History of Kuwait (English Wikipedia)

"Kuwait Literary Scene A Little Complex". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. A magazine, Al Arabi, was published in 1958 in Kuwait. It was the most popular magazine in the Arab world. It came out it in all the Arabic countries, and about a quarter million copies were published every month.
"Court sentences ex-PIFSS chief, wife to life in jail for funds embezzlement". Arab Times. 6 April 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2020.

archaeology.org

"Traders from Ur?". Archaeology Magazine. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
"Hidden Christian Community". Archaeology Magazine. Retrieved 28 August 2013.

archive.org

Kurt Ray (2003). A Historical Atlas of Kuwait. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 10. ISBN 9780823939817.
Bell, Sir Gawain (1983). Gawain Bell (ed.). Shadows on the Sand: The Memoirs of Sir Gawain Bell. C. Hurst. p. 222. ISBN 9780905838922.
Bennis, Phyllis; Moushabeck, Michel (31 December 1990). Phyllis Bennis (ed.). Beyond the Storm: A Gulf Crisis Reader. Olive Branch Press. pp. 42. ISBN 9780940793828.
Mary Bruins Allison (1994). Doctor Mary in Arabia: Memoirs. University of Texas Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780292704565.
Leckie, Robert (1998). The Wars of America. Castle Books. ISBN 9780785809142.
Clancy & Horner 1999, pp. 499–500. Clancy, Tom; Horner, Chuck (1999). Every Man a Tiger: The Gulf War Air Campaign. Putnam. ISBN 978-0-399-14493-6.

archives.gov

aad.archives.gov

US diplomatic cable mentioning the incident

artpapers.org

Gonzales, Desi (November–December 2014). "Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait at the 14th International Architecture Exhibition". Art Papers. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2015.

asa3.org

Carol A. Hill, The Garden of Eden: A Modern Landscape.

atlanticcouncil.org

Ahmed Helal (18 November 2020). "Kuwait's fiscal crisis requires bold reforms". Atlantic Council.

baslibrary.org

Sauer, James A. (July–August 1996). "The River Runs Dry: Creation Story Preserves Historical Memory". Biblical Archaeology Review. Vol. 22, no. 4. Biblical Archaeology Society. pp. 52–54, 57, 64. Retrieved 17 November 2019.

bbc.com

"'Fake' video tape ends Kuwait coup investigation". BBC News. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

bc.edu

newspapers.bc.edu

Healey, John (28 January 1991). "Amnesty Responds to President Bush". The Heights. No. 1. Retrieved 26 May 2015.

bloomberg.com

"Kuwait Credit Rating Cut for Second Time in Two Years by S&P". Bloomberg. 16 July 2021.
"Stolen Kuwaiti Money in Beverly Hills "Mountain," U.S. Says". Bloomberg.com. 16 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
Fiona MacDonald (19 June 2021). "This $600 Billion Wealth Fund Got Caught in a Power Struggle". Bloomberg News.

bookdepository.com

Robert Carter. "Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait".

