Historical rankings of presidents of the United States (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Historical rankings of presidents of the United States" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

52web.archive.org

1^st place

10siena.edu

low place

7,652^nd place

9c-span.org

2,734^th place

1,606^th place

4doi.org

2^nd place

4gallup.com

2,558^th place

1,868^th place

3jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

3semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

3worldcat.org

5^th place

3thetimes.co.uk

170^th place

119^th place

2books.google.com

3^rd place

2archive.org

6^th place

2community-languages.org.uk

low place

2nytimes.com

7^th place

2qu.edu

low place

2cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

1pbs.org

198^th place

154^th place

1oup.com

485^th place

440^th place

1opinionjournal.com

low place

8,848^th place

1thedailybeast.com

330^th place

222^nd place

1brookings.edu

1,634^th place

1,093^rd place

1presidentialhistorynetwork.wordpress.com

low place

1files.wordpress.com

869^th place

864^th place

1npr.org

92^nd place

72^nd place

1theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

1latimes.com

22^nd place

19^th place

1deseret.com

1,230^th place

680^th place

1bizjournals.com

407^th place

241^st place

1publicpolicypolling.com

low place

1angus-reid.com

low place

1quinnipiac.edu

low place

1politico.com

312^th place

197^th place

1morningconsult.com

low place

1harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

1nih.gov

4^th place

1freakonomics.com

low place

1hnn.us

7,733^rd place

5,564^th place

angus-reid.com

"Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans". Angus Reid Public Opinion. Archived August 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 22, 2012.

archive.org

DeGregorio, William A. (1991). The complete book of U. S. presidents (3rd ed.). New York: Barricade. p. 704. ISBN 978-0-942637-37-3.
Ridings, William J.; MacIver, Stuart B. (1997). Rating the presidents: a ranking US leaders, from the great and honorable to the dishonest and incompetent. A Citadel Press book. Secaucus, NY: Carol Publ. Group. ISBN 978-0-8065-1799-5.

bizjournals.com

buffalo.bizjournals.com

Thomas, G. Scott (July 1, 2010). "Clean sweep for the Roosevelts". Business First of Buffalo. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.

books.google.com

William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver. Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent Archived January 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.
Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent Archived January 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.

brookings.edu

Brandon Rottinghaus (February 13, 2015). "Measuring Obama against the great presidents". The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2015.

c-span.org

"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" Archived February 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
"Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2021" Archived July 2, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. June 30, 2021.
"Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
"Total Scores/Overall Rankings". Presidential Historians Survey 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
"All Presidents". C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
"All Presidents". C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.

static.c-span.org

"C-SPAN Releases Second Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership" Archived February 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 15, 2009.
"C-SPAN Releases Third Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership" Archived November 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
"C-SPAN releases fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership". C-SPAN. June 30, 2021. Archived July 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.

cnn.com

"Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.

edition.cnn.com

Zelizer, Julian E. (February 21, 2011). Opinion: "What's wrong with presidential rankings" Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. CNN Opinion.

community-languages.org.uk

Iwan Morgan. "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis" Archived February 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Institute for the Study of the Americas. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
United States Presidency Centre, UK Survey of US Presidents: Results: Total Scores and Overall Ranking Archived September 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

deseret.com

Benson, Samuel (February 19, 2024). "Presidential rankings by academics place Obama, Biden above Reagan, Trump". Deseret News. Retrieved February 20, 2024.

doi.org

Maranell, Gary M. (June 1970). "The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls". The Journal of American History. 57 (1): 104–113. doi:10.2307/1900552. JSTOR 1900552. S2CID 154631219.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. (June 1, 1997). "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". Political Science Quarterly. 112 (2): 179–190. doi:10.2307/2657937. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2657937.
Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (November 28, 2014), "Forgetting the Presidents", Science, 346 (6213): 1106–1109, Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1106R, doi:10.1126/science.1259627, PMID 25430768, S2CID 6951497
Taylor, Mark Zachary (October 2012). "An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach". PS: Political Science and Politics. 45 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1017/S1049096512000698. JSTOR 41691393. S2CID 154631454.

files.wordpress.com

presidentialhistorynetwork.files.wordpress.com

Presidential History Network (2016). "UK Survey of US Presidents: Full dataset" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.

freakonomics.com

Mengisen, Annika (October 31, 2008). "The Presidents Ranked and Graded: A Q&A With the Author of The Leaders We Deserved". Freakonomics.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.

gallup.com

"Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President". Gallup.com. February 18, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
"Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest". Gallup. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
"Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President". Gallup. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016.

