History of Greenland (English Wikipedia)

Grove, Jonath. "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative" Archived 2012-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, in Norse Greenland: Selected Papers of the Hvalsey Conference 2008, Journal of the North Atlantic Special Volume 2 (2009), 30–51

archaeology.org

The Fate of Greenland's Vikings

archive.archaeology.org

Mackenzie Brown, Dale (2000-02-28). "The Fate of Greenland's Vikings". Archaeology Archive. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved 2018-06-13. One ... [man] was found lying face down on the beach of a fjord in the 1540s by a party of Icelandic seafarers, who like so many sailors before them had been blown off course on their passage to Iceland and wound up in Greenland. The only Norseman they would come across during their stay, he died where he had fallen, dressed in a hood, homespun woolens and seal skins. Nearby lay his knife, 'bent and much worn and eaten away.'

archive.org

"Yanks Clear Greenland of Nazis,1944/12/27 (1944)". Retrieved 2 October 2010.
N. Lynnerup, in Fitzhugh & Ward 2000 U.S. National Museum of Natural History (2000). Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (eds.). Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560989707.
McGovern, Thomas H. (2000). "The Demise of Norse Greenland". Fitzhugh & Ward 2000, pp. 327–339. p. 330. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (2000). Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (eds.). Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560989707.
Arneborg, Jette; Seaver, Kirsten A. (2000). "From Vikings to Norseman". Fitzhugh & Ward 2000, pp. 281–294. p. 290. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (2000). Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (eds.). Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560989707.
Arneborg, Jette (2000). "Greenland and Europe". Fitzhugh & Ward 2000, pp. 304–317. p. 307. U.S. National Museum of Natural History (2000). Fitzhugh, William W.; Ward, Elisabeth I. (eds.). Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga. Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1560989707.

arcticjournal.com

"The Sledge Patrol". The Arctic Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-08.

arctis-search.com

"Comparison of Indigenous Peoples Rights along the Arctic Routes".

arcus.org

Taagholt, Jørgen & Jens Claus Hansen (Trans. Daniel Lufkin) (2001). "Greenland: Security Perspectives" (PDF). Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States. pp. 35–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-23.

artonline.jp

Bode, Mike & al. "Nuuk Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine". 2003. Accessed 15 May 2012.

bbc.com

Gorvett, Zaria. "The lost nuclear bombs that no one can find". www.bbc.com.

