Hindko (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Hindko" in English language version.

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archive.today

"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family". Daily Times. 29 December 2003. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

books.google.com

Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-13. The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-05. The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2022-07-28. Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.

d-nb.info

Nawaz & Afsar 2016; Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a. Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1): 65–73. ISSN 1028-6640. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 27. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 26. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners (2019, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, Shackle (1980, p. 487) for Kohati. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 44–45. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 44. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 47–48. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.

dailytimes.com.pk

"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family". Daily Times. 29 December 2003. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2019.

doi.org

The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11) Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1979, p. 198. Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'". Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1979, pp. 200–1. Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Shackle 1980, p. 486. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4 Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1980, p. 497. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 509. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 485. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 484. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Nawaz & Afsar 2016; Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a. Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1): 65–73. ISSN 1028-6640. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 498. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 487. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 499. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 27. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 26. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners (2019, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, Shackle (1980, p. 487) for Kohati. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 44–45. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Shackle 1980, p. 500. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 44. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
For the characterisation of Punjabi tone as pitch accent, see Bhardwaj (2016, pp. 67–70). Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315760803. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
Bhardwaj 2016, pp. 71–72. Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315760803. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 47–48. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.

dokumen.tips

"Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral". Archived from the original on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2022-07-21.

ethnologue.com

Hindko, Northern at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
Hindko, Southern at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)

hec.gov.pk

prr.hec.gov.pk

There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of /æ͂ː/: it is absent according to Nawaz (2014) (for Tanawal) and Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 1–4. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 25. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, p. 149. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal: /rɑ:ɦ/ 'plough' (Nawaz 2014, p. 149). Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 150–153. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
See for example Nawaz (2014, p. 130). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 28–29, but see also Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a, p. 199) for the nasalised flap. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–129. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences: /kə̃ŋɡ/ 'annoyance', and with other nasals: /tʃənn/ 'moon'. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 28. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 180–84; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a, pp. 198–200; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013, pp. 73–78. Nawaz (2014, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not /ə/ but /ɐ/. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2): 59–79. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1628966213. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, p. 199. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 207–10; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 76–79; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Bahri (1963, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Nawaz (2014, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir; Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in Bahri (1963). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 94. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–95; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–93; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32 Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.

ilmkidunya.com

"The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs". 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-16.

internationalaffairs.org.au

Wyeth 2018. Wyeth, Grant (2018). "A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-16.

livemint.com

Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko". Mint. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2019. The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn't use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the "language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko". Mint. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2019. In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as the Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.

pbs.gov.pk

"TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2022.

proquest.com

See Pierce (2011) for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi. Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011). Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers (Thesis). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
Kiani et al. 2012. Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2): 135–150. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1370361471.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013, pp. 73–78. Nawaz (2014, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not /ə/ but /ɐ/. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2): 59–79. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1628966213. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11) Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'". Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 486. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4 Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1980, p. 497. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 509. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 485. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 484. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Nawaz & Afsar 2016; Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a. Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1): 65–73. ISSN 1028-6640. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 498. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 487. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 499. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 27. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 26. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners (2019, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, Shackle (1980, p. 487) for Kohati. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 44–45. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Shackle 1980, p. 500. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 44. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
Bashir & Conners 2019, pp. 47–48. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889.
This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.

sil.org

For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11) Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4 Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, p. 4. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 57, 85. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 55–56. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, p. 56. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 58–62. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 7–8, 57. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Lothers & Lothers 2010. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari. Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
Rensch 1992, p. 80. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5; Shackle 1983. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.

soas.ac.uk

eprints.soas.ac.uk

This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.

thenews.com.pk

Hindko, Matlaan (2015). Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs. Gandhara Hindko Board. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-16.

tribune.com.pk

"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates". The Express Tribune. 2014-04-12. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.

uni-lj.si

revije.ff.uni-lj.si

Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal: /rɑ:ɦ/ 'plough' (Nawaz 2014, p. 149). Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.

