Havana (English Wikipedia)

The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

apnews.com

Rodriguez, Andrea (18 January 2020). "Cuba elige gobernadores ajustándose a nueva Constitución" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-26.

archive.org

Conner Gorry; David Stanley (2004). Cuba. Lonely Planet. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-74059-120-1.

archive.today

"The economy of Havana". Macalester.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2010-04-17.
Harvard Public Health Review/Summer 2002 Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today The Cuban Paradox
The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

arquitectura-cuba.blogspot.com

Juan de las Cuevas Toraya, published in 2001.arquitecturacuba.blogspot.com – visited 2/2010

artexpertswebsite.com

Art Experts: Victor Manuel Garcia (1897–1969); http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/manuel.php Archived 28 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 12 August 2015

ascecuba.org

Smith & Llorens 1998. Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (1998). "Renaissance and Decay: A Comparison of Socioeconomic Indicators in Pre-Castro and Current-Day Cuba". Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. pp. 247–259. ISBN 978-0-9649082-7-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Baklanoff 1998. Baklanoff, Eric N. (1998). "Cuba on the Eve of the Socialist Transition: A Reassessment of the Backwardness-Stagnation Thesis". Cuba in Transition, Volume 8. Silver Spring, MD: ASCE. pp. 260–272. ISBN 978-0-9649082-7-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2013.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Fawthrop, Tom (21 November 2003). "Cuba sells its medical expertise". BBC News.
Medical know-how boosts Cuba's wealth BBC online.
"Olympic bids: The rivals". BBC.co.uk. 15 July 2003. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

bbc.com

"In pictures: Havana celebrates 500 years of foundation". BBC News Online. 16 November 2019.
"Havana tornado: Cuba's capital hit by rare twister". BBC News. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
Rainsford, Sarah (17 May 2012). "Cuba's crumbling buildings mean Havana housing shortage". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-02-24.

beltranmasses.com

"Biografiá" (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 January 2017.

blogia.com

mayabeque.blogia.com

"San Cristóbal de La Habana en el Sur". Mayabeque.blogia.com. August 19, 2010. Retrieved 2013-01-08.

books.google.com

Cabrera, Lydia (2019-04-01). Anagó: vocabulario lucumí: El yoruba que se habla en Cuba (in Spanish). Linkgua. ISBN 978-84-9007-834-1.
Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M. ABC-CLIO. p. 413. ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1.
Dick Cluster; Rafael Hernández (2006). The History of Havana. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4039-7107-4.
Newcomb, Horace; Communications, Museum of Broadcast (2 March 2004). Encyclopedia of Television. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-394-1 – via Google Books.

britannica.com

"Havana | History, Climate, Population, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
Goodsell, James Nelson (11 April 2017). "Havana". Encyclopædia Britannica.
"Havana - People | Britannica".
"britannica.com". Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
"7 Iconic Buildings in Havana, Cuba | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
"Alicia Alonso | Cuban dancer | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010.

britishmuseum.org

"Frédéric Mialhe". British Museum website.

cactuslanguage.com

"Havana Miramar School". Cactuslanguage.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-08. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

caribbeannetnews.com

A Novel Tourism Concept Archived 28 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean News Net

carilat.de

"Havana's magnificent necropolis tells a story of wealth and freedom". Carilat.de. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

carlosbua.com

"Los proyectos inconclusos o fracasados de Fidel Castro". Retrieved 2020-01-18.

cernudaarte.com

Cernuda Art: Victor Manuel Garcia; http://www.cernudaarte.com/artists/victor-manuel-garcia/. Retrieved 12 September 2015

chinatoday.com.cn

In Havana there are now about 400 native Chinese, but their presence is being felt like a million ("En La Habana quedan hoy unos 400 chinos oriundos, pero su presencia se está haciendo sentir como si fueran un millón".)

cia.gov

Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
"Cuba". Central Intelligence Agency. 16 February 2022 – via CIA.gov.
"CIA World Factbook 2009". Archived from the original on 28 March 2015.