books.google.com

Hansen & Medlgaard 1991, p. 18, "The last bishop on Greenland had died in 1378 and the following year a priest on Iceland noted in the Icelandic annals: 'The Skraelings raided the Greenlanders [Norsemen], killing 18 men and taking two boys as slaves'. The pope had been informed that the heathens had attacked and destroyed most of the churches and taken many inhabitants prisoner. The authenticity of the papal brief, however is doubted by some historians". Hansen, Jens Peder Hart; Medlgaard, Jorgen (1991). Greenland Mummies. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-7735-6312-4.
Forbes 2010, p. 162 "Writers frequently quote a papal bull of 1448 indicating that some thirty years earlier the "heathen" attacked the settlers of Greenland, destroyed churches, and captured the inhabitants. Subsequently, some of the latter were able to return and rebuild. However, this story probably refers to a Karelian-Finnish-Russian attack on Norse settlers in northern Norway ("Greenland") rather than to American Greenland, according to Christian Keller. Archeology has failed to confirm Inuit violence against the settlers.64". Forbes, Jack (1 October 2010). The American Discovery of Europe. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09125-4.
Tristan Jones (1 April 2014). Ice!. Open Road Media. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-1-4976-0357-8.
Nedkvitne, Arnved (2018-10-11). Norse Greenland: Viking Peasants in the Arctic. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-351-25958-3. Hypotheses about ethnic conflicts based on written sources were now marginalised, but not abandoned.
Campbell, Gordon (2021). Norse America: The Story of a Founding Myth. Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-19-886155-3. Norse goods have been found at Thule sites, and Thule goods have been found at Norse sites
Magnusson, Magnus (6 October 2016). The Vikings. The History Press. p. 230. ISBN 978-0-7509-8077-7.
Seaver 1996, p. 205: a reference to sailors in Bergen in 1484 who had visited Greenland (Seaver speculates that they may have been English); p.229ff: archaeological evidence of contact with Europe towards the end of the 15th century Seaver, Kristen A. (1996). The Frozen Echo. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3161-4.
Karlsson, Gunnar (2000). The History of Iceland. University of Minnesota Press. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-8166-3589-4.
McAnany 2009, p. 81 "For example there is a story about how the Inuit overran the farm at Hvalsey and burned the Norse alive in their houses. When the farm was excavated in 1935, however, there was no carbonized layer or any other indication of a fierce fire, from which one must conclude that in this case the story or myth was not tied to actual events.". McAnany, Patricia A. (28 September 2009). Questioning Collapse: Human Resilience, Ecological Vulnerability, and the Aftermath of Empire. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-71732-9.
Cole 2014, p. 422 "An oral tradition from the nineteenth century tells of the Inuit overrunning a farm at Hvalsey and burning the Norse alive in their houses. Archeological excavations at the site, however, turned up no evidence of fire, leading some historians to conclude, as does Berglund, that "in this case the story or myth was not tied to actual events".. Cole, Adrian (26 August 2014). The Thinking Past: Questions and Problems in World History to 1750. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979462-1.
Cranz, David & al. The History of Greenland: Including an Account of the Mission Carried On by the United Brethren in That Country. Longman, 1820.
Marquardt, Ole. "Change and Continuity in Denmark's Greenland Policy" in The Oldenburg Monarchy: An Underestimated Empire?. Verlag Ludwig (Kiel), 2006.
Mirsky, Jeannette. To the Arctic!: The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times. Univ. of Chicago Press, 1998.
Duke, Simon (1989). United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-829132-9.

cambridge.org

Seaver, Kirsten A. (2009-07-01). "Desirable teeth: the medieval trade in Arctic and African ivory". Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003155. S2CID 153720935.

cnn.com

Kim, Allen. "Vikings disappeared from Greenland due to over-hunting walrus, study suggests". CNN. Retrieved 2020-01-08.

doi.org

J.F. Jensen (2016). "Greenlandic Dorset". In M. Friesen and O. Mason (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic. Vol. 1. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.56.
Seaver, Kirsten A. (2009-07-01). "Desirable teeth: the medieval trade in Arctic and African ivory". Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003155. S2CID 153720935.
Patterson, William P.; Dietrich, Kristin A.; Holmden, Chris; Andrews, John T. (2010). "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (12): 5306–10. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107. PMC 2851789. PMID 20212157.
Arneborg, Jette; Heinemeier, Jan; Lynnerup, Niels; Nielsen, Henrik L.; Rud, Niels; Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árný E. (1999). "Change of Diet of the Greenland Vikings Determined from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis and 14C Dating of Their Bones". Radiocarbon. 41 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1017/S0033822200019512. ISSN 0033-8222. The detailed chronology ... reveals that the average diet of the Norse people changed from 20% marine to 80% marine during the approximately 500 years that the settlement lasted.
Arneborg, J.; Heinemeier, J.; Lynnerup, N.; Nielsen, H.L.; Rud, N.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E. (2002). "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" (PDF). Europhysics News. 33 (3): 77–80. Bibcode:2002ENews..33...77A. doi:10.1051/epn:2002301.
Olofsson, Jill Katharina; Pereira, Vania; Børsting, Claus; Morling, Niels (30 January 2015). "Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e0116573. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4312058. PMID 25635810. Approximately 40% of the Y-HGs in the male Greenlandic population were found to be of European origin. Only considering the European Y-HGs (I-M170, R1a-M513 and R1b-M232) in Greenland, the relative frequencies of these Y-HGs in the Greenlanders resembled those observed in the male Danish population examined in this study and other male Scandinavian [24–26] and Icelandic populations [27]." "In strong contrast to the results of this study and previous studies [9,13], typing of the mtDNA in the Greenlandic population shows an almost complete fixation of Inuit maternal lineages [5]. The European gene flow detected in Greenlanders can therefore primarily be attributed to males.
Appelt, Martin; Damkjar, Eric; Friesen, Max (2016). Friesen, Max; Mason, Owen (eds.). Late Dorset. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.36. ISBN 978-0-19-976695-6.
D'Andrea, William J.; Huang, Yongsong; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; Anderson, N. John (2011). "Abrupt Holocene climate change as an important factor for human migration in West Greenland". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24): 9765–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9765D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101708108. JSTOR 25831309. PMC 3116382. PMID 21628586.
Sørensen, Mikkel; Gulløv, Hans Christian (2012). "The Prehistory of Inuit in Northeast Greenland". Arctic Anthropology. 49 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1353/arc.2012.0016. JSTOR 24475839. S2CID 162882708.
Helgason, Agnar; Pálsson, Gísli; Pedersen, Henning Sloth; Angulalik, Emily; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen Dröfn; Yngvadóttir, Bryndís; Stefánsson, Kári (2006-05-01). "mtDNA variation in Inuit populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration history and population structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 130 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20313. PMID 16353217.
Lynnerup, Niels (2015). "The Thule Inuit Mummies From Greenland". The Anatomical Record. 298 (6): 1001–1006. doi:10.1002/ar.23131. PMID 25998634. S2CID 7773726.
Petersen, Nikolaj (January 1998). "Negotiating the 1951 Greenland Defense Agreement: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects". Scandinavian Political Studies. 21 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00001.x. ISSN 0080-6757.

