". Al Jazeera. August 5, 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

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"10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History". americansperspective.com. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

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Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 9781405133456.

archive.today

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Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014). Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822376149. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
Angelari, Marguerite (1997). "Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women". In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815325208.
Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. ISBN 9781452256627.
McPhail, Beverly (2003). "Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review". In Barbara Perry (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415944076.
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"Hate crime". Dictionary.com. Also called bias crime.

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Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022). "Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15 (1: Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism). Taylor & Francis: 143–168. doi:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137. ISSN 1753-9161. S2CID 246832210.
Meyer, Doug (2014). "Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws". Critical Criminology. 22: 113–125. doi:10.1007/s10612-013-9228-x. S2CID 143546829.
Boeckmann, Robert J.; Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2002). "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime". Journal of Social Issues. 58 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00257.
Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996). ""So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators". Law and Human Behavior. 20 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1007/BF01499350. S2CID 144669214.
Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (6): 945–51. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945. PMID 10596515.
Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502. S2CID 1512121.
Petach, Luke; Rumbaugh, Dustin (2024). "Hate Crime and Human Capital". Review of Black Political Economy. doi:10.1177/00346446241230696.
Borell, Klas (2015). "When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 26 (4): 409–21. doi:10.1080/09596410.2015.1067063. S2CID 146687317.
Levin, Jack; Reichelmann, Ashley (2015). "From Thrill to Defensive Motivation: The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults". American Behavioral Scientist. 59 (12): 1546–1561. doi:10.1177/0002764215588812. S2CID 147697229. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.
Meyer, Doug (2010). "Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims". Sociology. 44 (5): 980–95. doi:10.1177/0038038510375737. S2CID 145147987.
Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), "Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime", Administrating Victimization, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, doi:10.1057/9781137409270_4, ISBN 978-1-349-48857-5, retrieved 2021-05-01
Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 9781405133456.
Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (3–4). doi:10.1177/0886260517746131. PMID 29295032. S2CID 41221014.

dx.doi.org

Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), "Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime", Administrating Victimization, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, doi:10.1057/9781137409270_4, ISBN 978-1-349-48857-5, retrieved 2021-05-01

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FBI Hate Crimes 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2014
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finlex.fi

Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

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Oster, Marcy (June 2, 2020). "Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation". The Forward. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

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"Home Office | Hate crime". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005.

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Shepard, Mathew; Byrd, James Jr. (2011–2014). "Hate Crimes Law". Human Rights Campaign.

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Mathias, Christopher (13 November 2017). "Hate Crimes Rose About 5 Percent In 2016, FBI Report Says". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

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