Historicity of the Bible (English Wikipedia)

Faust 2015, p. 476. Faust, Avraham (2015). "The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus". In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-04768-3.
Faust 2015, p. 476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt ... Archaeology does not really contribute to the debate over the historicity or even historical background of the Exodus itself, but if there was indeed such a group, it contributed the Exodus story to that of all Israel. While I agree that it is most likely that there was such a group, I must stress that this is based on an overall understanding of the development of collective memory and of the authorship of the texts (and their editorial process). Archaeology, unfortunately, cannot directly contribute (yet?) to the study of this specific group of Israel's ancestors." Faust, Avraham (2015). "The Emergence of Iron Age Israel: On Origins and Habitus". In Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-04768-3.
Ben-tor, Amnon (2013-01-01). "Who Destroyed Canaanite Hazor?". BAR.
Geva, Hillel (2019). "Archaeological Research in Jerusalem from 1998 to 2018: Findings and Evaluations". Ancient Jerusalem Revealed: Archaeological Discoveries, 1998-2018. Israel Exploration Society. p. 12. ISBN 978-9-652-21124-8.

archive.org

Simon, Richard (1682). A critical history of the Old Testament. London: Walter Davis. p. 21.
Peake, A. S.; Grieve, A. J., eds. (1919). A Commentary on the Bible (1st ed.). London: T.C. and E.C. Jack.
Redford, Donald B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in ancient times. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0691000862.
Ehrman, Bart (2011). Forged: writing in the name of God – Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. HarperCollins. p. 285. ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6.
Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). Jesus Now and Then. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8028-0977-3.
Grant, Michael (1977). Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels. Scribner's. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-684-14889-2.
Shanks, Hershel (1992). Understanding the Dead Sea scrolls : a reader from the Biblical archaeology review. Internet Archive. New York : Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-41448-3.
Garbini 1988. Garbini, Giovanni (1988). History and Ideology in Ancient Israel. Translated by Bowden, John. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 9780824508876. — a translation of the original Italian publication.

archive.today

"Jack Cargill – Ancient Israel in Western Civ Textbooks – The History Teacher, 34.3". 2001-12-12. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

asa3.org

Young 1988, pp. 42–45: "But someone may ask: 'Is not Scripture opposed to those who hold that heaven is spherical, when it says, who stretches out heaven like a skin?' Let it be opposed indeed if their statement is false.... But if they are able to establish their doctrine with proofs that cannot be denied, we must show that this statement of Scripture about the skin is not opposed to the truth of their conclusions." Young, Davis A. (March 1988). "The contemporary relevance of Augustine's view of Creation". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith. 40 (1): 42–45.

baslibrary.org

Kitchen, Kenneth (1995). "The Patriarchal Age: Myth or History?". Biblical Archaeology Review. Retrieved 2021-07-12.

bibleinterp.com

Davies, Philip (April 2010). "Beyond Labels: What Comes Next?". The Bible and Interpretation. Retrieved 2016-05-31. It has been accepted for decades that the Bible is not in principle either historically reliable or unreliable, but both: it contains both memories of real events and also fictions.
Philip Davies "Beyond Labels: What Comes Next?"

biblicalstudies.org.uk

Wenham, Gordon (1996). "Pentateuchal Studies Today". Themelios. 22 (1): 3–13.

bol.com

David and Solomon Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Beschrijving. Bol.com