europhysicsnews.org

Arneborg, J.; Heinemeier, J.; Lynnerup, N.; Nielsen, H.L.; Rud, N.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E. (2002). "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" (PDF). Europhysics News. 33 (3): 77–80. Bibcode:2002ENews..33...77A. doi:10.1051/epn:2002301.

exeter.ac.uk

ore.exeter.ac.uk

Outram, Alan K. (1999). "A Comparison of Paleo-Eskimo and Medieval Norse Bone Fat Exploitation in Western Greenland" (PDF). Arctic Anthropology. 36 (1/2): 103–117. JSTOR 40316508.

greenland-guide.gl

"Timeline of the history of Norse Greenland". Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2006-01-21.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Patterson, William P.; Dietrich, Kristin A.; Holmden, Chris; Andrews, John T. (2010). "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (12): 5306–10. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107. PMC 2851789. PMID 20212157.
Arneborg, J.; Heinemeier, J.; Lynnerup, N.; Nielsen, H.L.; Rud, N.; Sveinbjornsdottir, A.E. (2002). "C-14 dating and the disappearance of Norsemen from Greenland" (PDF). Europhysics News. 33 (3): 77–80. Bibcode:2002ENews..33...77A. doi:10.1051/epn:2002301.
D'Andrea, William J.; Huang, Yongsong; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; Anderson, N. John (2011). "Abrupt Holocene climate change as an important factor for human migration in West Greenland". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24): 9765–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9765D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101708108. JSTOR 25831309. PMC 3116382. PMID 21628586.

historic-uk.com

"The History of Orkney and Shetland".

icj-cij.org

Inter alia, cf. Permanent Court of International Justice. "Legal Status of Eastern Greenland: Judgment Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine". 5 Apr 1933. Accessed 10 May 2012.

ilisimatusarfik.gl

Del, Anden. "Grønland som del af den bibelske fortælling – en 1700-tals studie Archived 2012-07-15 at the Wayback Machine" ["Greenland as Part of the Biblical Narrative – a Study of the 18th-Century"]. (in Danish)

jstor.org

D'Andrea, William J.; Huang, Yongsong; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; Anderson, N. John (2011). "Abrupt Holocene climate change as an important factor for human migration in West Greenland". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24): 9765–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9765D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101708108. JSTOR 25831309. PMC 3116382. PMID 21628586.
Sørensen, Mikkel; Gulløv, Hans Christian (2012). "The Prehistory of Inuit in Northeast Greenland". Arctic Anthropology. 49 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1353/arc.2012.0016. JSTOR 24475839. S2CID 162882708.
Outram, Alan K. (1999). "A Comparison of Paleo-Eskimo and Medieval Norse Bone Fat Exploitation in Western Greenland" (PDF). Arctic Anthropology. 36 (1/2): 103–117. JSTOR 40316508.