books.google.com

Ronald B. Lewcock (1978). Traditional Architecture in Kuwait and the Northern Gulf. United Bank of Kuwait. p. 13. ISBN 9780090646807. Kuwait had become the most important port in the northern part of the Gulf and the fame of its seafaring community spread far and wide.
Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Herron, Donald M. (1990). Jean-Jacques Glassner (ed.). The Invention of Cuneiform: Writing in Sumer. JHU Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780801873898.
Nyrop, Richard F. (2008). Richard F. Nyrop (ed.). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 11. ISBN 9781434462107. From about 4000 to 2000 B.C. the civilization of Dilmun dominated 250 miles of the eastern coast of Arabia from present-day Kuwait to Bahrain and extended sixty miles into the interior to the oasis of Hufuf (see fig. 2).
P. T. H. Unwin; Tim Unwin (18 June 1996). Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade. Psychology Press. pp. 80–. ISBN 978-0-415-14416-2. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Thorkild Jacobsen (23 September 1997). The Harps that once--: Sumerian poetry in translation, p. 150. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07278-5. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Ray, Himanshu Prabha; Ray (2003). Himanshu Prabha Ray (ed.). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780521011099.
Briant, Pierre (2002). Pierre Briant (ed.). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Eisenbrauns. p. 761. ISBN 9781575061207.
Bryce, Trevor (2009). Trevor Bryce (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia. Routledge. p. 198. ISBN 9781134159086.
Ralph Shaw (1976). Kuwait. Macmillan. p. 10. ISBN 9780333212479.
Limited, Walden Publishing (1980). Middle East Annual Review. Middle East Review. p. 241. ISBN 9780904439106.
Kilner, Peter; Wallace, Jonathan (1979). The Gulf Handbook - Volume 3. Trade & Travel Publications. p. 344. ISBN 9780900751127.
Jalālzaʼī, Mūsá Ḵh̲ān (1991). "as+provedby+the+famous+stone+of+Ikaros K̲h̲alīj aur bainulaqvāmī siyāsat. p. 34.
George Fadlo Hourani, John Carswell, Arab Seafaring: In the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Early Medieval Times Princeton University Press, page 131
Max D. Price (2021). Evolution of a Taboo: Pigs and People in the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-19-754327-6.
Kaveh Farrokh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Bloomsbury USA. p. 124. ISBN 9781846031083. With Babylon and Seleucia secured, Mehrdad turned to Charax in southern Mesopotamia (modern south Iraq and Kuwait).
Julian Reade, ed. (1996). Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. p. 275. ISBN 9781136155314.
Avner Falk (1996). A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 330. ISBN 9780838636602. In 224 he defeated the Parthian army of Ardavan Shah (Artabanus V), taking Isfahan, Kerman, Elam (Elymais) and Meshan (Mesene, Spasinu Charax, or Characene).
Abraham Cohen (1980). Ancient Jewish Proverbs. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 9781465526786. The large and small measures roll down and reach Sheol; from Sheol they proceed to Tadmor (Palmyra), from Tadmor to Meshan (Mesene), and from Meshan to Harpanya (Hipparenum).
Dipiazza, Francesca Davis (2008). Francesca Davis DiPiazza (ed.). Kuwait in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 20–21. ISBN 9780822565895.
Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies Volumes 9–12. 1979. p. 53. Although the town of al-Hira might have been too far northward to be considered a part of Eastern Arabia it is dealt with here as such because the kingdom of al- Hira controlled Kazima (Kuwait).
"Culture in rehabilitation: from competency to proficiency". Jeffrey L. Crabtree, Abdul Matin Royeen. 2006. p. 194. During the early Islamic period, Kazima had become a very famous fertile area and served as a trading stations for travelers in the region.
Gibb, Sir H. A. R. (1980). Sir H. A. R. Gibb (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. BRILL. p. 572. ISBN 9004064710.
ʻAlam-i Nisvāṉ - Volume 2, Issues 1-2. 1995. p. 18. Kuwait became an important trading port for import and export of goods from India, Africa and Arabia.
Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar, ed. (2009). Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City. p. 66. ISBN 9781109229349.
Lauterpacht, E.; Greenwood, C. J.; Weller, Marc; Bethlehem, Daniel (1991). The Kuwait Crisis: Basic Documents. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780521463089.
Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City. 2009. p. 67. ISBN 9781109229349.
Thabit Abdullah (January 2001). Merchants, Mamluks, and Murder: The Political Economy of Trade in Eighteenth-Century Basra. SUNY Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780791448076.
Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar (ed.). Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City. p. 68. ISBN 9781109229349.
Hasan, Mohibbul (2007). Mohibbul Hasan (ed.). Waqai-i manazil-i Rum: Tipu Sultan's mission to Constantinople. Aakar Books. p. 18. ISBN 9788187879565. For owing to Basra's misfortunes, Kuwait and Zubarah became rich.
Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). Hala Mundhir Fattah (ed.). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745-1900. SUNY Press. p. 114. ISBN 9780791431139.
Donaldson, Neil (2008). Neil Donaldson (ed.). The Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia and the Gulf. Lulu.com. p. 93. ISBN 9781409209423.
́Goston, Ga ́bor A.; Masters, Bruce Alan (2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase. p. 321. ISBN 9781438110257.
Agius, Dionisius A. (2012). Dionisius A. Agius (ed.). Seafaring in the Arabian Gulf and Oman: People of the Dhow. Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 9781136201820.
Fattah, Hala Mundhir (1997). Hala Mundhir Fattah (ed.). The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745-1900. SUNY Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780791431139.
Anscombe 1997, p. 6 Anscombe, Frederick F. (1997). The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10839-3. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
Potter, L. (2009). Lawrence G. Potter (ed.). The Persian Gulf in History. Springer. p. 272. ISBN 9780230618459.
Frank Broeze, ed. (1997). Kuwait before Oil: The Dynamics and Morphology of an Arab Port City (Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia in the 13th–20th Centuries). Routledge. ISBN 9781136168956.
Crystal, Jill (1995). Jill Crystal (ed.). Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780521466356.
Mary Ann Tétreault (1995). The Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and the Economics of the New World Order. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780899305103.
Mohammad Khalid A. Al-Jassar (2009). Constancy and Change in Contemporary Kuwait City: The Socio-cultural Dimensions of the Kuwait Courtyard and Diwaniyya. p. 80. ISBN 9781109229349.
Casey, Michael S. (2007). Michael S. Casey (ed.). The History of Kuwait. Bloomsbury. p. 57. ISBN 9780313340734.
Glasser, Bradley Louis (2003). Bradley Louis Glasser (ed.). Economic Development and Political Reform: The Impact of External Capital on the Middle East. Edward Elgar. pp. 54–57. ISBN 9781781008188.
Wheeler, Deborah L. (2003). Deborah L. Wheeler (ed.). The Internet in the Middle East. SUNY Press. p. 72. ISBN 9780791482650.
David Lea (2001). A Political Chronology of the Middle East. Psychology Press. p. 142. ISBN 9781857431155.
Lewis R. Scudder (1998). The Arabian Mission's Story: In Search of Abraham's Other Son. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 104. ISBN 9780802846167.
Michael Herb (1999). All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in Middle Eastern Monarchies. SUNY Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780791441671.
Acquiring Modernity: Kuwait's Modern Era Between Memory and Forgetting. National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters. 2014. p. 7. ISBN 9789990604238.
Gunter, Barrie; Dickinson, Roger (6 June 2013). News Media in the Arab World: A Study of 10 Arab and Muslim Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 24. ISBN 9781441102393.
Sager, Abdulaziz; Koch, Christian; Tawfiq Ibrahim, Hasanain, eds. (2008). Gulf Yearbook 2006-2007. Dubai, UAE: I. B. Tauris. p. 39. The Kuwaiti press has always enjoyed a level of freedom unparalleled in any other Arab country.
Muslim Education Quarterly. Vol. 8. Islamic Academy. 1990. p. 61. Kuwait is a primary example of a Muslim society which embraced liberal and Western attitudes throughout the sixties and seventies.
Rubin, Barry, ed. (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. Vol. 1. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 306. ISBN 9780765641380.
Wheeler, Deborah L. (2006). The Internet in the Middle East: Global Expectations And Local Imaginations. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780791465868.
Bansal, Narottam P.; Singh, Jitendra P.; Ko, Song; Castro, Ricardo; Pickrell, Gary; Manjooran, Navin Jose; Nair, Mani; Singh, Gurpreet, eds. (1 July 2013). Processing and Properties of Advanced Ceramics and Composites. Vol. 240. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-118-74411-6.
Derek Gregory (2004). The Colonial Present: Afghanistan. Palestine. Iraq. Wiley. ISBN 978-1-57718-090-6. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
Schulz, Helena Lindholm (27 July 2005). The Palestinian Diaspora. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. During autumn 1990 more than half of the Palestinians in Kuwait fled as a result of fear or persecution.
Islamkotob. "History of Palestine". p. 100.
Mattar, Philip (2005). Encyclopedia of the Palestinians. Infobase. pp. 289–290. ISBN 9780816069866.
Schulz, Helena Lindholm (27 July 2005). The Palestinian Diaspora. Routledge. p. 67. ISBN 9781134496686. Regulations on residence were considerably tightened and the general environment of insecurity triggered a continuous Palestinian exodus.
Hicks, Neil (1 January 1992). Kuwait: Building the Rule of Law: Human Rights in Kuwait. Lawyers Committee for Human Rights. p. 35. ISBN 9780934143493. There was a great exodus of Palestinians from Kuwait during July and August, partly attributable to fear of abusive actions by the Kuwaiti security forces, but also brought about by economic necessity.