books.google.com

Thompson 2014, p. 164. Thompson, Thomas L. (2014). Biblical Narrative and Palestine's History: Changing Perspectives 2. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317543428.
Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003). Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map. Bloomsbury. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-567-39136-0.
Nur Masalha (20 October 2014). The Zionist Bible: Biblical Precedent, Colonialism and the Erasure of Memory. Routledge. p. 228. ISBN 978-1-317-54465-4. critical archaeology—which has become an independent professional discipline with its own conclusions and its observations—presents us with a picture of a reality of ancient Palestine completely different from the one that is described in the Hebrew Bible; Holy Land archaeology is no longer using the Hebrew Bible as a reference point or an historical source; the traditional biblical archaeology is no longer the ruling paradigm in Holy Land archaeology; for the critical archaeologists the Bible is read like other ancient texts: as literature which may contain historical information (Herzog, 2001: 72–93; 1999: 6–8).
William G. Dever (1992). "Archeology". In David Noel Freedman (ed.). The Anchor Bible dictionary. Doubleday. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-385-19361-0.
J.K. Hoffmeier (2015). Thomas E. Levy; Thomas Schneider; William H.C. Propp (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. p. 200. ISBN 978-3-319-04768-3.
Grosse, Sven (2011). Theologie des Kanons: der christliche Kanon, seine Hermeneutik und die Historizität seiner Aussagen; die Lehren der Kirchenväter als Grundlegung der Lehre von der Heiligen Schrift (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-3643800787.
Grosse, Sven (2011). Theologie des Kanons: der christliche Kanon, seine Hermeneutik und die Historizität seiner Aussagen; die Lehren der Kirchenväter als Grundlegung der Lehre von der Heiligen Schrift (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 94. ISBN 978-3643800787. One does not read in the Gospel that the Lord said: "I will send you the Paraclete who will teach you about the course of the sun and moon." For He willed to make them Christians, not mathematicians. (Translation of the German Quote according to wikiquote)
Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible: Studies in Ancient Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 40–42. ISBN 978-3161498091.
McNutt, Paula M. (1999). Reconstructing the society of ancient Israel. London: SPCK. p. 4. ISBN 978-0281052592.
Heschel, Abraham Joshua (2005-01-01). Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-0802-0.
Thompson, Thomas (2016) [1974]. The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 330. ISBN 978-3-11-084144-2.
Jaeger, Stephan (2015). "Unreliable Narration in Historical Studies". In Nünning, Vera (ed.). Unreliable Narration and Trustworthiness: Intermedial and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Naratologia. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9783110408416. Retrieved 8 July 2020. [...] witnesses' narratives or the sources in general could be unreliable. This locates unreliable narration on the axis of primary narration which the historian needs to verify and make reliable through source criticism and interpretation in order to balance the subjective, objective, and reflexive orientations of meaning.
Klein-Braslavy, Sara (1986). "The Creation of the world and Maimonides' interpretation of Gen. i–v". In Pines, S.; Yovel, Y. (eds.). Maimonides and Philosophy (International Archives of the History of Ideas / Archives internationales d'histoire des idées). Berlin: Springer. pp. 65–78. ISBN 978-9024734399.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1996) [1951]. Genesis and geology: a study in the relations of scientific thought, natural theology, and social opinion in Great Britain, 1790–1850. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-0674344815.
Quoted in Gillispie, Charles Coulston (1996) [1951]. Genesis and geology: a study in the relations of scientific thought, natural theology, and social opinion in Great Britain, 1790–1850. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 978-0674344815.
Gunkel 1997, p. lxviii. Gunkel, Hermann (1997) [1901]. Genesis. Translated by Biddle, Mark E. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press. p. lxviii. ISBN 978-0865545175.
Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 62:
BIBLICAL HISTORY AND ISRAEL'S PAST The Changing Views of Scholars in Their Own Words
The dramatic shifts in the study of the patriarchs and matriarchs that occurred during and after the 1970s can be illustrated by quotations from two works on the history of Israel separated by several decades. In a history originally written in the 1950s, John Bright asserted, "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob were clan chiefs who actually lived in the second millennium B.C.... The Bible's narrative accurately reflects the times to which it refers. But to what it tells of the lives of the patriarchs we can add nothing."¹ Assessing the situation in scholarship four decades later, William Dever in 2001 concluded, "After a century of exhaustive investigation, all respectable archaeologists have given up hope of recovering any context that would make Abraham, Isaac, or Jacob credible 'historical figures.'"²
1. John Bright, A History of Israel, 4th ed. (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2000), p. 93.