ku.dk

ign.ku.dk

"The Forest Plantations in The Greenlandic Arboretum". 18 October 2013.
"Skovplantninger i Det Grønlandske Arboret". 2013-10-10.

naalakkersuisut.gl

Government of Greenland. "The Greenland Treaty of 1985". Accessed 2 October 2018.

nabohome.org

Keller, Christian. "The Eastern Settlement Reconsidered. Some analyses of Norse Medieval Greenland". Accessed 10 May 2012.

nanoq.gl

dk.nanoq.gl

"International relations". Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2007-04-06.

nationalreview.com

Miller, John J. (May 7, 2001). "Let's Buy Greenland! – A complete missile-defense plan". National Review.

natmus.dk

"Saqqaq culture chronology". Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
"Independence I" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Independence II" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Early Dorset/Greenlandic Dorset" Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Late Dorset" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
Nationalmuseet of Denmark. "Thule Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine".

nato.int

"NATO MEMBER COUNTRIES".

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Patterson, William P.; Dietrich, Kristin A.; Holmden, Chris; Andrews, John T. (2010). "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (12): 5306–10. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107. PMC 2851789. PMID 20212157.
Olofsson, Jill Katharina; Pereira, Vania; Børsting, Claus; Morling, Niels (30 January 2015). "Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e0116573. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4312058. PMID 25635810. Approximately 40% of the Y-HGs in the male Greenlandic population were found to be of European origin. Only considering the European Y-HGs (I-M170, R1a-M513 and R1b-M232) in Greenland, the relative frequencies of these Y-HGs in the Greenlanders resembled those observed in the male Danish population examined in this study and other male Scandinavian [24–26] and Icelandic populations [27]." "In strong contrast to the results of this study and previous studies [9,13], typing of the mtDNA in the Greenlandic population shows an almost complete fixation of Inuit maternal lineages [5]. The European gene flow detected in Greenlanders can therefore primarily be attributed to males.
D'Andrea, William J.; Huang, Yongsong; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; Anderson, N. John (2011). "Abrupt Holocene climate change as an important factor for human migration in West Greenland". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24): 9765–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9765D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101708108. JSTOR 25831309. PMC 3116382. PMID 21628586.
Helgason, Agnar; Pálsson, Gísli; Pedersen, Henning Sloth; Angulalik, Emily; Gunnarsdóttir, Ellen Dröfn; Yngvadóttir, Bryndís; Stefánsson, Kári (2006-05-01). "mtDNA variation in Inuit populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration history and population structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 130 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20313. PMID 16353217.
Lynnerup, Niels (2015). "The Thule Inuit Mummies From Greenland". The Anatomical Record. 298 (6): 1001–1006. doi:10.1002/ar.23131. PMID 25998634. S2CID 7773726.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Patterson, William P.; Dietrich, Kristin A.; Holmden, Chris; Andrews, John T. (2010). "Two millennia of North Atlantic seasonality and implications for Norse colonies". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107 (12): 5306–10. Bibcode:2010PNAS..107.5306P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0902522107. PMC 2851789. PMID 20212157.
Olofsson, Jill Katharina; Pereira, Vania; Børsting, Claus; Morling, Niels (30 January 2015). "Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e0116573. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4312058. PMID 25635810. Approximately 40% of the Y-HGs in the male Greenlandic population were found to be of European origin. Only considering the European Y-HGs (I-M170, R1a-M513 and R1b-M232) in Greenland, the relative frequencies of these Y-HGs in the Greenlanders resembled those observed in the male Danish population examined in this study and other male Scandinavian [24–26] and Icelandic populations [27]." "In strong contrast to the results of this study and previous studies [9,13], typing of the mtDNA in the Greenlandic population shows an almost complete fixation of Inuit maternal lineages [5]. The European gene flow detected in Greenlanders can therefore primarily be attributed to males.
D'Andrea, William J.; Huang, Yongsong; Fritz, Sherilyn C.; Anderson, N. John (2011). "Abrupt Holocene climate change as an important factor for human migration in West Greenland". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (24): 9765–9. Bibcode:2011PNAS..108.9765D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1101708108. JSTOR 25831309. PMC 3116382. PMID 21628586.

