Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Vol. 52 of Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (illustrated, revised ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 864. ISBN0674002490. ISSN0073-084X. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. (Jun 1993). "A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 53 (1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 99. doi:10.2307/2719468. JSTOR2719468.
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. (Jun 1993). "A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 53 (1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 99. doi:10.2307/2719468. JSTOR2719468.
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Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000). Chinese History: A Manual. Vol. 52 of Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (illustrated, revised ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 864. ISBN0674002490. ISSN0073-084X. Retrieved 24 April 2014.