Hindu temple architecture (English Wikipedia)

Rao, Rekha (2021). "A Journey of Rocks: From the Hills to Temples of Karnataka" (PDF). Journal of Ancient Sciences and International Research Foundation. 2 (2): 22–30.

asrjetsjournal.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sen, Võ Văn; Thắng, Đặng Văn (6 October 2017). "Recognition of Oc Eo Culture Relic in Thoai Son District an Giang Province, Vienam". American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences. 36 (1): 271–293. ISSN 2313-4402.

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"The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]". Online Gallery of British Library. Retrieved 23 October 2012.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

George Michell 1988, pp. 60–61. George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
BB Dutt (1925), Town planning in Ancient India at Google Books, ISBN 978-81-8205-487-5
Approaches to Iconology. Brill Archive. 1985. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-04-07772-0.
Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD. Left Coast Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.
Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016). The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-317-19374-6.
Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD. Left Coast Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.
Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD. Left Coast Press. p. 264, note 14; 265, note 10. ISBN 978-1-61132-344-3.
Harle, James C. (January 1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
George Michell 1995, pp. 9–10, Quote: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil zones succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur, forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, Malik Kafur established himself in 1323 at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the Delhi empire.". George Michell (1995), Architecture and Art of Southern India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-44110-0
Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
Richard Salomon (1998). Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 155–157. ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3.
Richard Salomon (1990). "Indian Tirthas in Southeast Asia". In Hans Bakker (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia. BRILL Academic. pp. 160–176. ISBN 978-90-04-09318-8., Quote: "In the Indianized regions of ancient southeast Asia, comprising the modern nations of Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Indonesia (...)"
George Michell 1988, pp. 159–161. George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
Stella Kramrisch 1976, p. 8. Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press), ISBN 978-81-208-0223-0
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, pp. 66-69 with Figure 5.8. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, pp. 66–72. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture. Abhinav Publications. pp. 1–19. ISBN 978-81-7017-065-5.
Tarapada Bhattacharyya (1986). The Canons of Indian Art: Or, a Study on Vāstuvidyā. Firma KLM. pp. i–v, 87–99, 201–204, 291–292. ISBN 978-0-8364-1618-3.
Tarapada Bhattacharyya (1986). The Canons of Indian Art: Or, a Study on Vāstuvidyā. Firma KLM. pp. 155–163. ISBN 978-0-8364-1618-3.
George Michell 1988, p. 88. George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
George Michell 1988, p. 88-89. George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
Fergusson, James (1864). The Rock-cut Temples of India: Illustrated by Seventy-four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill. J. Murray.
Hardy, Adam (2007). The Temple Architecture of India. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-02827-8.
George Michell 1988, pp. 89, 155–158. George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1
Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture. Abhinav Publications. pp. 7–13. ISBN 978-81-7017-065-5.
Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture. Abhinav Publications. pp. 14–19. ISBN 978-81-7017-065-5.
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 68-70, 74-75. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 68-70. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 66-70. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture. Abhinav Publications. pp. 7–19. ISBN 978-81-7017-065-5.
Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010). Frommer's India. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. ISBN 978-0-470-64580-2. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
Himanshu Prabha Ray (2010). Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 17–18, 27. ISBN 978-0-19-806096-3.
Heather Elgood 2000, p. 151. Heather Elgood (2000). Hinduism and the Religious Arts. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-304-70739-3.
Jeffery D. Long (2011). Historical Dictionary of Hinduism. Scarecrow. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8108-7960-7., Quote: "AIHOLE. Pronounced "Eye-ho-lé", village in northern Karnataka that, from the fourth to the sixth centuries CE, was a major city (...)"
Soekmono (1995), p. 1 Soekmono, R. (1995). Jan Fontein (ed.). The Javanese Candi: Function and Meaning, Volume 17 from Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol 17. Leiden: E.J. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10215-6.
Sedyawati (2013), p. 4 Sedyawati, Edi; Santiko, Hariani; Djafar, Hasan; Maulana, Ratnaesih; Ramelan, Wiwin Djuwita Sudjana; Ashari, Chaidir (2013). Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa (in Indonesian and English). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. ISBN 978-602-17669-3-4.
Adam Hardy 1995, p. 387. Adam Hardy (1995), Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 283. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Adam Hardy 1995, p. 388. Adam Hardy (1995), Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 73-80. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
George Michell 2000, pp. 39–44. George Michell (2000), Hindu Art and Architecture, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-20337-8
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 284. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005, p. 147. Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005), Śilpa Prakāśa, Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-81-208-2052-4
Stella Kramrisch 1976, p. 145 with footnote 44. Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press), ISBN 978-81-208-0223-0
Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005, p. 151. Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005), Śilpa Prakāśa, Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-81-208-2052-4
Adam Hardy 1995, p. 389. Adam Hardy (1995), Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0
Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005, p. 154. Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005), Śilpa Prakāśa, Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-81-208-2052-4
Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā; Bettina Bäumer (1996). The essence of form in sacred art. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 79–99. ISBN 978-81-208-0090-8.
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 285. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
O. M. Starza (1993). The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult. BRILL Academic. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-90-04-09673-8.
Adam Hardy 1995, p. 82, 390. Adam Hardy (1995), Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, pp. 112, 126–130, 149–152, 280. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4
Adam Hardy 1995, p. 390. Adam Hardy (1995), Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0
Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005, p. 158. Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005), Śilpa Prakāśa, Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass), ISBN 978-81-208-2052-4
Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014, p. 148-149. Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4