2. William G. Dever, What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? What Archaeology Can Tell Us about the Reality of Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), p. 98.
... historical figures but as literary creations of this later period. Though the evidentiary underpinnings of this thesis were new, the thesis itself was quite similar to the views held by Alt and Noth. Thompson, Van Seters, and others had shown that the earlier scholarly consensus of a second-millennium date for the traditions depended upon coincidences and harmonization of evidence that could not be sustained. Thompson provided one of the most representative statements of this change in the study of Israel's past: "[N]ot only has 'archaeology' not proven a single event of the patriarchal traditions to be historical, it has not shown any of the traditions to be likely. On the basis of what we know of Palestinian history of the Second Millennium B.C., and of what we understand about the formation of the literary traditions of Genesis, it must be concluded that any such historicity as is commonly spoken of in both scholarly and popular works about the patriarchs of Genesis is hardly possible and totally improbable".
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802862600.
Thompson, Thomas L. (1974). The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110040968.
Seters, John Van (1975). Abraham in History and Tradition. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01792-2.
Moore & Kelle 2011, pp. 18–19. Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802862600.
Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1991). A Century of Biblical Archaeology. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-0-664-25392-9.
Kitchen 2003, p. 313. Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849601.
Dever 2001, p. 98: "There are a few sporadic attempts by conservative scholars to "save" the patriarchal narratives as history, such as Kenneth Kitchen [...] By and large, however, the minimalist view of Thompson's pioneering work, The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, prevails." Dever, William G. (2001). "Getting at the "History behind the History"". What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3. OCLC 46394298.
Heide, Martin; Peters, Joris (2021). Camels in the Biblical World. Penn State Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-1-64602-170-3.
Faust 2022, pp. 69, 71–72. Faust, Avraham (2022). "Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel". In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). The Ancient Israelite World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 81. Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802862600.
Dever 2003, pp. 18–19. Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844163.
Grabbe 2014, pp. 63–64. Grabbe, Lester (2014). "Exodus and History". In Dozeman, Thomas; Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 61–87. ISBN 9789004282667.
Dever 2003, pp. 15–17. Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844163.
Grabbe 2014, p. 69. Grabbe, Lester (2014). "Exodus and History". In Dozeman, Thomas; Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 61–87. ISBN 9789004282667.
Barmash, Pamela (2015). "Out of the Mists of History: The Exaltation of the Exodus in the Bible". In Barmash, Pamela; Nelson, W. David (eds.). Exodus in the Jewish Experience: Echoes and Reverberations. Lexington Books. pp. 1–22. ISBN 9781498502931.
Grabbe 2014, pp. 65–67. Grabbe, Lester (2014). "Exodus and History". In Dozeman, Thomas; Evans, Craig A.; Lohr, Joel N. (eds.). The Book of Exodus: Composition, Reception, and Interpretation. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 61–87. ISBN 9789004282667.
Redmount 2001, p. 87: "To some, the lack of a secure historical grounding for the biblical Exodus narrative merely reflects its nonhistorical nature. [...] To others, still in the majority among scholars, the ultimate historicity of the Exodus narrative is indisputable. The details of the story may have become clouded or obscured through the transmission process, but a historical core is mandated by that major tenet of faith that permeates the Bible: God acts in history." Redmount, Carol A. (2001) [1998]. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–89. ISBN 9780195139372.
Sparks, Kenton L. (2010). "Genre Criticism". In Dozeman, Thomas B. (ed.). Methods for Exodus. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781139487382.