brill.com

Robert Carter (25 October 2010). Maritime Interactions in the Arabian Neolithic: The Evidence from H3, As-Sabiyah, an Ubaid-Related Site in Kuwait. BRILL. ISBN 9789004163591.

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James Paul & Martin Spirit; Robinson, Peter (2008). "Kuwait: The first crisis 1961". Riots, Rebellions, Gunboats and Peacekeepers. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

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Elizabeth Dickinson. "Playing with Fire: Why Private Gulf Financing for Syria's Extremist Rebels Risks Igniting Sectarian Conflict at Home".

cambridge.org

Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022). "Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait". Quaternary Research. 109: 16–38. Bibcode:2022QuRes.109...16R. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.3. S2CID 248250022.

carnegieendowment.org

"Next in Line: Succession and the Kuwaiti Monarchy". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
Zoltan Pall. "Kuwaiti Salafism and Its Growing Influence in the Levant".

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"The Archaeology of Kuwait" (PDF). Cardiff University. pp. 1–427.

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Osnos, Evan (11 July 2004). "In Kuwait, conservatism a launch pad to success". Chicago Tribune. In the 1960s and most of the '70s, men and women at Kuwait University dined and danced together, and miniskirts were more common than hijab head coverings, professors and alumni say.

cia.gov

Mobley, Richard A. (2007–2008). "Gauging the Iraqi Threat to Kuwait in the 1960s - UK Indications and Warning". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 17 January 2010.

cnn.com

Heather MacLeod McClain (2001). "Environmental impact: Oil fires and spills leave hazardous legacy". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 December 2006. Retrieved 3 February 2007.
"U.S. has 100,000 troops in Kuwait". CNN. 18 February 2003. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2011.