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"Prambanan - Taman Wisata Candi". borobudurpark.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.

carthage.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

personal.carthage.edu

"Khajuraho Architecture". Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

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orca.cf.ac.uk

Hardy, Adam (2009). "Drāvida Temples in the Samarānganasūtradhāra" (PDF). South Asian Studies. 25 (1): 41–62. doi:10.1080/02666030.2009.9628698. S2CID 15290721.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Meister, Michael (1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples". Artibus Asiae. 44 (4): 266–296. doi:10.2307/3249613. JSTOR 3249613.
Ghosh, A. (1967). Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review. ASI. p. 17. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3416858.
Archaeological Survey Of India (1965). Indian Archaeology -- A Review 1964-65. pp. 19–20, BSN-3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1442629.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004). "The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage". World Archaeology. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1080/0043824042000282786. ISSN 0043-8243. JSTOR 4128336. S2CID 161072766.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–256. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–280. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (March 2006). "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 65 (1): 26–49. doi:10.2307/25068237. JSTOR 25068237.
Meister, Michael W. (April–June 1979). "Maṇḍala and Practice in Nāgara Architecture in North India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (2): 204–219. doi:10.2307/602657. JSTOR 602657.
Hardy, Adam (2009). "Drāvida Temples in the Samarānganasūtradhāra" (PDF). South Asian Studies. 25 (1): 41–62. doi:10.1080/02666030.2009.9628698. S2CID 15290721.
Shokoohy, Mehradad (November 1996). "Nepal: a guide to the art and architecture of the Kathmandu Valley. By Michael Hutt, with contributions by David N. Gellner, Axel Michaels, Greta Rana and Govinda Tandan. pp. 240, 16 col. pl., 263 bl. & wh. photos, 11 figs, 22 maps and plans. Gartmore, Stirling, Paul Strachan. Kiscadale, 1994. £25.00". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (3): 454–455. doi:10.1017/s1356186300008129. ISSN 1356-1863.

dx.doi.org

Shokoohy, Mehradad (November 1996). "Nepal: a guide to the art and architecture of the Kathmandu Valley. By Michael Hutt, with contributions by David N. Gellner, Axel Michaels, Greta Rana and Govinda Tandan. pp. 240, 16 col. pl., 263 bl. & wh. photos, 11 figs, 22 maps and plans. Gartmore, Stirling, Paul Strachan. Kiscadale, 1994. £25.00". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (3): 454–455. doi:10.1017/s1356186300008129. ISSN 1356-1863.