Dever 2003, p. 231. Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802844163.
Friedman, Richard Elliott (2017-09-12). The Exodus. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-256526-6.
Meyers, Carol (2005). Exodus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–10. ISBN 9780521002912.
Redmount 2001, p. 65. Redmount, Carol A. (2001) [1998]. "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–89. ISBN 9780195139372.
Israel Finkelstein; Neil Asher Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0743223386.
Friedman, Richard Elliott (2017-09-12). The Exodus. HarperCollins. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-06-256526-6.
Millard, Alan (2011). "Are There Anachronisms in the Books of Samuel?". In Khan, Geoffrey; Lipton, Diana (eds.). Studies on the Text and Versions of the Hebrew Bible in Honour of Robert Gordon. BRILL. pp. 39–48. ISBN 978-90-04-21730-0.
Faust 2022, p. 73. Faust, Avraham (2022). "Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel". In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). The Ancient Israelite World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
Orlin, Eric (2015). Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Routledge. p. 462. ISBN 9781134625529.
Dever, William G. (2020). Has Archaeology Buried the Bible?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4674-5949-5.
Price, Robert M. (2009). "Jesus at the Vanishing Point". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity. pp. 55, 61. ISBN 978-0-8308-7853-6. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Robert E. Van Voorst (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-8028-4368-5.
Allison, Dale C. (1998). Jesus of Nazareth: Millenarian Prophet. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-0556-9.
Ehrman, Bart D. (1999). Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983943-8.
Richard, Bauckham (2017). Jesus and the Eyewitnesses (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8028-7431-3.
Casey, Maurice (2010-12-30). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian's Account of His Life and Teaching. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-567-64517-3.
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2000-03-03). The Dead Sea Scrolls and Christian Origins. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 28ff. ISBN 978-0-8028-4650-1.
Byrskog, Samuel (2000). Story as History - History as Story: The Gospel Tradition in the Context of Ancient Oral History. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-147305-0.
Hurtado, Larry W. (1981). Text-critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8028-1872-0.
Kitchen 2003, p. 492 Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849601.
Berman, Joshua (2017). Inconsistency in the Torah: Ancient Literary Convention and the Limits of Source Criticism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-065880-9.
Finkelstein, Mazar & Schmidt 2007, p. ^{[page needed]} Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1589832770.
Thompson 1992. Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People. Brill. ISBN 978-9004119437.
Davies 1995. Davies, Philip R. (1995) [1992]. In Search of 'Ancient Israel'. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1850757375.
Faust 2022, p. 79. Faust, Avraham (2022). "Between the Biblical Story and History: Writing an Archaeological History of Ancient Israel". In Keimer, Kyle H.; Pierce, George A. (eds.). The Ancient Israelite World. Taylor & Francis. pp. 67–82. ISBN 978-1-000-77324-8.
Kitchen 2003, p. unpaginated. Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849601.
Finkelstein & Silberman 2006, p. 20 Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0743243636.
Finkelstein & Silberman 2006, p. 103 Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2006). David and Solomon: In Search of the Bible's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0743243636.
Dever 2001, p. 160. Dever, William G. (2001). "Getting at the "History behind the History"". What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3. OCLC 46394298.
Kitchen 2003, pp. 104, 136. Kitchen, K. A. (2003). On the reliability of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802849601.
Faust, Avraham; Farber, Zev I. (2025). The Bible's First Kings: Uncovering the Story of Saul, David, and Solomon. Cambridge University Press. pp. 406ff. ISBN 978-1-009-52633-3.
Moore & Kelle 2011. Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802862600.