cibercuba.com

"Royal Palm, en el corazón de La Habana, de hotel famoso a edificio multifamiliar". 15 January 2020. Retrieved 2022-01-06.

cinematropical.com

"Iván Giroud Reappointed Director of the Havana Film Fest". Cinema Tropical. 18 May 2013. Retrieved 2021-01-19.

climate-charts.com

"Casa Blanca, Habana, Cuba: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

cnn.com

Guy, Jack (28 January 2019). "Huge tornado in Cuba kills 4 and injures 195". CNN.

cuba-junky.com

CubaJunky.com. "Centro Habana". Cuba-junky.com. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

cuba1952-1959.blogspot.com

Aranda, R. (17 February 2009). "Cuba Baseball & TV- 1955 World Series".

cubadebate.cu

"Proponen en Pleno del Partido dos nuevas provincias cubanas: Artemisa y Mayabeque (+ Infografía)". October 17, 2024.
"Alicia Alonso, Prima Ballerina Assoluta of the National Ballet of Cuba dies". CUBADEBATE. 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.

cubaheritage.org

Nigel Hunt. "Cuba Nationalization Laws". cuba heritage .org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2009.

cubaminrex.cu

embacuba.cubaminrex.cu

Embassy of Cuba in Beijing – History of Immigration in Cuba Archived February 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine "The first (immigrants) came from various regions of Spain, mostly peasants from the Canaries and Galicia, which like those from China, were subjected to conditions of living and working conditions similar to those of slaves."

cubanet.org

Havana's Chinatown Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Cuba's Chinese population before the Revolution
Havana Metro Archived 19 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hace unos años parecía que la capital cubana tendría metro, cuando en la década de 1980 los estudios de geología y finanzas realizados por especialistas cubanos y soviéticos iban muy adelantados.

cubasi.cu

bohemia.cubasi.cu

(in Spanish) La Escuela Nacional de Ballet Archived 23 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine – La Escuela desarrolla una experiencia única en el mundo, enmarcada en la Batalla de Ideas.

cubaweb.cu

lajiribilla.cubaweb.cu

"(ES) El Alma de la nación no se vende". Cubaweb.cu. Archived from the original on 22 August 2001. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

cult.cu

museonacional.cult.cu

"Historia del Museo Nacional". Museonacional.cult.cu (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
"Centro Asturiano". MuseoNacional.cult.cu. Archived from the original on 2008-02-12. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

duke.edu

people.duke.edu

"At the Crossroads of Modernity:Visualizing the Habana Libre Hotel". Archived from the original on 2013-12-27. Retrieved 2013-09-12.

dwd.de

"Klimatafel von Havanna (La Habana, Obs. Casa Blanca) / Kuba" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 29 July 2017.

eleccionesencuba.cu

(in Spanish) [1] Archived 22 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Preside Esteban Lazo toma de posesión de las autoridades de Gobierno en La Habana

elnuevoherald.com

(in Spanish) Russians in Cuba Archived 1 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine Los rusos que se quedaron en la isla -unos 3.000 actualmente- son en su mayoría mujeres como Marina o Natalia que se casaron con cubanos que habían ido a la URSS a estudiar, indicó la embajada rusa en La Habana.

embassypages.com

"Cuba – Embassies and Consulates". Embassypages.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018.

encaribe.org

"Edificio Bacardí". www.encaribe.org. Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 2018-09-01.

etymologynerd.com

Aleksic, Adam. "HABAGUANEX". The Etymology Nerd.

facebook.com

"El palacio de la marquesa de Villalba". Facebook. Retrieved 2021-12-01.

galenfrysinger.com

"Old Havana". www.galenfrysinger.com.

gbrathletics.com

"IAAF WORLD CUP IN ATHLETICS". gbrathletics.com. Retrieved 13 November 2011.