news.gallup.com

Jones, Jeffrey (January 19, 2021). "Americans Expect History to Judge Trump Harshly". Gallup. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (November 28, 2014), "Forgetting the Presidents", Science, 346 (6213): 1106–1109, Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1106R, doi:10.1126/science.1259627, PMID 25430768, S2CID 6951497

hnn.us

Walters, Ronald (July 8, 2002)."Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?" Archived March 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. History News Network.

jstor.org

Maranell, Gary M. (June 1970). "The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls". The Journal of American History. 57 (1): 104–113. doi:10.2307/1900552. JSTOR 1900552. S2CID 154631219.
Schlesinger, Arthur M. (June 1, 1997). "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". Political Science Quarterly. 112 (2): 179–190. doi:10.2307/2657937. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2657937.
Taylor, Mark Zachary (October 2012). "An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach". PS: Political Science and Politics. 45 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1017/S1049096512000698. JSTOR 41691393. S2CID 154631454.

latimes.com

Vaughn, Justin; Rottinghaus, Brandon (February 18, 2024). "Opinion: We know how voters feel about Trump and Biden. But how do the experts rank their presidencies?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 23, 2024.

morningconsult.com

"Poll: Trump and Obama Are America's Worst Presidents Since World War II". Morning Consult. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (November 28, 2014), "Forgetting the Presidents", Science, 346 (6213): 1106–1109, Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1106R, doi:10.1126/science.1259627, PMID 25430768, S2CID 6951497

npr.org

Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2024). "In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call". NPR.

nytimes.com

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Carey, Benedict (November 27, 2014). "Study on Cultural Memory Confirms: Chester A. Arthur, We Hardly Knew Ye". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.

opinionjournal.com

Taranto, James (September 12, 2005). "Opinion: Presidential Leadership; The Rankings". OpinionJournal from The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Schlesinger, Arthur M. (June 1, 1997). "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". Political Science Quarterly. 112 (2): 179–190. doi:10.2307/2657937. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2657937.

pbs.org

"Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.

politico.com

"Morning Consult National Tracking Poll February 09–10,2017". Politico. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.

presidentialhistorynetwork.wordpress.com

Presidential History Network (2016). "UK Survey of US Presidents: Overall Ranking & Total Scores". Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.

publicpolicypolling.com

"JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents" Archived October 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. September 15, 2011.

qu.edu

poll.qu.edu

"Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
"QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. March 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2018.

quinnipiac.edu

"National (US) Poll – July 2, 2014 – Obama Is First as Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Maranell, Gary M. (June 1970). "The Evaluation of Presidents: An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls". The Journal of American History. 57 (1): 104–113. doi:10.2307/1900552. JSTOR 1900552. S2CID 154631219.
Roediger, Henry L.; DeSoto, K. Andrew (November 28, 2014), "Forgetting the Presidents", Science, 346 (6213): 1106–1109, Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1106R, doi:10.1126/science.1259627, PMID 25430768, S2CID 6951497
Taylor, Mark Zachary (October 2012). "An Economic Ranking of the US Presidents, 1789–2009: A Data-Based Approach". PS: Political Science and Politics. 45 (4): 596–604. doi:10.1017/S1049096512000698. JSTOR 41691393. S2CID 154631454.

siena.edu

scri.siena.edu

"About the Presidents Study". Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Siena College Research Institute. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
"Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
"American Presidents: Greatest and Worst. Siena's 7th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2022". Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
"Graphics for American Presidents: Greatest and Worst" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.

siena.edu

"Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents" Archived July 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Siena Research Institute. July 1, 2010.
"Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents". Siena College. July 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2017.

thedailybeast.com

"From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos)". The Daily Beast. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.

theguardian.com

Pengelly, Martin (February 20, 2024). "Trump ranked as worst US president in history, with Biden 14th greatest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 23, 2024.

thetimes.co.uk

Griffin, Jeremy; Hines, Nico (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. London. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
Nico Hines (October 31, 2008). "The Greatest US Presidents: The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
Print version of top 14: Ben MacIntyre (1 November 2008) "The big question: who is the greatest president of all time?" The Times. London. p. 42.
Hines, Nico; Griffin, Jeremy (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022.