britannica.com

"Biblical literature | Definition, Types, Significance, Survey, & Development | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
Cain, Seymour; et al. "Biblical literature". Britannica.com Online. Retrieved 15 November 2018.

dannyreviews.com

"The Bible in History: How Writers Create a Past (Thomas Thompson)". dannyreviews.com. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

doi.org

Grabbe 2007: "The fact is that we are all minimalists—at least, when it comes to the patriarchal period and the settlement. When I began my PhD studies more than three decades ago in the USA, the 'substantial historicity' of the patriarchs was widely accepted as was the unified conquest of the land. These days it is quite difficult to find anyone who takes this view.

"In fact, until recently I could find no 'maximalist' history of Israel since Wellhausen. ... In fact, though, 'maximalist' has been widely defined as someone who accepts the biblical text unless it can be proven wrong. If so, very few are willing to operate like this, not even John Bright (1980) whose history is not a maximalist one according to the definition just given." Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-10-25). "Some Recent Issues in the Study of the History of Israel". Understanding the History of Ancient Israel. British Academy. pp. 57–67. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-726401-0.
Rahkonen, Pauli (2019). "Personal Names of the Pentateuch in the Northwest Semitic Context: A Comparative Study". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 33 (1): 111–135. doi:10.1080/09018328.2019.1600259. ISSN 0901-8328.
Millard, Alan (2024). "Patriarchal Names in Context". Tyndale Bulletin. 75 (December): 155–174. doi:10.53751/001c.117657. ISSN 2752-7042.
Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). "The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley". Tel Aviv. 40 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748.
Dever, William (March 1993). "What Remains of the House that Albright Built?". The Biblical Archaeologist. 56 (1): 25–35. doi:10.2307/3210358. JSTOR 3210358. S2CID 166003641.
Dozeman & Shectman 2016, pp. 138–139. Dozeman, Thomas B.; Shectman, Sarah (2016). "Exodus". In Yee, Gale A.; Page, Hugh R. Jr.; Coomber, Matthew J. M. (eds.). The Pentateuch: Fortress Commentary on the Bible Study Edition. Fortress Press. pp. 137–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3t6qt.11. ISBN 9781506414423. JSTOR j.ctt1b3t6qt.11.
Dozeman & Shectman 2016, p. 139. Dozeman, Thomas B.; Shectman, Sarah (2016). "Exodus". In Yee, Gale A.; Page, Hugh R. Jr.; Coomber, Matthew J. M. (eds.). The Pentateuch: Fortress Commentary on the Bible Study Edition. Fortress Press. pp. 137–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3t6qt.11. ISBN 9781506414423. JSTOR j.ctt1b3t6qt.11.
Mazar, Amihai (2010). "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (PDF). In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann; Corzilius, Björn; Pilger, Tanja (eds.). One God – one cult – one nation archaeological and biblical perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–58. doi:10.1515/9783110223583.29. ISBN 978-3-110-22358-3. S2CID 55562061. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02.
Millard, Alan R. (2020). "On Some Alleged Anachronisms in the Books of Samuel". Tyndale Bulletin. 71 (1): 65–73. doi:10.53751/001c.27735. ISSN 2752-7042. S2CID 239722609.
Schniedewind, W. M. (1996). "Tel Dan Stela: New Light on Aramaic and Jehu's Revolt". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 302 (302): 75–90. doi:10.2307/1357129. JSTOR 1357129. S2CID 163597208.
Licona, Michael R. (20 November 2014). "Historians and Miracle Claims". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 12 (1–2): 106–129. doi:10.1163/17455197-01202002.
Cook, John Granger (April 2011). "Crucifixion and Burial". New Testament Studies. 57 (2): 193–213. doi:10.1017/S0028688510000214. S2CID 170517053.
Mykytiuk 2010, p. 76. Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2010). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008, Part 1: Introducing a Bibliographic Essay in Five Parts". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 9 (3–4): 76. doi:10.1080/10477845.2010.526920. S2CID 170314161.
Brettler 2003, pp. 1–21. Brettler, Marc Z. (2003). "The Copenhagen School: The Historiographical Issues". AJS Review. 27 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0364009403000011 (inactive 2024-11-13). JSTOR 4131767. S2CID 144265632.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Mykytiuk 2012, pp. 101–137 see the section "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques" Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2012). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 11 (3–4): 101–137. doi:10.1080/10477845.2012.673111. S2CID 8509370. — In which the relevant section is "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques", the Official version of record is available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half . Author's Accepted Draft if freely available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992-2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half.
Grabbe 2007, pp. 57–58. Grabbe, Lester L. (2007-10-25). "Some Recent Issues in the Study of the History of Israel". Understanding the History of Ancient Israel. British Academy. pp. 57–67. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197264010.003.0005. ISBN 978-0-19-726401-0.
Dever, William (18 June 2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1. Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ISSN 2788-8819. S2CID 236229647.

ehrmanblog.org

Bart Ehrman (5 October 2012), Gerd Lüdemann on the Resurrection of Jesus

funfactoday.com

Ingram, Thomas C. (2019). "Ecological Facts About The Bible". funfactoday.com. Retrieved 2020-03-19.

gutenberg.org

Hobbes, Thomas (1651). "Chapter XXXIII. Of the number, antiquity, scope, authority and interpreters of the books of Holy Scripture". Leviathan. Green Dragon in St. Paul's Churchyard: Andrew Crooke.
Spinoza, Baruch (1670). "Chapter VIII. Of the authorship of the Pentateuch and the other historical books of the Old Testament". A Theologico-Political Treatise (Part II).

