Heat (English Wikipedia)

Buchholz, Andrea C; Schoeller, Dale A. (2004). "Is a Calorie a Calorie?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 (5): 899S–906S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.899S. PMID 15113737. Retrieved 12 March 2007.

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Hooke, Robert (1705) [1681]. The posthumous works of Robert Hooke ... containing his Cutlerian lectures, and other discourses, read at the meetings of the illustrious Royal Society ... Illustrated with sculptures. To these discourses is prefixt the author's life, giving an account of his studies and employments, with an enumeration of the many experiments, instruments, contrivances and inventions, by him made and produc'd as Curator of Experiments to the Royal Society. Publish'd by Richard Waller. Printed by Sam. Smith and Benj. Walford, (Printers to the Royal Society). p. 116.
Boyle, Robert (1675). Experiments, notes, &c., about the mechanical origine or production of divers particular qualities: Among which is inserted a discourse of the imperfection of the chymist's doctrine of qualities; together with some reflections upon the hypothesis of alcali and acidum. Printed by E. Flesher, for R. Davis. pp. 61–62.
Joule, J.P. (1845)."On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140: 61–82. 1850. doi:10.1098/rstl.1850.0004.
Die Wärmemenge, welche dem Gase mitgetheilt werden muss, während es aus irgend einem früheren Zustande auf einem bestimmten Wege in den Zustand übergeführt wird, in welchem sein Volumen = v und seine Temperatur = t ist, möge Q heissen (R. Clausius, Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, communication to the Academy of Berlin, February 1850, published in Pogendorff's Annalen vol. 79, March/April 1850, first translated in Philosophical Magazine vol. 2, July 1851, as "First Memoir" in: The Mechanical Theory of Heat, with its Applications to the Steam-Engine and to the Physical Properties of Bodies, trans. John Tyndall, London, 1867, p. 25).
Bryan, G.H. (1907). "Thermodynamics, an introductory treatise dealing mainly with first principles and their direct applications". Leipzig, Teubner. Retrieved 23 June 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

books.google.com

Macquorn Rankine in the same year used the same symbol. The two physicists were in correspondence at the time, so that it is difficult to say which of the two first introduced the symbol. (Kenneth L. Caneva, Helmholtz and the Conservation of Energy: Contexts of Creation and Reception (2021), p. 562.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. p. 80.
Ramsay, W. (1918). The life and letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. pp. 38–39.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. pp. 76–77.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. p. 81.
Ramsay, William (1918). The Life and letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. p. 44.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. pp. 111–112.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robison, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. p. 112.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. p. 120.
Ramsay, W. (1918). The life and letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. p. 44.
Black, Joseph (1807). Robinson, John (ed.). Lectures on the Elements of Chemistry: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh. Mathew Carey. pp. 115–117.
Ramsay, W. (1918). The life and letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. p. 45.
Ramsay, W. (1918). The life and letters of Joseph Black, M.D. Constable. pp. 45–46.
Die Wärmemenge, welche dem Gase mitgetheilt werden muss, während es aus irgend einem früheren Zustande auf einem bestimmten Wege in den Zustand übergeführt wird, in welchem sein Volumen = v und seine Temperatur = t ist, möge Q heissen (R. Clausius, Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, communication to the Academy of Berlin, February 1850, published in Pogendorff's Annalen vol. 79, March/April 1850, first translated in Philosophical Magazine vol. 2, July 1851, as "First Memoir" in: The Mechanical Theory of Heat, with its Applications to the Steam-Engine and to the Physical Properties of Bodies, trans. John Tyndall, London, 1867, p. 25).

doi.org

Taylor, B. (31 December 1723). "III. An account of the experiment, made to ascertain the proportion of the expansion of the liquor in the thermometer, with regard to the degrees of heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 32 (376): 291–291. doi:10.1098/rstl.1722.0053. ISSN 0261-0523.
West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.
West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.
Buchholz, Andrea C; Schoeller, Dale A. (2004). "Is a Calorie a Calorie?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 (5): 899S–906S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.899S. PMID 15113737. Retrieved 12 March 2007.
Joule, J.P. (1845)."On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140: 61–82. 1850. doi:10.1098/rstl.1850.0004.

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keszei.chem.elte.hu

Callen, H.B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. http://cvika.grimoar.cz/callen/ Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine or http://keszei.chem.elte.hu/1alapFizkem/H.B.Callen-Thermodynamics.pdf Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8: Energy may be transferred via ... work. "But it is equally possible to transfer energy via the hidden atomic modes of motion as well as via those that happen to be macroscopically observable. An energy transfer via the hidden atomic modes is called heat."