web.archive.org

William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver. Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent Archived January 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.
"Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President". Gallup.com. February 18, 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
"Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". PBS. Archived from the original on April 13, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
"About the Presidents Study". Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Historians Give Good Grades to Clinton Presidency in Siena College Survey". January 11, 1995. Archived June 28, 2006.
"FDR America's Greatest President". August 19, 2002. Archived February 10, 2007.
Taranto, James (September 12, 2005). "Opinion: Presidential Leadership; The Rankings". OpinionJournal from The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006.
Griffin, Jeremy; Hines, Nico (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. London. Archived from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
"C-SPAN Releases Second Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership" Archived February 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 15, 2009.
"Presidential Historians Survey 2017" Archived February 17, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
"C-SPAN Releases Third Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership" Archived November 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. February 17, 2017.
"C-SPAN releases fourth Historians Survey of Presidential Leadership". C-SPAN. June 30, 2021. Archived July 1, 2021, at the Wayback Machine.
"Methodology: Presidential Historians Survey 2021" Archived July 2, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. C-SPAN. June 30, 2021.
Iwan Morgan. "UK Survey of US Presidents: Results and Analysis" Archived February 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Institute for the Study of the Americas. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
"From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy, Newsweek's 10 Best Presidents (Photos)". The Daily Beast. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on April 24, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
Brandon Rottinghaus (February 13, 2015). "Measuring Obama against the great presidents". The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2015.
Presidential History Network (2016). "UK Survey of US Presidents: Overall Ranking & Total Scores". Archived from the original on July 23, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Presidential History Network (2016). "UK Survey of US Presidents: Full dataset" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2021. Retrieved July 23, 2021.
Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "Opinion: How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best—and Worst—Presidents?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Siena College Research Institute. February 13, 2019. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
"Presidential Historians Survey 2021". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
"Siena College Research Institute: 2022 Survey of U.S. Presidents: Presidents Rank Over Time" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
"Presidents 2018 Rank by Category" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
"Total Scores/Overall Rankings". Presidential Historians Survey 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
United States Presidency Centre, UK Survey of US Presidents: Results: Total Scores and Overall Ranking Archived September 29, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
"Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents" Archived July 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. Siena Research Institute. July 1, 2010.
Thomas, G. Scott (July 1, 2010). "Clean sweep for the Roosevelts". Business First of Buffalo. Archived from the original on July 4, 2010. Retrieved September 1, 2010.
"Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey". CNN. February 16, 2009. Archived from the original on April 4, 2021. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
Nico Hines (October 31, 2008). "The Greatest US Presidents: The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. Archived from the original on August 10, 2021. Retrieved August 10, 2021.
Print version of top 14: Ben MacIntyre (1 November 2008) "The big question: who is the greatest president of all time?" The Times. London. p. 42.
Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent Archived January 3, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. 2000. ISBN 0806521511.
"Rushmore Plus One; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington, Jefferson, Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents". Siena College. July 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
"All Presidents". C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2017. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
"Siena's 6th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2018". Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
"All Presidents". C-SPAN Survey on Presidents 2021. C-SPAN. Archived from the original on July 3, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
"American Presidents: Greatest and Worst. Siena's 7th Presidential Expert Poll 1982–2022". Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
"Graphics for American Presidents: Greatest and Worst" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
"Kennedy Still Highest-Rated Modern President, Nixon Lowest". Gallup. December 6, 2010. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
"JFK, Reagan, Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents" Archived October 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. September 15, 2011.
"Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans". Angus Reid Public Opinion. Archived August 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 22, 2012.
"Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President". Gallup. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016.
"National (US) Poll – July 2, 2014 – Obama Is First as Worst President Since WWII, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
"Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; Reagan, Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years". Quinnipiac University. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
"Morning Consult National Tracking Poll February 09–10,2017". Politico. Archived from the original on February 16, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
"Poll: Trump and Obama Are America's Worst Presidents Since World War II". Morning Consult. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
"QU Poll Release Detail". Quinnipiac University. March 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jones, Jeffrey (January 19, 2021). "Americans Expect History to Judge Trump Harshly". Gallup. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
Carey, Benedict (November 27, 2014). "Study on Cultural Memory Confirms: Chester A. Arthur, We Hardly Knew Ye". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
Hines, Nico; Griffin, Jeremy (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
Zelizer, Julian E. (February 21, 2011). Opinion: "What's wrong with presidential rankings" Archived December 8, 2015, at the Wayback Machine. CNN Opinion.
Mengisen, Annika (October 31, 2008). "The Presidents Ranked and Graded: A Q&A With the Author of The Leaders We Deserved". Freakonomics.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
Walters, Ronald (July 8, 2002)."Presidency: How Do African-American Scholars Rank Presidents?" Archived March 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. History News Network.

worldcat.org

Schlesinger, Arthur M. (June 1, 1997). "Rating the Presidents: Washington to Clinton". Political Science Quarterly. 112 (2): 179–190. doi:10.2307/2657937. ISSN 0032-3195. JSTOR 2657937.
Pengelly, Martin (February 20, 2024). "Trump ranked as worst US president in history, with Biden 14th greatest". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
Hines, Nico; Griffin, Jeremy (October 28, 2008). "Who's the greatest? The Times US presidential rankings". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2022.