web.archive.org

There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of /æ͂ː/: it is absent according to Nawaz (2014) (for Tanawal) and Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
"TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11) Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko". Mint. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2019. The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn't use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the "language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4 Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, p. 4. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14). Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa. Routledge. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-429-78579-5. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-13. The outer languages descend from various sources: The Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972). History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218. Archived from the original on 2023-08-31. Retrieved 2022-08-05. The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
Rensch 1992, pp. 57, 85. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 55–56. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, p. 56. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 1–4. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Rensch 1992, pp. 58–62. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 7–8, 57. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Lothers & Lothers 2010. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari. Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012. Archived from the original on 2019-10-18. Retrieved 2019-10-18.
See Pierce (2011) for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi. Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011). Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers (Thesis). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-20.
Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019). "The strange and little-known case of Hindko". Mint. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2019. In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as the Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.
Wyeth 2018. Wyeth, Grant (2018). "A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan". Australian Institute of International Affairs. Archived from the original on 2019-10-11. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates". The Express Tribune. 2014-04-12. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05.
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992). Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2022-07-28. Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.
Rensch 1992, p. 80. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Rensch 1992, pp. 4–5; Shackle 1983. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Shackle, Christopher (1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.). Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Nawaz 2014; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 25. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, p. 149. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal: /rɑ:ɦ/ 'plough' (Nawaz 2014, p. 149). Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014). "A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives". Acta Linguistica Asiatica. 4 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 150–153. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
See for example Nawaz (2014, p. 130). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 28–29, but see also Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a, p. 199) for the nasalised flap. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–129. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences: /kə̃ŋɡ/ 'annoyance', and with other nasals: /tʃənn/ 'moon'. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 28. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 180–84; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a, pp. 198–200; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013, pp. 73–78. Nawaz (2014, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not /ə/ but /ɐ/. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2): 59–79. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1628966213. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, p. 199. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 207–10; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 76–79; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Bahri (1963, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Nawaz (2014, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir; Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in Bahri (1963). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 94. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–95; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 92–93; Nawaz 2014, pp. 227–32 Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.
"Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral". Archived from the original on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
"الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او". YouTube. 26 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
Hindko, Matlaan (2015). Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs. Gandhara Hindko Board. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
"The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs". 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-16.

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The local pronunciation is [pɪʃʌori]) (Shackle 1980, p. 497). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of /æ͂ː/: it is absent according to Nawaz (2014) (for Tanawal) and Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Rensch (1992, p. 53); Masica (1991, pp. 18–19); Shackle (1980, p. 482): the term Hindko is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see Rensch (1992, pp. 10–11) Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1979, p. 198. Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Shackle 1980, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of NWFP 'Hindko'". Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1979, pp. 200–1. Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
Shackle 1980, p. 486. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 482; Rensch 1992, pp. 3–4 Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Nawaz 2014, p. 5; Shackle 1980, p. 482. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 484–86. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 497–98. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see Shackle (1980, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see Rensch (1992, pp. 76–77). Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.). Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5. Archived from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-11-05.
Shackle 1980, p. 497. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 509. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, p. 485. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Akhtar & Rehman 2007, pp. 68–69. Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640.
Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016. Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (2): 103–120. ISSN 1028-6640.
Shackle 1980, p. 484. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Akhtar & Rehman 2007, p. 69. Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 10 (1): 65–84. ISSN 1028-6640.
Nawaz & Afsar 2016; Bashir & Conners 2019, p. 22; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a. Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (1): 65–73. ISSN 1028-6640. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 498. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Kiani et al. 2012. Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2): 135–150. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1370361471.
Shackle 1980, p. 487. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Shackle 1980, pp. 487, 499. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 28–29, but see also Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a, p. 199) for the nasalised flap. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640.
Bashir & Conners (2019, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko, Shackle (1980, p. 487) for Kohati. Bashir, Elena; Conners, Thomas J. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781614512257. ISBN 978-1-61451-296-7. S2CID 203090889. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 180–84; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a, pp. 198–200; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, p. 29. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 18 (3): 191–202. ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013, pp. 73–78. Nawaz (2014, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not /ə/ but /ɐ/. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 16 (2): 59–79. ISSN 1028-6640. ProQuest 1628966213. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29.
Nawaz 2014, pp. 207–10; Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b, pp. 76–79; Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012; Bahri (1963, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length. Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Nawaz (2014, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir; Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in Bahri (1963). Nawaz, Muhammad (2014). A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara (PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 15 (2). ISSN 1028-6640. Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b). Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko (PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad. Archived from the original on 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2020-02-29. Bahri, Hardev (1963). Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
Shackle 1980, p. 500. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200.
Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016, p. 109. Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)". Kashmir Journal of Language Research. 19 (2): 103–120. ISSN 1028-6640.
This is the interpretation in Shackle (1980, pp. 498–99). Awan (1974) presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly. Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X. S2CID 129436200. Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974). The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko (PhD). SOAS, University of London. Archived from the original on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2020-12-31. A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.

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"الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او". YouTube. 26 January 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-04-24. Retrieved 2019-06-16.