Hate crime (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Hate crime" in English language version.

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Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

adl.org

ADL. "Hate Crimes". ADL.org. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
State Hate Crime Laws Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Anti-Defamation League, June 2006. Retrieved 4 May 2007.

aei.org

Troy, Daniel E. (4 August 1999). "AEI – Short Publications". Aei.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2011.

ajc.com

Greg Bluestein; Maya T. Prabhu (June 28, 2020). "Georgia governor signs hate-crimes measure into law: 'Ahmaud Arbery's death will not be in vain'". Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

aljazeera.com

"Canada sees surge in hate crimes during pandemic, new data shows". Al Jazeera. August 5, 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

althingi.is

"Icelandic Penal Code (in Icelandic)". Althingi.is. Retrieved 14 November 2011.

americansperspective.com

"10 Of The Worst Hate Crimes and Violence in Domestic American History". americansperspective.com. 22 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

archive.org

Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 9781405133456.

archive.today

Sources:
- The Essayist (24 July 1998). "Hate Crime Premise". Archived from the original on 22 October 1999.

asu.edu

popcenter.asu.edu

"Hate Crimes". January 2012.

bbc.co.uk

"Hate crimes: Fresh guidance on online offences". BBC News. 21 August 2017.
Scott, Jennifer (23 September 2020). "Misogyny: Women 'should be protected' under hate crime laws". BBC News. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
Newman, Melanie; Watson, Richard (27 March 2021). "Hate crimes on police 'more likely to be charged'". BBC News. Retrieved 12 December 2021.

news.bbc.co.uk

"MSPs approve new hate crime laws". BBC News. 3 June 2009.

bbc.com

"Covid 'hate crimes' against Asian Americans on rise". BBC News. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-09-28.

boletimjuridico.com.br

"Racismo ou injúria racial? - Boletim Jurídico". Boletimjuridico.com.br. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

books.google.com

Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff; Hinton, Alexander Laban (2014). Colonial Genocide in Indigenous North America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822376149. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
Angelari, Marguerite (1997). "Hate Crime Statutes: A Promising Tool for Fighting Violence Against Women". In Karen J. Maschke (ed.). Pornography, Sex Work, and Hate Speech. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815325208.
Gerstenfeld, Phyllis B. (2013). Hate Crimes: Causes, Controls, and Controversies. Sage. ISBN 9781452256627.
McPhail, Beverly (2003). "Gender-Bias Hate Crimes: A Review". In Barbara Perry (ed.). Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415944076.
Quinn, Dan (10 June 1997). "the crime that's not necessarily a crime". Here Media. Retrieved 1 September 2015. ...in the real world, criminals don't calculate their moves based on the specific punishment they will suffer if caught...

census.gov

U.S. Census website. Retrieved 17 May 2014

civilrights.org

"Reports and Curricula". The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016.

coe.int

"Full list - Treaty Office - www.coe.int". Treaty Office.

dictionary.com

"Hate crime". Dictionary.com. Also called bias crime.

doi.org

Skoczylis, Joshua; Andrews, Sam (January 2022). "Strain theory, resilience, and far-right extremism: The impact of gender, life experiences, and the internet". Critical Studies on Terrorism. 15 (1: Critical Approaches to Extreme Right Wing Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism). Taylor & Francis: 143–168. doi:10.1080/17539153.2022.2031137. ISSN 1753-9161. S2CID 246832210.
Meyer, Doug (2014). "Resisting Hate Crime Discourse: Queer and Intersectional Challenges to Neoliberal Hate Crime Laws". Critical Criminology. 22 (1): 113–125. doi:10.1007/s10612-013-9228-x. S2CID 143546829.
Boeckmann, Robert J.; Turpin-Petrosino, Carolyn (2002). "Understanding the Harm of Hate Crime". Journal of Social Issues. 58 (2): 207–225. doi:10.1111/1540-4560.00257.
Craig, Kellina M.; Waldo, Craig R. (1996). ""So, what's a hate crime anyway?" Young adults' perceptions of hate crimes, victims, and perpetrators". Law and Human Behavior. 20 (2): 113–129. doi:10.1007/BF01499350. S2CID 144669214.
Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (6): 945–51. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945. PMID 10596515.
Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502. S2CID 1512121.
Petach, Luke; Rumbaugh, Dustin (2024). "Hate Crime and Human Capital". Review of Black Political Economy. doi:10.1177/00346446241230696.
Borell, Klas (2015). "When Is the Time to Hate? A Research Review on the Impact of Dramatic Events on Islamophobia and Islamophobic Hate Crimes in Europe". Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations. 26 (4): 409–21. doi:10.1080/09596410.2015.1067063. S2CID 146687317.
Levin, Jack; Reichelmann, Ashley (2015). "From Thrill to Defensive Motivation: The Role of Group Threat in the Changing Nature of Hate-Motivated Assaults". American Behavioral Scientist. 59 (12): 1546–1561. doi:10.1177/0002764215588812. S2CID 147697229. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.
Meyer, Doug (2010). "Evaluating the Severity of Hate-motivated Violence: Intersectional Differences among LGBT Hate Crime Victims". Sociology. 44 (5): 980–95. doi:10.1177/0038038510375737. S2CID 145147987.
Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), "Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime", Administrating Victimization, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, doi:10.1057/9781137409270_4, ISBN 978-1-349-48857-5, retrieved 2021-05-01
Sumner, L.W. (2005), "Hate crimes, literature, and speech", in Frey, R.G.; Heath Wellman, Christopher (eds.), A companion to applied ethics, Blackwell Companions to Philosophy, Oxford, UK Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 89–101, doi:10.1002/9780470996621.ch11, ISBN 9781405133456.
Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (3–4). doi:10.1177/0886260517746131. PMID 29295032. S2CID 41221014.