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"Kuwait: Extremism and Terrorism | Counter Extremism Project". www.counterextremism.com.

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Crystal, Jill. "Kuwait: Ruling Family". Persian Gulf States: A Country Study. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Crystal, Jill. "Kuwait – Persian Gulf War". The Persian Gulf States: A Country Study. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
Crystal, Jill. "Kuwait: Post-War Society". The Persian Gulf States: A Country Study. Library of Congress. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
"Kuwait - Population".

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Regan, Tom (6 September 2002). "When contemplating war, beware of babies in incubators". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 31 October 2013.

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"Mechanisms of Western Domination: A Short History of Iraq and Kuwait", California State University, Northridge

deoxy.org

Chediac, Joyce. "The massacre of withdrawing Soldieers on the highway of death". Archived from the original on 14 August 2014.

doi.org

Robert Carter (2019). "The Mesopotamian frontier of the Arabian Neolithic: A cultural borderland of the sixth–fifth millennia BC". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 31 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1111/aae.12145.
Robert Carter (2006). "Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC" (PDF). Antiquity. 80 (307): 52–63. doi:10.1017/s0003598x0009325x. S2CID 162674282.
Robert Carter (2011). "The Neolithic origins of seafaring in the Arabian Gulf". Archaeology International. 24 (3): 44. doi:10.5334/ai.0613.
Connan, Jacques; Carter, Robert (2007). "A geochemical study of bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an-Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early Islamic period". Jacques Connan, Robert Carter. 18 (2): 139–181. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0471.2007.00283.x.
Bonnéric, Julie (2021). "Guest editors' foreword". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 1–5. doi:10.1111/aae.12195. S2CID 243182467.
J. Theodore Bent (January 1890). "The Bahrein Islands, in the Persian Gulf". Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography. 12 (1). JSTOR: 13. doi:10.2307/1801121. JSTOR 1801121.
Bonnéric, Julie (2021). "A consideration on the interest of a pottery typology adapted to the late Sasanian and early Islamic monastery at al-Qusur (Kuwait)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 70–82. doi:10.1111/aae.12190. S2CID 234836940.
Pieńkowska, Agnieszka (2021). "Failaka Island in the Late Islamic Period. Investigations at the fishing village of Kharaib al-Dasht". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 32: 115–127. doi:10.1111/aae.12189. S2CID 233612913.
Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022). "Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait". Quaternary Research. 109: 16–38. Bibcode:2022QuRes.109...16R. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.3. S2CID 248250022.
Agnieszka Pieńkowska, Marek Truszkowski (2021). "Failaka Island in the Late Islamic Period. Investigations at the fishing village of Kharaib al-Dasht". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 31 (1): 69–85. doi:10.1111/aae.12189.
John Slight, "Global War and its impact on the Gulf States of Kuwait and Bahrain, 1914–1918." War & Society 37#1 (2018): 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/07292473.2017.1412185
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Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (Winter 2003). "Saddam's Security Apparatus During the Invasion of Kuwait and the Kuwaiti Resistance". The Journal of Intelligence History. 3 (2): 74–75. doi:10.1080/16161262.2003.10555087. S2CID 157844796.
Yann Le Troquer; Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat (Spring 1999). "From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus". Journal of Palestine Studies. 28 (3): 37–51. doi:10.2307/2538306. JSTOR 2538306.

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"Kadhima: an Early Islamic settlement and landscape on Kuwait Bay". Durham University. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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"Hellenism in the East" (PDF). Amelie Kuhrt, Susan Sherwin-White. 1987. To the south of Characene, on Failaka, the north wall of the fort was pushed forward, before occupation ceased around 100 BC.

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"The PLO in Kuwait". 8 May 1991. But in September and October 1990, large numbers of Palestinians began to leave. In addition to the fear of arrest, and their mistreatment at roadblocks by Iraqis, food shortages were becoming serious and medical care difficult. Kuwaitis and Palestinians alike were penniless. They were forced to sell their cars and electrical appliances at improvised markets to anyone who had cash, even to Iraqi civilians coming from Iraq to buy on the cheap. Thus by December 1990, Kuwait's Palestinian population had dwindled from a pre-invasion strength of 350,000 to approximately 150,000.

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Reinink-Smith, Linda; Carter, Robert (2022). "Late Holocene development of Bubiyan Island, Kuwait". Quaternary Research. 109: 16–38. Bibcode:2022QuRes.109...16R. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.3. S2CID 248250022.

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Crystal, Jill (1994). "Kuwait: Constitution". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Persian Gulf states : country studies (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 84–86. ISBN 0-8444-0793-3. OCLC 29548413.

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