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cvika.grimoar.cz

Callen, H.B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. http://cvika.grimoar.cz/callen/ Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine or http://keszei.chem.elte.hu/1alapFizkem/H.B.Callen-Thermodynamics.pdf Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8: Energy may be transferred via ... work. "But it is equally possible to transfer energy via the hidden atomic modes of motion as well as via those that happen to be macroscopically observable. An energy transfer via the hidden atomic modes is called heat."

gutenberg.org

Bacon, F. (1902) [1620]. Dewey, J. (ed.). Novum Organum: Or True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature. P. F. Collier & son. p. 153.
Bacon, F. (1902) [1620]. Dewey, J. (ed.). Novum Organum: Or True Suggestions for the Interpretation of Nature. P. F. Collier & son. p. 156.
Hooke, Robert (1665). Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. Printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society. p. 12. (Machine-readable, no pagination){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Lavoisier, Antoine (1790) [1789]. Elements of chemistry: In a new systematic order, containing all the modern discoveries: Illustrated with thirteen copperplates. Translated by Kerr, Robert. William Creech. p. 345.

historycarper.com

"The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757–1775". Historycarper.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.

mercaba.es

Galilei, Galileo (1957) [1623]. "The Assayer". In Drake, Stillman (ed.). Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo (PDF). Doubleday. pp. 273–4.

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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Buchholz, Andrea C; Schoeller, Dale A. (2004). "Is a Calorie a Calorie?". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 (5): 899S–906S. doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.899S. PMID 15113737. Retrieved 12 March 2007.

physiology.org

West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.
West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.

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Locke, J. (1720). From page 224 of A Collection of several Pieces of Mr. John Locke, Never before printed, or not extant in his Works, edited by an author not named in the copy that I found, (https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=QqxsP-VKrpkC&pg=GBS.PA215&hl=en_GB), published in London, printed by J. Bettenham for R. Francklin, in 1720, price 5 shillings, in the section 'Elements of Natural Philosophy', Chapter XI, 'Of the five senses'.

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Hooke, Robert (1665). Micrographia: Or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon. Printed by Jo. Martyn, and Ja. Allestry, Printers to the Royal Society. p. 12. (Facsimile, with pagination){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

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Taylor, B. (31 December 1723). "III. An account of the experiment, made to ascertain the proportion of the expansion of the liquor in the thermometer, with regard to the degrees of heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 32 (376): 291–291. doi:10.1098/rstl.1722.0053. ISSN 0261-0523.

stanford.edu

plato.stanford.edu

Adriaans, Pieter (2024), Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), "Information", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2024 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University

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Callen, H.B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatics (2 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. http://cvika.grimoar.cz/callen/ Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine or http://keszei.chem.elte.hu/1alapFizkem/H.B.Callen-Thermodynamics.pdf Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 8: Energy may be transferred via ... work. "But it is equally possible to transfer energy via the hidden atomic modes of motion as well as via those that happen to be macroscopically observable. An energy transfer via the hidden atomic modes is called heat."
"The Writings of Benjamin Franklin: London, 1757–1775". Historycarper.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
Die Wärmemenge, welche dem Gase mitgetheilt werden muss, während es aus irgend einem früheren Zustande auf einem bestimmten Wege in den Zustand übergeführt wird, in welchem sein Volumen = v und seine Temperatur = t ist, möge Q heissen (R. Clausius, Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme und die Gesetze, welche sich daraus für die Wärmelehre selbst ableiten lassen Archived 17 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, communication to the Academy of Berlin, February 1850, published in Pogendorff's Annalen vol. 79, March/April 1850, first translated in Philosophical Magazine vol. 2, July 1851, as "First Memoir" in: The Mechanical Theory of Heat, with its Applications to the Steam-Engine and to the Physical Properties of Bodies, trans. John Tyndall, London, 1867, p. 25).

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Taylor, B. (31 December 1723). "III. An account of the experiment, made to ascertain the proportion of the expansion of the liquor in the thermometer, with regard to the degrees of heat". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 32 (376): 291–291. doi:10.1098/rstl.1722.0053. ISSN 0261-0523.
West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.
West, J.B. (15 June 2014). "Joseph Black, carbon dioxide, latent heat, and the beginnings of the discovery of the respiratory gases". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 306 (12): L1057–L1063. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00020.2014. ISSN 1040-0605.