haaretz.com

Hasson, Nir (Jan 17, 2014). "Hump stump solved: Camels arrived in region much later than biblical reference". Haaretz. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
"A 3,400-year-old Mystery: Who Burned the Palace of Canaanite Hatzor?". Haaretz. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

hadashot-esi.org.il

Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa Preliminary Report". Hadashot-esi.org.il. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012.

historycooperative.org

"Ancient Civilizations Timeline: The Complete List from Aboriginals to Incans | History Cooperative". 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2023-05-11. Quoting Amy Dockster Marcus about the minimalists: "The bottom line is that when it comes to the big picture, they are often right. Many of their ideas, once considered far-fetched, are now solidly mainstream concepts".
"Jack Cargill – Ancient Israel in Western Civ Textbooks – The History Teacher, 34.3". 2001-12-12. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2014.

historyextra.com

"A history of the Bible: who wrote it and when?". HistoryExtra.

holycross.edu

"Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? A Debate between William Lane Craig and Bart D. Ehrman" (PDF). 2009-03-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

iusb.edu

ajtp.iusb.edu

"American Journal of Theology & Philosophy Vol. 14, No. 1 January 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-18.

jashow.org

"Exploding the J.E.D.P. Theory – The Documentary Hypothesis". jashow.org. 6 September 1991.

jewishhistory.com

Lemaire, André "House of David Restored in Moabite Inscription" Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 1994.

jstor.org

Dever, William (March 1993). "What Remains of the House that Albright Built?". The Biblical Archaeologist. 56 (1): 25–35. doi:10.2307/3210358. JSTOR 3210358. S2CID 166003641.
Dozeman & Shectman 2016, pp. 138–139. Dozeman, Thomas B.; Shectman, Sarah (2016). "Exodus". In Yee, Gale A.; Page, Hugh R. Jr.; Coomber, Matthew J. M. (eds.). The Pentateuch: Fortress Commentary on the Bible Study Edition. Fortress Press. pp. 137–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3t6qt.11. ISBN 9781506414423. JSTOR j.ctt1b3t6qt.11.
Dozeman & Shectman 2016, p. 139. Dozeman, Thomas B.; Shectman, Sarah (2016). "Exodus". In Yee, Gale A.; Page, Hugh R. Jr.; Coomber, Matthew J. M. (eds.). The Pentateuch: Fortress Commentary on the Bible Study Edition. Fortress Press. pp. 137–178. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1b3t6qt.11. ISBN 9781506414423. JSTOR j.ctt1b3t6qt.11.
Schniedewind, W. M. (1996). "Tel Dan Stela: New Light on Aramaic and Jehu's Revolt". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 302 (302): 75–90. doi:10.2307/1357129. JSTOR 1357129. S2CID 163597208.
Brettler 2003, pp. 1–21. Brettler, Marc Z. (2003). "The Copenhagen School: The Historiographical Issues". AJS Review. 27 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0364009403000011 (inactive 2024-11-13). JSTOR 4131767. S2CID 144265632.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)

juchre.org

"JCR - The Babylonian Talmud, Pesachim". juchre.org. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

livius.org

"Maximalists and Minimalists - Livius". www.livius.org. Retrieved 2023-05-11.

mfa.gov.il

"Hatzor – The Head of all those Kingdoms". Retrieved 2018-09-18.

nytimes.com

query.nytimes.com

Bernstein, Richard (April 1, 1998). "BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Looking for Jesus and Jews in the Dead Sea Scrolls". The New York Times. Retrieved May 25, 2010.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Dearman, J. Andrew (2018). Reading Hebrew Bible Narratives. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–129. ISBN 9780190246525.
Hendel, Ronald (2005). Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30. ISBN 9780199784622.

patheos.com

Enns 2013: "Biblical archaeology has helped us understand a lot about the world of the Bible and clarified a considerable amount of what we find in the Bible. But the archaeological record has not been friendly for one vital issue, Israel's origins: the period of slavery in Egypt, the mass departure of Israelite slaves from Egypt, and the violent conquest of the land of Canaan by the Israelites. The strong consensus is that there is at best sparse indirect evidence for these biblical episodes, and for the conquest there is considerable evidence against it." Enns, Peter (January 10, 2013). "3 Things I Would Like to See Evangelical Leaders Stop Saying about Biblical Scholarship". Peter Enns.