himalbooks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Becker-Ritterspach, Raimund Otto Artur (2016). Ratna style Temples with an Ambulatory: Selected temple concepts in Bengal and the Kathmandu Valley (First ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal: Himal Books. ISBN 978-9937-597-29-6. Retrieved 8 June 2023.

indiatimes.com (Global: 17^th place; English: 15^th place)

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

N. Ramya (1 August 2010). "New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Meister, Michael (1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples". Artibus Asiae. 44 (4): 266–296. doi:10.2307/3249613. JSTOR 3249613.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004). "The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage". World Archaeology. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1080/0043824042000282786. ISSN 0043-8243. JSTOR 4128336. S2CID 161072766.
Khare, M. D. (1975). "THE HELIODORUS PILLAR—A FRESH APPRAISAL, BY JOHN IRWIN ( AARP—ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH PAPERS—DECEMBER 1974 ) A REJOINDER". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 36: 92–93. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44138838.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–256. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". Artibus Asiae. 49 (3–4): 254–280. doi:10.2307/3250039. JSTOR 3250039.
Meister, Michael W. (March 2006). "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 65 (1): 26–49. doi:10.2307/25068237. JSTOR 25068237.
Meister, Michael W. (April–June 1979). "Maṇḍala and Practice in Nāgara Architecture in North India". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 99 (2): 204–219. doi:10.2307/602657. JSTOR 602657.

ourkarnataka.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Arthikaje. "History of Karnataka – Chalukyas of Kalyani". 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2006.

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Kadambi, Dr Hemanth. "Early Calukya Architecture and Archaeology". Sahapedia. Retrieved 11 October 2025.

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api.semanticscholar.org

Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004). "The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage". World Archaeology. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1080/0043824042000282786. ISSN 0043-8243. JSTOR 4128336. S2CID 161072766.
Hardy, Adam (2009). "Drāvida Temples in the Samarānganasūtradhāra" (PDF). South Asian Studies. 25 (1): 41–62. doi:10.1080/02666030.2009.9628698. S2CID 15290721.

templenet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kannikeswaran. "Temples of Karnataka, Kalyani Chalukyan temples". webmaster@templenet.com,1996–2006. Retrieved 16 December 2006.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

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Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Angkor". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram". UNESCO.org. Retrieved 23 October 2012.
"Evolution of Temple Architecture – Aihole–Badami–Pattadakal". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 7 October 2025.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

N. Ramya (1 August 2010). "New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012.
Arthikaje. "History of Karnataka – Chalukyas of Kalyani". 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from the original on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2006.
"Khajuraho Architecture". Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

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Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004). "The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage". World Archaeology. 36 (3): 348. doi:10.1080/0043824042000282786. ISSN 0043-8243. JSTOR 4128336. S2CID 161072766.
Khare, M. D. (1975). "THE HELIODORUS PILLAR—A FRESH APPRAISAL, BY JOHN IRWIN ( AARP—ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH PAPERS—DECEMBER 1974 ) A REJOINDER". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 36: 92–93. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44138838.
Sen, Võ Văn; Thắng, Đặng Văn (6 October 2017). "Recognition of Oc Eo Culture Relic in Thoai Son District an Giang Province, Vienam". American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences. 36 (1): 271–293. ISSN 2313-4402.
Shokoohy, Mehradad (November 1996). "Nepal: a guide to the art and architecture of the Kathmandu Valley. By Michael Hutt, with contributions by David N. Gellner, Axel Michaels, Greta Rana and Govinda Tandan. pp. 240, 16 col. pl., 263 bl. & wh. photos, 11 figs, 22 maps and plans. Gartmore, Stirling, Paul Strachan. Kiscadale, 1994. £25.00". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (3): 454–455. doi:10.1017/s1356186300008129. ISSN 1356-1863.

zenodo.org (Global: 621^st place; English: 380^th place)

Ghosh, A. (1967). Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review. ASI. p. 17. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3416858.
Archaeological Survey Of India (1965). Indian Archaeology -- A Review 1964-65. pp. 19–20, BSN-3. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1442629.

Hindu temple architecture (English Wikipedia)

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