dx.doi.org

Duggan, Marian; Heap, Vicky (2014), "Prioritized Political Focus: ASB and Hate Crime", Administrating Victimization, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 59–90, doi:10.1057/9781137409270_4, ISBN 978-1-349-48857-5, retrieved 2021-05-01

duke.edu

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"Michael Lieberman '81". Duke Law News Releases. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

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"Segregation in America". Equal Justice Initiative. 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2020.

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Breña, Carmen Morán (14 August 2020). "Las feministas saludan la rectificación del fiscal Gertz sobre el tipo penal de feminicidio". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved August 16, 2020.
Mota, J. I. (13 August 2020). "El asesinato de un joven homosexual en Jalisco enciende de nuevo las alarmas sobre los delitos de odio en México". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved August 16, 2020.

enotes.com

"Wisconsin v. Mitchell". Enotes.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.

europa.eu.int

Sitaropoulos, N.: "Executive Summary on Race Equality Directive, State of Play in Greece Archived 13 May 2005 at the Wayback Machine, section 5, 2003-10-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.

fbi.gov

"Methodology". FBI.
"What We Investitgate-Hate Crimes". FBI.
"Hate Crimes". FBI. Retrieved 26 May 2015.
"2006 Hate Crime in the U.S". Fbi.gov. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
Statistics, 2006 Hate Crime Statistics, 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
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"2017 Hate Crime Statistics Released". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
"Latest Hate Crime Statistics Released - Annual Report Sheds Light on Serious Issue". FBI. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
"Hate Crime Statistics, 2010". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
FBI Hate Crimes 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2014
FBI Hate Crimes 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2014
FBI Hate Crimes 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014

ucr.fbi.gov

"Hate Crime Statistics, 2015" (PDF). ucr.fbi.gov. Fall 2016.
"Incidents and Offenses". FBI. Retrieved 2021-04-30.
"2016 Hate Crime Statistics". FBI. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

www2.fbi.gov

FBI Hate Crimes 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2014
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finlex.fi

Penal Code (39/1889) as of 1006/2004. §§ 6:5.1.4 (ethnic hatred as an aggravating factor), 11:8 (ethnic agitation) and 12:2 (warmongering). The points cited remain in force on the day of retrieval, checked from the Finnish version: Rikoslaki. The Government proposal HE 55/2007 Archived 11 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine will move the § 11:8 to §11:10 without changing the content, if the proposal is passed by the Parliament of Finland. Retrieved 23 November 2007.

forward.com

Oster, Marcy (June 2, 2020). "Georgia Passes Hate Crime Legislation". The Forward. Retrieved November 2, 2020.

france24.com

"France's Asian community fights back against racist attacks during pandemic". France 24. 2021-04-04. Retrieved 2021-09-28.

gallup.com

In US, 77% Identify as Christian. Retrieved 17 May 2014

garda.ie

"Hate Crime and Hate Related Incidents - 2022" (PDF). Garda Síochána. Retrieved 2023-08-02.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

Shapiro, Emily (30 December 2018). "1 year after Blaze Bernstein's killing, parents look to turn alleged hate crime into 'movement of hope'". ABC News. Retrieved 21 May 2020.