pe.com

Richard N. Ostling Was King David legend or fiction? Archived 2011-04-27 at the Wayback Machine The Associated Press

purdue.edu

docs.lib.purdue.edu

Mykytiuk 2010, p. 76. Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2010). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008, Part 1: Introducing a Bibliographic Essay in Five Parts". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 9 (3–4): 76. doi:10.1080/10477845.2010.526920. S2CID 170314161.
Mykytiuk 2012, pp. 101–137 see the section "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques" Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2012). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 11 (3–4): 101–137. doi:10.1080/10477845.2012.673111. S2CID 8509370. — In which the relevant section is "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques", the Official version of record is available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half . Author's Accepted Draft if freely available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992-2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half.

reasonablefaith.org

"The guard at the tomb, ReasonableFaith.org". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.

rehov.org

Mazar, Amihai (2010). "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (PDF). In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann; Corzilius, Björn; Pilger, Tanja (eds.). One God – one cult – one nation archaeological and biblical perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–58. doi:10.1515/9783110223583.29. ISBN 978-3-110-22358-3. S2CID 55562061. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02.

researchgate.net

Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). "The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley". Tel Aviv. 40 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748.

sacred-texts.com

Wellhausen, Julius (1885). Prolegomena to the History of Israel. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Sapir-Hen, Lidar; Erez Ben-Yosef (2013). "The Introduction of Domestic Camels to the Southern Levant: Evidence from the Aravah Valley". Tel Aviv. 40 (2): 277–285. doi:10.1179/033443513x13753505864089. S2CID 44282748.
Dever, William (March 1993). "What Remains of the House that Albright Built?". The Biblical Archaeologist. 56 (1): 25–35. doi:10.2307/3210358. JSTOR 3210358. S2CID 166003641.
Mazar, Amihai (2010). "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (PDF). In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann; Corzilius, Björn; Pilger, Tanja (eds.). One God – one cult – one nation archaeological and biblical perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–58. doi:10.1515/9783110223583.29. ISBN 978-3-110-22358-3. S2CID 55562061. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02.
Millard, Alan R. (2020). "On Some Alleged Anachronisms in the Books of Samuel". Tyndale Bulletin. 71 (1): 65–73. doi:10.53751/001c.27735. ISSN 2752-7042. S2CID 239722609.
Schniedewind, W. M. (1996). "Tel Dan Stela: New Light on Aramaic and Jehu's Revolt". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 302 (302): 75–90. doi:10.2307/1357129. JSTOR 1357129. S2CID 163597208.
Cook, John Granger (April 2011). "Crucifixion and Burial". New Testament Studies. 57 (2): 193–213. doi:10.1017/S0028688510000214. S2CID 170517053.
Mykytiuk 2010, p. 76. Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2010). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008, Part 1: Introducing a Bibliographic Essay in Five Parts". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 9 (3–4): 76. doi:10.1080/10477845.2010.526920. S2CID 170314161.
Brettler 2003, pp. 1–21. Brettler, Marc Z. (2003). "The Copenhagen School: The Historiographical Issues". AJS Review. 27 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0364009403000011 (inactive 2024-11-13). JSTOR 4131767. S2CID 144265632.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
Mykytiuk 2012, pp. 101–137 see the section "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques" Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2012). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 11 (3–4): 101–137. doi:10.1080/10477845.2012.673111. S2CID 8509370. — In which the relevant section is "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques", the Official version of record is available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half . Author's Accepted Draft if freely available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992-2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half.
Dever, William (18 June 2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1. Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ISSN 2788-8819. S2CID 236229647.

smithsonianmag.com

Wallace 2006, p. unpaginated. Wallace, Jennifer (May 2006). "Shifting Ground in the Holy Land". Smithsonian Magazine.

spurgeon.org

Henry, Carl Ferdinand Howard (1999) [1979]. "The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy". God, Revelation and Authority. Vol. 4. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway Books. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-1581340563. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15.