oxfordhandbooks.com

Appelt, Martin; Damkjar, Eric; Friesen, Max (2016). Friesen, Max; Mason, Owen (eds.). Late Dorset. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.36. ISBN 978-0-19-976695-6.

researchgate.net

Ledger, Paul M. "Norse Landnam and its impact on the vegetation of Vatnahverfi, Eastern Settlement, Greensland". Research Gate. Memorial University of Newfoundland. p. 52-54. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
Arneborg, Jette (2015). "Norse Greenland: Research into abandonment". Medieval Archaeology in Scandinavia and Beyond. pp. 257–271. "Ultimately, the Norse Greenlanders fell victim to both major environmental and global economic changes, and the most obvious answer to the declining years would have been to emigrate. From the middle of the fourteenth century both Iceland and Norway had suffered greatly from several diseases that had diminished the population substantially and left farms deserted (eg Orrman 1997). New inhabitants would have been welcomed."

sagadb.org

"The Saga of Erik the Red". Icelandic Saga Database. Translated by Sephton, J. 1880. Retrieved 20 March 2021. In the summer Eirik went to live in the land which he had discovered, and which he called Greenland, 'Because,' said he, 'men will desire much the more to go there if the land has a good name.'

science.org

"Why did Greenland's Vikings disappear?". Science | AAAS. 2016-11-07. Retrieved 2016-12-26.

sciencedirect.com

"New evidence for diverse secondary burial practices in Iron Age Britain: A histological case study".

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Seaver, Kirsten A. (2009-07-01). "Desirable teeth: the medieval trade in Arctic and African ivory". Journal of Global History. 4 (2): 271–292. doi:10.1017/S1740022809003155. S2CID 153720935.
Sørensen, Mikkel; Gulløv, Hans Christian (2012). "The Prehistory of Inuit in Northeast Greenland". Arctic Anthropology. 49 (1): 88–104. doi:10.1353/arc.2012.0016. JSTOR 24475839. S2CID 162882708.
Lynnerup, Niels (2015). "The Thule Inuit Mummies From Greenland". The Anatomical Record. 298 (6): 1001–1006. doi:10.1002/ar.23131. PMID 25998634. S2CID 7773726.

smithsonianmag.com

Folger, Tim. "Why Did Greenland's Vikings Vanish?". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
Lockhart, Katie (2019-12-27). "How This Abandoned Mining Town in Greenland Helped Win World War II". Smithsonian. Retrieved 2019-12-28.

time.com

"Deepfreeze Defense". Time. January 27, 1947. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.

uio.no

dokpro.uio.no

Transcription of the original letter (Latin): Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIII p.52 Date: 29 August 1408. Place: Svartland. ("Bertoldus eadem gracia episcopus Gardensis")
Originals in Hofbibliothek at Vienna. A Greenlander in Norway, on visit; it is also mentioned in a Norwegian diploma from 1426, Peder Grønlendiger. Transcription of the original letter: Diplomatarium Norvegicum XIII p.70 Date: 12 February 1426. Place: Nidaros.
Transcription of the original letter: Diplomatarium Norvegicum VI p.554 Date: 20 Septbr. 1448. Place: Rom.
Original DN summary: "Pave Nikolaus V paalægger Biskopperne af Skaalholt og Hole at sörge for at skaffe Indbyggerne i Grönland Prester og en Biskop, hvilken sidste de ikke have havt i de 30 Aar siden Hedningernes Indfald, da de fleste Kirker bleve ödelagte og Indbyggerne bortförte som Fanger."
("Pope Nicholas V prescribes the Bishops of Skálholt and Hólar to ensure to provide the inhabitants of Greenland priests and a bishop, which of the latter they haven't had in the 30 years since the coming of the heathens when most churches were destroyed and the inhabitants taken away as prisoners.)