gov.ie

gov.on.ca

attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca

"Crown Policy Manual" (PDF). 21 March 2005. Retrieved 21 June 2009.

gov.scot

"Chapter 3: Current hate crime legislation in Scotland". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2024-06-02.

gov.se

sweden.gov.se

"Swedish Penal Code" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2013.

homeoffice.gov.uk

"Home Office | Hate crime". Archived from the original on 26 November 2005.

hrc.org

Shepard, Mathew; Byrd, James Jr. (2011–2014). "Hate Crimes Law". Human Rights Campaign.
"Trump's Timeline of Hate". HRC. Retrieved 2024-11-07.

huffingtonpost.com

Mathias, Christopher (13 November 2017). "Hate Crimes Rose About 5 Percent In 2016, FBI Report Says". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2017.

ihfhr.org

"Human Rights in the OSCE Region: Europe, Central Asia and North America, Report 2004 (Events of 2003) Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine, International Helsinki Federation," 23 June 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-02.

ihrec.ie

Taylor, Séamus (October 2011). Responding to Racist Incidents And Racist Crimes in Ireland (MS Word). Issues Papers. Roscrea: Equality Authority. §§5.2.14–5.2.21. ISBN 978-1-908275-29-5. Retrieved 7 November 2017.; "Clarification on the Prohibition against Incitement to Hatred Act 1989". Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration. Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.

in-ius.cz

"Zpráva o násilí z nenávisti v České republice za rok 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2012.

integration.ie

Taylor, Séamus (October 2011). Responding to Racist Incidents And Racist Crimes in Ireland (MS Word). Issues Papers. Roscrea: Equality Authority. §§5.2.14–5.2.21. ISBN 978-1-908275-29-5. Retrieved 7 November 2017.; "Clarification on the Prohibition against Incitement to Hatred Act 1989". Office for the Promotion of Migrant Integration. Dublin: Department of Justice and Equality. 17 July 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2017.

irishstatutebook.ie

Prohibition of Incitement to Hatred Act 1989 (No. 19 of 1989). Enacted on 29 November 1989. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book.

irishtimes.com

Pollak, Sorcha (2 December 2019). "UN official urges Ireland to introduce hate crime legislation". The Irish Times.
Keena, Colm (5 May 2023). "Why are Elon Musk and Donald Trump jnr so concerned by Ireland's new hate crime legislation?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-08-02.
Kelleher, Olivia (22 March 2023). "Hate crime reports to gardaí rose by 29% last year". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-08-02.

iuscomp.org

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Levin, Jack; McDevitt, Jack (2008). "Hate Crimes". Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (PDF) (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 915–922. ISBN 9780123739858.

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legifrance.gouv.fr

Loi n° 2003–88 du 3 février 2003 visant à aggraver les peines punissant les infractions à caractère raciste, antisémite ou xénophobe

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nbcnews.com

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ncjrs.gov

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Wilson, James (16 June 2023). "Hate Crime Bill should 'start the alarm bells ringing'". Newstalk. Retrieved 2023-08-02.

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nih.gov

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Herek, Gregory M.; Gillis, J. Roy; Cogan, Jeanine C. (1999). "Psychological Sequelae of Hate-Crime Victimization Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 67 (6): 945–51. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.945. PMID 10596515.
Cox, William T. L.; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Devine, Patricia G.; Hollon, Steven D. (2012). "Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Depression: The Integrated Perspective". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 7 (5): 427–49. doi:10.1177/1745691612455204. PMID 26168502. S2CID 1512121.
Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.
Mellgren, Caroline; Andersson, Mika; Ivert, Anna-Karin (2017). "For Whom Does Hate Crime Hurt More? A Comparison of Consequences of Victimization Across Motives and Crime Types". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 36 (3–4). doi:10.1177/0886260517746131. PMID 29295032. S2CID 41221014.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Lening; Benton, Francis (2021-01-07). "Hate Crimes against Asian Americans". American Journal of Criminal Justice. 47 (3): 441–461. doi:10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9. ISSN 1066-2316. PMC 7790522. PMID 33437139.

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Licthblau, Eric (14 November 2016). "U.S. Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
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Paz, Isabella Grullón; Astor, Maggie (2020-06-27). "Black Trans Women Seek More Space in the Movement They Helped Start". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-05-01.

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Alongi, Briana. The Negative Ramifications of Hate Crime Legislation: It's Time to Reevaluate Whether Hate Crime Laws Are Beneficial to Society. Pace L. Rev. 37 (2016): 326.

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