tandfonline.com

Mykytiuk 2012, pp. 101–137 see the section "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques" Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2012). "Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half". Journal of Religious and Theological Information. 11 (3–4): 101–137. doi:10.1080/10477845.2012.673111. S2CID 8509370. — In which the relevant section is "Toward a Balanced View of Minimalism: A Summary of Published Critiques", the Official version of record is available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992–2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half . Author's Accepted Draft if freely available at Strengthening Biblical Historicity vis-à-vis Minimalism, 1992-2008 and Beyond, Part 2.1: The Literature of Perspective, Critique, and Methodology, First Half.

thedailybeast.com

Baden, Candida Moss (October 5, 2014). "So-Called 'Biblical Scholar' Says Jesus a Made-Up Myth". The Daily Beast.

web.archive.org

Henry, Carl Ferdinand Howard (1999) [1979]. "The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy". God, Revelation and Authority. Vol. 4. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway Books. pp. 211–219. ISBN 978-1581340563. Archived from the original on 2006-11-15.
Mazar, Amihai (2010). "Archaeology and the Biblical Narrative: The Case of the United Monarchy" (PDF). In Kratz, Reinhard G.; Spieckermann, Hermann; Corzilius, Björn; Pilger, Tanja (eds.). One God – one cult – one nation archaeological and biblical perspectives. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–58. doi:10.1515/9783110223583.29. ISBN 978-3-110-22358-3. S2CID 55562061. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-02.
Garfinkel, Yossi; Ganor, Sa'ar; Hasel, Michael (19 April 2012). "Journal 124: Khirbat Qeiyafa Preliminary Report". Hadashot-esi.org.il. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012.
Lemaire, André "House of David Restored in Moabite Inscription" Archived 2011-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, Biblical Archaeology Review, May/June 1994.
Price, Robert M. (2009). "Jesus at the Vanishing Point". In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity. pp. 55, 61. ISBN 978-0-8308-7853-6. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
"The guard at the tomb, ReasonableFaith.org". Archived from the original on 2013-11-12.
"Is There Historical Evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus? A Debate between William Lane Craig and Bart D. Ehrman" (PDF). 2009-03-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2023-05-11.
"American Journal of Theology & Philosophy Vol. 14, No. 1 January 1993" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-18.
David and Solomon Archived 2012-03-06 at the Wayback Machine Beschrijving. Bol.com
Richard N. Ostling Was King David legend or fiction? Archived 2011-04-27 at the Wayback Machine The Associated Press

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Driver 1911, p. 861. Driver, Samuel Rolles (1911). "Bible" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 849–894, see page 861.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Dever 2001, p. 98: "There are a few sporadic attempts by conservative scholars to "save" the patriarchal narratives as history, such as Kenneth Kitchen [...] By and large, however, the minimalist view of Thompson's pioneering work, The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives, prevails." Dever, William G. (2001). "Getting at the "History behind the History"". What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3. OCLC 46394298.
Rahkonen, Pauli (2019). "Personal Names of the Pentateuch in the Northwest Semitic Context: A Comparative Study". Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament. 33 (1): 111–135. doi:10.1080/09018328.2019.1600259. ISSN 0901-8328.
Millard, Alan (2024). "Patriarchal Names in Context". Tyndale Bulletin. 75 (December): 155–174. doi:10.53751/001c.117657. ISSN 2752-7042.
Millard, Alan R. (2020). "On Some Alleged Anachronisms in the Books of Samuel". Tyndale Bulletin. 71 (1): 65–73. doi:10.53751/001c.27735. ISSN 2752-7042. S2CID 239722609.
Dever 2001, p. 160. Dever, William G. (2001). "Getting at the "History behind the History"". What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel. Grand Rapids, Michigan and Cambridge, U.K.: Wm. B. Eerdmans. pp. 97–102. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3. OCLC 46394298.
Dever, William (18 June 2021). "Solomon, Scripture, and Science: The Rise of the Judahite State in the 10th Century BCE". Jerusalem Journal of Archaeology. 1. Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem: 102–125. doi:10.52486/01.00001.4. ISSN 2788-8819. S2CID 236229647.