getarchive.net

garystockbridge617.getarchive.net

"Nederlands: Dit niet gesigneerde stadspanorama op Havana". garystockbridge617.getarchive.net. 1700.

globaldatalab.org

"Subnational Human Development Index". Global Data Lab. Retrieved 16 June 2020.

gob.cu

onei.gob.cu

"Demographic Yearbook of Cuba 2021/Anuario Demografico de Cuba 2021 (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.

granma.cu

"Elogian capital humano en restauración de La Habana". Digital Granma Internacional (in Spanish). 7 December 2006. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007.

habanafilmfestival.com

"Fundadores". Habana Film Festival. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Fundadores". Habana Film Festival. Retrieved 19 January 2021.

habanaradio.cu

"Antigua Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula". Retrieved 2019-01-03.

harvard.edu

hsph.harvard.edu

Harvard Public Health Review/Summer 2002 Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today The Cuban Paradox
The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

hashtaginfluence.com

"170 Aniversario Gran Teatro". Archived from the original on 2019-01-08. Retrieved 2019-01-07.

havanajournal.com

"Havana architect Lin Arroyo dead at 90". Havana Journal. Cuban Architecture. 7 October 2008. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2018.

havanatimes.org

"Old Havana Building Collapse Kills Four - Havana Times.org". www.havanatimes.org. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 2017-02-24.

hotelhabanalibre.com

Hotel Habana Libre, Architecture & Builders Retrieved 21 December 2018.

humboldt.edu

(in English) Spanish–American War Archived 17 November 2001 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898

imdb.com

Havana Film Festival at the Internet Movie Database.

isreview.org

"Castro's Cuba in Perspective". Isreview.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-15. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

ivostani.ch

"La Habana". Ivo Stani Fotografie. 2016. Retrieved 2022-02-10.

kcet.org

Patrick McGrew (7 August 2012). "A California Architect Visits Cuba". Retrieved 21 December 2018.

lahabana.com

"Centro de Arte Contemporáneo Wifredo Lam". Havana City Guide. 11 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 2019-12-12.

loc.gov

webarchive.loc.gov

(in English) Spanish–American War Archived 17 November 2001 at the Library of Congress Web Archives, Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898

lonelyplanet.com

"How Obama's US-Cuba deal could shape Havana's future". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.

macalester.edu

"The economy of Havana". Macalester.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

meliacuba.com

Tryp Habana Libre Retrieved 21 December 2018.

meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org

"Station La Havane" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 2 May 2017.

moroccotimes.com

"Sahrawi children inhumanely treated in Cuba, former Cuban official". MoroccoTimes.com. 31 March 2006. Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2006-07-09.

mundoviajero.net

transporte-publico-en-la-habana.mundoviajero.net

"Transporte publico en La Habana" (in Spanish). Mundo Viajero. Retrieved 9 December 2011.

nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

norfipc.com

"La Iglesia de San Francisco de Paula". Retrieved 2019-01-06.

nytimes.com

Larry Rohter (20 October 1997). "Cuba's Unwanted Refugees Squatters in Havana's Shantytowns". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-01-08.

travel.nytimes.com

1,500 Jews who live in Cuba; 1,100 reside in Havana, and the remaining 400 are spread among the provinces. In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life.

topics.nytimes.com

Burnett, Victoria. "Cuba - Overview". New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2011.

ohc.cu

habanacultural.ohc.cu

"Andar por la Plazuela de las Ursulinas". Retrieved 2021-12-01.

one.cu

"Población total por color de la piel según provincias y municipios" (PDF). 2012 Official Census. Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013.
"Workforce and Salary (Section 4.5)" (in Spanish and English). Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas – Republica de Cuba. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16.
"Anuario Estadistico de Ciudad de La Habana" (in Spanish). ONE – Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas (National Statistics Office). Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
"Section 15 (Turismo), article 15.7 (Visitantes por mes)" (in Spanish). ONE- Oficina de Estadisticas de Cuba. Archived from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
"Statistical Yearbook of Cuba 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2011. Population by Province and Municipality
"Oficial Statistics for Havana" (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas de Cuba (ONE). Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
"Official Census, people living with HIV/AIDS in Havana" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-04-21. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
"Statistical Yearbook of Cuba 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 August 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011. National Statistics Census of Cuba – Transportation p. 6

opushabana.cu

Cappa, Alicia Melis (30 November 1999). "El escudo de la villa de La Habana". www.opushabana.cu.

paho.org

The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

paris1972-versailles2003.com

"Habana Hilton or Libre, and Yara or RadioCentro". Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2018-12-07.