visindavefur.is

"Hvað er helst vitað um svartadauða á Íslandi?".

web.archive.org

"Saqqaq culture chronology". Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
"Independence I" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Independence II" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Early Dorset/Greenlandic Dorset" Archived 2011-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
"Late Dorset" Archived 2009-01-13 at the Wayback Machine. From natmus.dk. Sila, the Greenland Research Centre at the National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved September 3, 2008.
Grove, Jonath. "The place of Greenland in medieval Icelandic saga narrative" Archived 2012-04-11 at the Wayback Machine, in Norse Greenland: Selected Papers of the Hvalsey Conference 2008, Journal of the North Atlantic Special Volume 2 (2009), 30–51
"Timeline of the history of Norse Greenland". Archived from the original on 2017-08-04. Retrieved 2006-01-21.
Inter alia, cf. Permanent Court of International Justice. "Legal Status of Eastern Greenland: Judgment Archived 2011-05-11 at the Wayback Machine". 5 Apr 1933. Accessed 10 May 2012.
Del, Anden. "Grønland som del af den bibelske fortælling – en 1700-tals studie Archived 2012-07-15 at the Wayback Machine" ["Greenland as Part of the Biblical Narrative – a Study of the 18th-Century"]. (in Danish)
Nationalmuseet of Denmark. "Thule Archived 2007-03-13 at the Wayback Machine".
"The Sledge Patrol". The Arctic Journal. Archived from the original on 2017-03-08. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
"Deepfreeze Defense". Time. January 27, 1947. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
Taagholt, Jørgen & Jens Claus Hansen (Trans. Daniel Lufkin) (2001). "Greenland: Security Perspectives" (PDF). Fairbanks, Alaska: Arctic Research Consortium of the United States. pp. 35–43. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2010-12-23.
Bode, Mike & al. "Nuuk Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine". 2003. Accessed 15 May 2012.
"International relations". Archived from the original on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2007-04-06.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Arneborg, Jette; Heinemeier, Jan; Lynnerup, Niels; Nielsen, Henrik L.; Rud, Niels; Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árný E. (1999). "Change of Diet of the Greenland Vikings Determined from Stable Carbon Isotope Analysis and 14C Dating of Their Bones". Radiocarbon. 41 (2): 157–168. doi:10.1017/S0033822200019512. ISSN 0033-8222. The detailed chronology ... reveals that the average diet of the Norse people changed from 20% marine to 80% marine during the approximately 500 years that the settlement lasted.
Olofsson, Jill Katharina; Pereira, Vania; Børsting, Claus; Morling, Niels (30 January 2015). "Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders". PLOS ONE. 10 (1): e0116573. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4312058. PMID 25635810. Approximately 40% of the Y-HGs in the male Greenlandic population were found to be of European origin. Only considering the European Y-HGs (I-M170, R1a-M513 and R1b-M232) in Greenland, the relative frequencies of these Y-HGs in the Greenlanders resembled those observed in the male Danish population examined in this study and other male Scandinavian [24–26] and Icelandic populations [27]." "In strong contrast to the results of this study and previous studies [9,13], typing of the mtDNA in the Greenlandic population shows an almost complete fixation of Inuit maternal lineages [5]. The European gene flow detected in Greenlanders can therefore primarily be attributed to males.
Petersen, Nikolaj (January 1998). "Negotiating the 1951 Greenland Defense Agreement: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects". Scandinavian Political Studies. 21 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1998.tb00001.x. ISSN 0080-6757.

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Viking Age Greenland Ancient History Encyclopedia
Groeneveld, Emma (3 April 2018). "Viking Age Greenland". World History. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 26 October 2022.