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"De una casa colonial a una mansión del Vedado" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 13 October 2004. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
"Paseos por La Habana (Spanish)". Archived from the original on 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2018-09-17.
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spc.int

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stairsainty.com

"Federico Beltran Masses". Retrieved 10 January 2017. ...the only child of Luis Beltran Fernandez Estepona, a former Spanish army officer stationed in Cuba, and Dona Mercedes Masses Olives, the daughter of a doctor from Lleida, Catalonia, who himself had married the daughter of a wealthy Spanish Cuban-landowner.

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"Havana". The Free Dictionary. capital of Spanish Cuba in 1552

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utexas.edu

lanic.utexas.edu

The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
• R Garfield and S Santana. Columbia University, School of Nursing, New York; "The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in Cuba" "this embargo has raised the cost of medical supplies and food Rationing, universal access to primary health services"
• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
• Pan American Health organization; Health Situation Analysis and Trends Summary Regional Core Health Data System – Country Profile: CUBA Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The two determining factors underlying the crisis are well known. One is the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the socialist bloc, and the other is the economic embargo the Government of the United States."
• Harvard Public Health; Review/Summer 2002 : The Cuban Paradox Archived 30 May 2012 at archive.today "Because its access to traditional sources of financing is seriously hindered by the sanctions, which until recently included all food and medicine, Cuba has received little foreign and humanitarian aid to maintain the vitality of its national programs"
• The Lancet medical journal; Role of USA in shortage of food and medicine. "The resultant lack of food and medicines to Cuba contributed to the worst epidemic of neurological disease this century."

washingtonpost.com

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weatherbase.com

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web.archive.org

"How Obama's US-Cuba deal could shape Havana's future". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
"Demographic Yearbook of Cuba 2021/Anuario Demografico de Cuba 2021 (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.
"Población total por color de la piel según provincias y municipios" (PDF). 2012 Official Census. Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013.
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(in Spanish) [1] Archived 22 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Preside Esteban Lazo toma de posesión de las autoridades de Gobierno en La Habana
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(in Spanish) Radio Havana-Cuba- Existen también piezas escultóricas en las cuatro cúpulas del techo realizadas por Giuseppe Moretti.
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Commitment to health: resources, access and services Archived 18 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Human Development report
The effects of the U.S. embargo on medicines in Cuba have been studied in numerous reports.
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• American Association for World Health; Online. American Association for World Health Report. March 1997. Accessed 6 October 2006. Supplementary source : American Public Health Association website Archived 13 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine "After a year-long investigation, the American Association for World Health has determined that the U.S. embargo of Cuba has dramatically harmed the health and nutrition of large numbers of ordinary Cuban citizens."
• Felipe Eduardo Sixto; An evaluation of Four decades of Cuban Healthcare Archived 19 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
"The lack of supplies accompanied by a deterioration of basic infrastructure (potable water and sanitation) resulted in a setback of many of the previous accomplishments. The strengthening of the U.S. embargo contributed to these problems."
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AP (27 December 2013). "Lack of Customers Dooms Many Cuban Businesses". Weekly Times. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2013.

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commons.wikimedia.org

(in Spanish) Fundación de La Habana a orillas del Río Onicajinal o Mayabeque

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"World Weather Information Service – Havana". Cuban Institute of Meteorology. June 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

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"Death Toll Rises to Six From Rare Havana Tornado". Weather Underground. 4 February 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2019.